203 lines
21 KiB
XML
203 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5531/sd.sp.55" ID-GBIF-Dataset="eb1717dc-9526-481c-a859-7ca8fd036425" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7730159" checkinTime="1678711572948" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Herhold, Hollister W, Davis, Steven R, Degrey, Samuel P & Grimaldi, David A" docDate="2023" docId="038D8781FFA8200BFEF8F9A4A137FD88" docLanguage="en" docName="BAmMusNatHist.459.1-184.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 459 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/sd.sp.55" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.8:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="8" docTitle="Plecoptera" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="184" masterDocId="FFB4FFF9FFE42044FFFBFF9FA014F931" masterDocTitle="COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE INSECT TRACHEAL SYSTEM PART 1: INTRODUCTION, APTERYGOTES, PALEOPTERA, POLYNEOPTERA" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1678885751306" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE INSECT TRACHEAL SYSTEM PART 1: INTRODUCTION, APTERYGOTES, PALEOPTERA, POLYNEOPTERA</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Herhold, Hollister W</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Davis, Steven R</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Degrey, Samuel P</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Grimaldi, David A</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-03-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>459</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>184</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/sd.sp.55</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5531/sd.sp.55</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">eb1717dc-9526-481c-a859-7ca8fd036425</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7730159</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7733238" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209443302" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7733238" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D8781FFA8200BFEF8F9A4A137FD88" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038D8781FFA8200BFEF8F9A4A137FD88" lastPageId="79" pageId="76">
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<subSubSection box="[259,486,1595,1619]" pageId="76" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="76.[259,486,1595,1619]" box="[259,486,1595,1619]" pageId="76">
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<heading box="[259,486,1595,1619]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="76" reason="4">
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ORDER
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="9CHXG" ID-ENA="50622" box="[344,486,1595,1619]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">PLECOPTERA</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="79" pageId="76" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="76.[108,636,1645,1735]" lastBlockId="76.[684,1213,1017,1735]" pageId="76">
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Respiration in stonefly naiads via gills has been studied for decades, partly because of the significance of stoneflies as indicators of water quality. Two plecopteran specimens were scanned, one from
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<taxonomicName box="[916,1036,1050,1074]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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and one from
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<taxonomicName box="[684,827,1083,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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. The
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<taxonomicName box="[896,1036,1083,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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scan, at 3 µm resolution, shows substantially more smaller tracheae than the
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<taxonomicName box="[846,964,1149,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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, scanned at 6 µm. Cromulent detail is present in both specimens to assess homology.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="76.[684,1213,1017,1735]" pageId="76">
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Numerous visceral tracheae branch from A4-DLT-Dvi and extend throughout the abdomen. Tracheae from A4-DLT-Dvi are pervasive throughout the abdomen, leading to the question of why this particular spiracle is so important. Other insects have adapations for individual spiracles, such as the single abdominal “hissing” spiracle in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1865" box="[805,990,1479,1503]" class="Insecta" family="Blaberidae" genus="Gromphadorhina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[805,990,1479,1503]" italics="true" pageId="76">Gromphadorhina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Nelson, M. C." box="[1006,1152,1479,1504]" pageId="76" pagination="27 - 38" refId="ref56895" refString="Nelson, M. C. 1979. Sound production in the cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa: the sound-producing apparatus. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 132 (1): 27 - 38." type="journal article" year="1979">Nelson, 1979</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Nelson, M. C. & J. Fraser" pageId="76" pagination="305 - 314" refId="ref56930" refString="Nelson, M. C., and J. Fraser. 1980. Sound production in the cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa: evidence for communication by hissing. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 6 (4): 305 - 314." type="journal article" year="1980">Nelson and Fraser, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Heinrich, E. C. & M. J. McHenry & T. J. Bradley" box="[927,1156,1512,1537]" pageId="76" pagination="4473 - 4482" refId="ref55280" refString="Heinrich, E. C., M. J. McHenry, and T. J. Bradley. 2013. Coordinated ventilation and spiracle activity produce unidirectional airflow in the hissing cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa. Journal of Experimental Biology 216 (23): 4473 - 4482." type="journal article" year="2013">Heinrich et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
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), but the presence of tracheae throughout the abdomen indicates a likely respiratory function. Future studies should investigate O
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<subScript attach="left" box="[1065,1074,1623,1640]" fontSize="7" pageId="76">2</subScript>
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input versus CO
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<subScript attach="left" box="[723,732,1656,1673]" fontSize="7" pageId="76">2</subScript>
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output, for example.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="76.[684,1213,1017,1735]" lastBlockId="78.[108,637,226,1738]" lastPageId="78" pageId="76">
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The perlodid specimen scanned here is another example of cooption of the gut as an air space in nonfeeding adults. Likely for weight reduction, this condition also seen in mayflies and male
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<taxonomicName box="[216,347,292,316]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Embioptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Embioptera</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730587" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7730587" box="[107,553,1677,1701]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7730587/files/figure.png" pageId="77" startId="77.[107,193,1679,1700]" targetBox="[223,1097,224,1652]" targetPageId="77">
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<paragraph blockId="77.[107,553,1677,1701]" box="[107,553,1677,1701]" pageId="77">
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FIGURE 51.
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<taxonomicName box="[237,346,1677,1701]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[359,470,1677,1701]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Plecoptera</taxonomicName>
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) lateral.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="78.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="78">
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Other notable open issues include ventral visceral VVi tracheae in
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<taxonomicName box="[356,473,358,382]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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that are likely VC, as these are present in
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<taxonomicName box="[420,560,391,415]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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. Additionally, T2,3-VLT are present in
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<taxonomicName box="[497,635,424,448]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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but not
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<taxonomicName box="[193,312,457,481]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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. It is possible that the absence of T2,3-VLT in
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<taxonomicName box="[296,415,490,514]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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is a preservational artifact and scanning of further specimens is indicated to verify these features.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="78.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="78">
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DESCRIPTION:
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<collectionCode box="[302,370,590,614]" pageId="78">HEAD</collectionCode>
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: The
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<specimenCount box="[428,589,589,613]" pageId="78" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
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differ in life history: adult
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<taxonomicName box="[405,547,622,646]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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, in the Group Euholognatha, have functional mouthparts adapted for feeding on algae, lichens, or soft pollen; while
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<taxonomicName box="[310,429,722,746]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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, in Systellognatha, is known to have adults with reduced mouth parts that typically do not feed. Consequently, head morphology is different enough to describe each family in the sections below.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="78.[108,637,226,1738]" lastBlockId="79.[108,637,226,1209]" lastPageId="79" pageId="78">
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THORAX: Thoracic tracheal morphology is largely similar between the two species scanned but with substantive differences; thoraces for both are described here for comparative clarity and also detailed in family sections below. Large thoracic air spaces present in both species, but spherical nature of air spaces in
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<taxonomicName box="[497,636,1085,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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indicates possibility of preservational artifact (see
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<figureCitation box="[157,227,1151,1176]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="76.[109,195,952,973]" captionTargetBox="[202,1118,228,921]" captionTargetId="figure-320@76.[202,1119,224,925]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURE 50. Alimentary canal air space position in Plecoptera: Perlodidae (top), Nemouridae (bottom)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7730249/files/figure.png" pageId="78">fig. 50</figureCitation>
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). Putative air sac in
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<taxonomicName box="[443,560,1152,1176]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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begins in thorax, extending into abdomen. T2-S with four tracheae: T2-CT, T2-DB, T2-VB, T2-AWL. T2-CT very thick, proceeding anteriorly in sinusoidal curve;
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<taxonomicName box="[254,391,1284,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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with two branches off T2-CT: T1-L extending ventrad, and T1-Gi just posteriad of cervix. T1-Vi present. T1-L with tibial trachea greatly enlarged relative to femoral trachea. T2-DB running directly mediad, arcing posteriorly to continue as T2-DLT, with a number of T2-DLT-Dvi branching dorsally, likely into flight muscle;
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<taxonomicName box="[306,441,1515,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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with large T2-FM extending dorsad close to T2-S; T2-Fm arcs medially to connect to opposing side as T2-DC; T2-FM off T2-DLT and T2-DC not visible in
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<taxonomicName box="[108,226,1647,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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. T2-VB posteriad and ventrad; in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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, blind ending near mesocoxae; T2-VC present, positioned approximately halfway between procoxae and mesocoxae. T2-VB asymmetric in
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<taxonomicName box="[795,934,259,283]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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; on right side, extending ventrad and posteriad, arcing dorsally just anterior to mesocoxae to link with T3-S via T2-DLT, while on left side, T2-VB mirrors right side but turns abruptly mediad to link with T2-VB on left side, forming T2-VC. T2-VB in
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<taxonomicName box="[1072,1211,424,448]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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with multiple T2-VB-Vi that likely supply flight muscle; single large T2-VB-Vi extending directly from T2-S on left side but mirroring similar T2-VB-Vi from T2-VB on right side. T2-VB-Vi not visible in
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<taxonomicName box="[842,960,589,613]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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scan. T2-AWL begins dorsally, turning posteriorly and ventrad toward midleg, joining T2-PL ventrally from T3-S; T2-AWL with a sharp turn posteriad in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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, likely where T2-AL and T2-Awba (or T2-Wc-r) would split but not visible in this scan; in
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<taxonomicName box="[684,823,788,812]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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T2-AWL short, with T2-AL and T2-W-c-r bifurcating just dorsal to T2-S. T2-AL tracheal lumen not visible and likely fluid filled in right side of
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<taxonomicName box="[848,967,887,911]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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; left side of same specimen with short gap and smaller trachea connecting. T2-AL complete in
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<taxonomicName box="[1062,1208,953,977]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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. T2-W-c-r extending dorsally and posteriad into wing. T2-W-c-r not visible in
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<taxonomicName box="[1026,1147,1019,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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. T3-S with four connections: T3-DB, T3-VB, T2-PWL, T3-AWL. T3-DB short and directed inward, linking with T2-DLT anteriorly and T3-DLT posteriorly; large T3-FM runs dorsad where T3-DB joins T2-DLT and T3-DLT. T3-FM running dorsad with several tracheae extending into flight muscles; T3-FM continues dorsad, arcing medially to join with opposite side via T3-DC; T3-DC not visible in
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<taxonomicName box="[922,1039,1317,1341]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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but likely present. T3-VB runs ventrad and posteriad, with numerous branches extending into flight muscle; T3-VB with T3-VC branch inward, meeting opposite side, near ventral sternite. In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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, T3-VB on left side continues as T3-VLT, linking with A1-S; T3-VLT absent on right side. T3-VLT not visible in
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<taxonomicName box="[930,1049,1548,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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. T2-PWL running directly anteriad, bifurcating into T2-Pwba extending dorsally and anteriad and T2-PL, mediad. T2-PWBa continues dorsally, with several branches into flight muscle and single, small T2-W-cu-a extending into trailing edge of forewing. T2-PL arcing medially and ventral before turning laterally, joining with T2-AL from anterior and extending posteriorly into T2-L. T2-L with tibial trachea greatly enlarged relative to femoral trachea. T3-AWL running ventrad, just medial from T3-S, with small T3-W-c-r branching dorsally where remaining trachea turns posteriad into T3-AL. T3-W-c-r not visible in
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<taxonomicName box="[108,225,490,514]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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but likely present.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="79.[108,637,226,1209]" pageId="79">
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ABDOMEN: Abdominal morphology largely similar between
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<taxonomicName box="[280,393,556,580]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[444,579,556,580]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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, with overall structure described here and specific differences given below. Air sac in
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<taxonomicName box="[438,551,622,646]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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extends as far as A3-S (
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<figureCitation box="[283,358,655,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="76.[109,195,952,973]" captionTargetBox="[202,1118,228,921]" captionTargetId="figure-320@76.[202,1119,224,925]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURE 50. Alimentary canal air space position in Plecoptera: Perlodidae (top), Nemouridae (bottom)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7730249/files/figure.png" pageId="79">fig. 50</figureCitation>
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). A[1..8]-S present. A1-S branching modified from remaining abdominal segments, with slight differences between
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[221,364,755,779]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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. Both specimens with A1-DB and A1-VB;
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<taxonomicName box="[346,463,788,812]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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with T3-Pwba directly from A1-S,
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<taxonomicName box="[333,469,821,845]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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with T3-Pwba from A1-VB slightly ventrad from A1-S. Both T3-Pwba anteriad and slightly dorsad, splitting into several smaller visceral tracheae likely supplying flight muscle and single T3-W-cu-a into trailing edge of hind wing. A[1..8]-DB and A[1..8]-DLT present in both taxa, with numerous visceral tracheae from DLT detailed in sections below. A[1..8]-VB, A[2..8]-SB, A[1..8]-VC present in
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<taxonomicName box="[108,242,1118,1142]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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but absent (or not visible) in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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. See family-level sections for descriptions of visceral tracheae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |