136 lines
15 KiB
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136 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document id="9D9F313BFFEBDE0A45017622847BCA4F" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3985.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0a09b779-2166-4305-9d3e-53effb06f108" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="253532" ID-ZooBank="46DE9DD6-55E3-4BF5-A2AF-A058A0294A72" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461257984528" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2015" docId="F37C6616FFF7FFF1A0B6F91BDFD9FF3D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03985p348.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3985 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Artitropa usambarae Congdon, Kielland & Collins 1998" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="340" masterDocId="0F451E6EFFD1FFD9A021FFF2DB4CFFC5" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="348" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="339" updateTime="1698608568688" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="8F066BA6BC64FF9B7DD81A988AFA9C09">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B558E7E9789FB04BEECEACC018E1BCC1">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FE8A53BF3E6933B527FF1D3F64B4E453">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E9C441F16286740D4118A1B6687C7AC5">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4881DCEF99749BB34CDEE7C480338A21">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="73B06DDC7D4E6D9EE1620DE83F37CF7A">
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<mods:date id="E8EC7BD2C7718EB4703AE6BE79211143">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4473A77288646BA093B5FDCBD060CA14">2015-07-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="ED2EBA07C84AB4564497361D5DC0FF3A">3985</mods:number>
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<treatment id="F37C6616FFF7FFF1A0B6F91BDFD9FF3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6527959" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119636506" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6527959" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F37C6616FFF7FFF1A0B6F91BDFD9FF3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F37C6616FFF7FFF1A0B6F91BDFD9FF3D" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="340" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFF7FFFFA0B6F91BDF83F8C6" box="[151,1231,1769,1795]" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF7FFFFA0B6F91BDF83F8C6" blockId="38.[151,1231,1769,1795]" box="[151,1231,1769,1795]" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">
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<heading id="2022606CFFF7FFFFA0B6F91BDF83F8C6" bold="true" box="[151,1231,1769,1795]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF7FFFFA0B6F91BDF83F8C6" bold="true" box="[151,1231,1769,1795]" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF7FFFFA0B6F91BD802F8C6" authority="Congdon, Kielland & Collins, 1998" authorityName="Congdon, Kielland & Collins" authorityYear="1998" box="[151,846,1769,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="usambarae">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF7FFFFA0B6F91BDADEF8C6" bold="true" box="[151,402,1769,1795]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">Artitropa usambarae</emphasis>
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Congdon, Kielland &
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF7FFFFA28CF91BD802F8C6" author="Collins" box="[685,846,1769,1795]" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" refId="ref30357" refString="Congdon, C. & Collins, S. (1998) Kielland's Butterflies of Tanzania Supplement. African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi, & Union des Entomologistes Belges, Tervuren, 143 pp., 6 plates." type="book" year="1998">Collins, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(in
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF7FFFFA35EF91BDF8BF8C6" author="Congdon & Collins" box="[895,1223,1769,1795]" firstAuthor="Congdon" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" refId="ref30357" refString="Congdon, C. & Collins, S. (1998) Kielland's Butterflies of Tanzania Supplement. African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi, & Union des Entomologistes Belges, Tervuren, 143 pp., 6 plates." type="book" year="1998">Congdon & Collins [1998]</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFF7FFFFA0B6F8C2DF9FF870" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF7FFFFA0B6F8C2DF9FF870" blockId="38.[151,1436,1840,1973]" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">
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This Tanzanian endemic was originally described from a single male reared from
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF7FFFFA403F8C3DFDEF88D" box="[1058,1170,1841,1864]" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF7FFFFA403F8C3DFDEF88D" box="[1058,1170,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="339">Dracaena</emphasis>
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sp. from Ambangulu in the west Usambara Mountains (
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF7FFFFA22CF8A6D877F8A9" author="Congdon & Collins" box="[525,827,1876,1901]" firstAuthor="Congdon" pageId="38" pageNumber="339" refId="ref30357" refString="Congdon, C. & Collins, S. (1998) Kielland's Butterflies of Tanzania Supplement. African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi, & Union des Entomologistes Belges, Tervuren, 143 pp., 6 plates." type="book" year="1998">Congdon & Collins 1998</bibRefCitation>
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), but TCEC and ABRI collectors have since found separate populations in the forests above Mkombola, Nguru Mountains and in the Uluguru Mountains, above Bunduki. It is unusual in that to date, it has only ever been reared and never captured as an adult.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFF6FFF1A0E6FF65DFD9FF3D" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="341" pageId="39" pageNumber="340" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF6FFFEA0E6FF65D9CEFED8" blockId="39.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF6FFFEA0E6FF65D945FF75" bold="true" box="[199,521,151,176]" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">Food plant and life history.</emphasis>
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TCEC has found the food plant to be
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF6FFFEA393FF6BDF6EFF75" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[946,1058,153,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="39" pageNumber="340" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF6FFFEA393FF6BDF6EFF75" box="[946,1058,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">D. mannii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; it may also feed on
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF6FFFEA52AFF6BDED9FF75" box="[1291,1429,151,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="39" pageNumber="340" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF6FFFEA52AFF6BDED9FF75" box="[1291,1429,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">D. steudneri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, at least in captivity. A pupa and several caterpillars of this species were found on
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF6FFFEA461FF4FDFFEFF11" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[1088,1202,189,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="39" pageNumber="340" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF6FFFEA461FF4FDFFEFF11" box="[1088,1202,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">D. mannii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in a small valley on Ambangulu Estate, in deep shade. The caterpillar eats the end of a leaf evenly back towards the base, and rolls a shelter to one side of the cut end of the leaf.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="2FAA8788FFF6FFFEA0B6F979DF7FF91B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253568/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="340" targetBox="[151,1436,339,1650]" targetPageId="39">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF6FFFEA0B6F979DF7FF91B" blockId="39.[151,1436,1675,1758]" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF6FFFEA0B6F979DA6EF964" bold="true" box="[151,290,1675,1697]" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">FIGURE 35.</emphasis>
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Final instar caterpillars of
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF6FFFEA261F97ED85BF964" authorityName="Congdon, Kielland & Collins" authorityYear="1998" box="[576,791,1675,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="340" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="usambarae">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF6FFFEA261F97ED85BF964" box="[576,791,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">Artitropa usambarae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, collected on
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF6FFFEA38DF97EDF2CF964" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[940,1120,1676,1697]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="39" pageNumber="340" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF6FFFEA38DF97EDF2CF964" box="[940,1120,1676,1697]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">Dracaena mannii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[TCEC].
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF6FFFEA4EBF979DF9AF964" bold="true" box="[1226,1238,1675,1697]" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">1</emphasis>
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, dorsolateral view, Ambangulu, west Usambara Mountains, Tanzania, 9 Jun 2001;
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF6FFFEA33EF958D867F905" bold="true" box="[799,811,1706,1728]" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">2</emphasis>
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, dorsal view, as #1, 12 Jun 2001;
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF6FFFEA4A8F958DFD9F905" bold="true" box="[1161,1173,1706,1728]" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">3</emphasis>
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, head, anterolateral view, Nguru Mountains, 10 Feb 2002;
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF6FFFEA1C2F93AD944F91B" bold="true" box="[483,520,1736,1758]" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">4–5</emphasis>
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, head and anterior segments, anterolateral view, as #2.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF6FFFEA0E6F8D6D949F808" blockId="39.[151,1437,1828,2033]" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">
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The final instar caterpillar (
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<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFF6FFFEA1DEF8D6D923F8F8" box="[511,623,1828,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="39.[151,250,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,339,1650]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[151,1436,339,1651]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 35. Final instar caterpillars of Artitropa usambarae, collected on Dracaena mannii [TCEC]. 1, dorsolateral view, Ambangulu, west Usambara Mountains, Tanzania, 9 Jun 2001; 2, dorsal view, as # 1, 12 Jun 2001; 3, head, anterolateral view, Nguru Mountains, 10 Feb 2002; 4 – 5, head and anterior segments, anterolateral view, as # 2." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253568/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">Figure 35</figureCitation>
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) has a yellow-brown head, with black spots at the top of the adfrontals and adjacent epicranial, two on the epicranium, one above the adfrontals and the other level with the frons, and connecting to a dark line through the anterior stemmata, and another black spot laterally, making seven in total. The markings of the head are darker in the specimen photographed from Nguru Mountains (Figure 35.3), which appears to reflect geographical variation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF6FFF1A0E6F82ADFD9FF3D" blockId="39.[151,1437,1828,2033]" lastBlockId="40.[151,1437,151,248]" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="341" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">
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The pupa (
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<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFF6FFFEA11FF82ADAE0F834" box="[318,428,2008,2033]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="40.[151,250,836,858]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,331,812]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[151,1436,331,812]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 36. Pupa of Artitropa usambarae, collected on Dracaena mannii, Ambangulu, west Usambara Mountains, Tanzania, 1 Jul 2001 [TCEC]: 1, dorsal view; 2, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253569/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="340">Figure 36</figureCitation>
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) is similar to others of the genus, with the ground colour pale greenish. However, the dark markings on the head and dorsally on the thorax and abdomen are sharper and more extensive than for other
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF9FFF1A0B6FF4EDBB2FF16" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,254,188,211]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="341" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF9FFF1A0B6FF4EDBB2FF16" box="[151,254,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="341">Artitropa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. There is no white waxy powder on the pupa and only a very thin covering inside the pupal shelter. In Figure 36.2, the thin silken partition at the anterior end of the shelter is very clearly visible.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |