324 lines
41 KiB
XML
324 lines
41 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="CFCC309540942A7AEAAACC97256B3CB9">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9D8C7713780358EA60859B283F6AF8E5">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9751038528E3A4BBA6B74C1723A0D248">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2EE3C076B2E97AD71C24B656846D5414">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D4BDE1E577BD5D64D8F31CC7336632FC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DB956209932741128FCA546E28A7837B">
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<mods:date id="87B140CD2F051A15F86015E27D89459E">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8A38DD237230636FF959823FB22BD606">2015-07-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D07E5D2B9C890CD883D0F658591A704E">3985</mods:number>
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<treatment id="F37C6616FFF2FFFDA0B6FF65DFC6F9E7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6527955" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119636457" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6527955" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F37C6616FFF2FFFDA0B6FF65DFC6F9E7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F37C6616FFF2FFFDA0B6FF65DFC6F9E7" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="337" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFF2FFFAA0B6FF65D938FF77" box="[151,628,151,178]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF2FFFAA0B6FF65D938FF77" blockId="35.[151,628,151,178]" box="[151,628,151,178]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">
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<heading id="2022606CFFF2FFFAA0B6FF65D938FF77" bold="true" box="[151,628,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA0B6FF65D938FF77" ID-CoL="H23V" authority="erinnys Trimen, 1862" authorityName="erinnys Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,628,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="erinnys">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA0B6FF65D938FF77" bold="true" box="[151,628,151,178]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA0B6FF65DA8BFF74" bold="true" box="[151,455,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Artitropa erinnys erinnys</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA1EFFF6AD938FF77" author="Trimen" box="[462,628,152,178]" firstAuthor="Trimen" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" pagination="279" refId="ref32886" refString="Trimen, R. (1862) On some new species of South African Butterflies. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Series 3, 1, 279 - 291. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1862. tb 00606. x" type="journal article" year="1862">Trimen, 1862</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFF2FFFAA0B6FF2CD927FE6E" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF2FFFAA0B6FF2CD927FE6E" blockId="35.[151,1437,222,1111]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">
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This subspecies was originally described as
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA2A4FF2CD800FF33" box="[645,844,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pamphila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinnys">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA2A4FF2CD800FF33" box="[645,844,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Pamphila erinnys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from a single male (in BMNH) from Durban (= Port
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFF2FFFAA0B6FEF0DB9AFEDE" box="[151,214,258,283]" name="South Africa" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Natal</collectingCountry>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA0CEFEF0DAC5FEDE" author="Trimen" box="[239,393,258,283]" firstAuthor="Trimen" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" pagination="279" refId="ref32886" refString="Trimen, R. (1862) On some new species of South African Butterflies. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Series 3, 1, 279 - 291. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1862. tb 00606. x" type="journal article" year="1862">Trimen 1862</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA1B9FEF1D96FFEDE" author="Evans" box="[408,547,259,283]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref30531" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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). The subspecies is found near the east coast of southern Africa, from East London, Eastern Cape Province to Northern Province,
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFF2FFFAA334FED4D8E7FEFA" box="[789,939,294,319]" name="South Africa" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFF2FFFAA39BFED4DF63FEFA" box="[954,1071,294,319]" name="Swaziland" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
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and far southern
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFF2FFFAA520FED4DED4FEFA" box="[1281,1432,294,319]" name="Mozambique" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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. There is a long series in the BMNH, of which one male from Zululand (within Kwa-Zulu
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFF2FFFAA483FEB8DF93FEA6" box="[1186,1247,330,355]" name="South Africa" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Natal</collectingCountry>
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Province,
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFF2FFFAA57AFEB8DBAEFE42" name="South Africa" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, and representative of the
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<typeStatus id="A46E69A2FFF2FFFAA229FE9DD974FE42" box="[520,568,367,391]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">type</typeStatus>
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locality) has been dissected by W.H. Evans and is the basis of his diagram of the genitalia of this species (
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA1F4FE61D912FE6E" author="Evans" box="[469,606,403,427]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref30531" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFF2FFFAA0E6FE44D8A6FDFE" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF2FFFAA0E6FE44D8A6FDFE" blockId="35.[151,1437,222,1111]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA0E6FE44DADDFE0A" bold="true" box="[199,401,438,463]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Adult behaviour.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA1B9FE44D970FE0A" author="Trimen" box="[408,572,438,463]" firstAuthor="Trimen" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" pagination="10 - 12" refId="ref32938" refString="Trimen, R. (1889) South-African butterflies: a monograph of the extra-tropical species. Vol. III. Papilionidae and Hesperidae. Trubner & Co., Ludgate Hill, London, 438 pp., plates 10 - 12." type="book chapter" year="1889">Trimen (1889)</bibRefCitation>
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reported that the adult ‘flies about sunset, as a rule, but on damp and cloudy days will visit flowers much earlier in the afternoon’ including
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA34CFE28D888FE36" authorityName="A.L.Jussieu" authorityYear="1803" box="[877,964,474,499]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Petunia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Petunia</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA3F1FE28DF1FFE36" authorityName="A.L.Jussieu" authorityYear="1803" box="[976,1107,474,499]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Petunia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Campanula</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA441FE28DF9CFE36" authorityName="A.L.Jussieu" authorityYear="1803" box="[1120,1232,474,499]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Petunia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Crotalaria</taxonomicName>
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and honeysuckle. Subsequent authors have referred to it as crepuscular (
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA2DFFE0CDF41FDD2" author="Dickson & Kroon" box="[766,1037,510,535]" firstAuthor="Dickson" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref30432" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA438FE0CDFFAFDD2" author="Migdoll" box="[1049,1206,510,535]" firstAuthor="Migdoll" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref31814" refString="Migdoll, I. (1988) Ivor Migdoll's Field Guide to the Butterflies of Southern Africa. New Holland Press, London, 256 pp." type="book" year="1988">Migdoll 1988</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA4E2FE0CDED4FDD2" author="Pringle" box="[1219,1432,510,535]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref32133" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. 2 nd Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
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Pringle
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA53DFE0DDE01FDD2" box="[1308,1357,510,535]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">et al</emphasis>
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. 1994
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA0B6FDD0DA35FDFE" author="Henning" box="[151,377,546,571]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Henning" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref30755" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
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Henning
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA0DFFDD6DA63FDFE" box="[254,303,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">et al</emphasis>
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. 1997
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</bibRefCitation>
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), but none include observations of early morning flight.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFF2FFFAA0E6FDB4D95FFCBB" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF2FFFAA0E6FDB4DAC5FD2B" blockId="35.[151,1437,222,1111]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA0E6FDB4DA17FD9A" bold="true" box="[199,347,582,607]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Food plants.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA143FDB4DABAFD9A" author="Leigh" box="[354,502,582,607]" firstAuthor="Leigh" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" pagination="114" refId="ref31717" refString="Leigh, G. F. (1911) Notes on the life-history of Antitropa [sic] erinnys. Entomologist, 44, 114 - 115." type="journal article" year="1911">Leigh (1911)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA223FDB4D9C6FD9A" author="Platt" box="[514,650,582,607]" firstAuthor="Platt" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" pagination="65 - 138" refId="ref32067" refString="Platt, E. E. (1921) List of foodplants of some South African lepidopterous larvae. South African Journal of Natural History, 3, 65 - 138." type="journal article" year="1921">Platt (1921)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA2B4FDB4D82FFD9A" author="Swanepoel" box="[661,867,582,607]" firstAuthor="Swanepoel" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref32810" refString="Swanepoel, D. A (1953) Butterflies of South Africa. Maskew Miller Ltd, Cape Town, 320 pp., 17 plates." type="book" year="1953">Swanepoel (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA34EFDB5DF59FD9A" author="Murray" box="[879,1045,582,607]" firstAuthor="Murray" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" pagination="219" refId="ref31893" refString="Murray, D. (1959) The genitalia and food-plants of the South African Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Durban Museum Novitates, 5, 219 - 227, plates i - iii." type="journal article" year="1959">Murray (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA46DFDB4DE29FD9A" author="Swain & Prinsloo" box="[1100,1381,582,607]" firstAuthor="Swain" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" pagination="1 - 91" refId="ref32757" refString="Swain, V. M. & Prinsloo, G. L. (1986) A list of phytophagous insects and mites on forest tree and shrubs in South Africa. Entomology Memoir Department Agriculture Water Supply Republic of South Africa, 66, i - vi + 1 - 91." type="journal article" year="1986">Swain & Prinsloo (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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give the food plant as
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA179FD9ED91FFD46" authorityName="Bos" authorityYear="1992" baseAuthorityName="Haw." box="[344,595,618,643]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aletriformis">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA179FD9ED91FFD46" box="[344,595,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Dracaena aletriformis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(as
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA2A3FD9ED868FD46" authorityName="K. Koch" authorityYear="1861" box="[642,804,618,643]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hookeriana">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA2A3FD9ED868FD46" box="[642,804,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">D. hookeriana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA31AFD99DF6FFD46" author="Van Someren" box="[827,1059,619,643]" firstAuthor="Van Someren" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" pagination="315" refId="ref33112" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Someren (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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lists the food plants of
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA50BFD99DED1FD46" box="[1322,1437,619,643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pamphila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinnys">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA50BFD99DED1FD46" box="[1322,1437,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">A. erinnys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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‘and subspecies’ as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA15BFD7DDAA6FD62" box="[378,490,654,679]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reflexa">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA15BFD7DDAA6FD62" box="[378,490,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">D. reflexa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA1DBFD7DD931FD62" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[506,637,655,679]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA1DBFD7DD931FD62" box="[506,637,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">D. fragrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA2ACFD7DD80DFD62" box="[653,833,655,679]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="afromontana">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA2ACFD7DD80DFD62" box="[653,833,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">D. afromontana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA35BFD7DD8A7FD63" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[890,1003,655,678]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA35BFD7DD8A7FD63" box="[890,1003,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">D. mannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA43DFD7DDFCFFD63" authorityName="Welw. ex Baker" authorityYear="1878" box="[1052,1155,655,678]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitens">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA43DFD7DDFCFFD63" box="[1052,1155,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">D. nitens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) for this skipper, but we consider these to be records from East Africa, and hence discount them when
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA404FD40DF96FD0E" author="Kielland" box="[1061,1242,690,715]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref31481" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
specifically lists them for ssp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA10EFD25DACEFD2B" box="[303,386,727,750]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pamphila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinnys">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA10EFD25DACEFD2B" box="[303,386,727,750]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">erinnys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF2FFFAA0E6FD08D95FFCBB" blockId="35.[151,1437,222,1111]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA0E6FD08DAAEFCD6" author="Dickson & Kroon" box="[199,482,762,787]" firstAuthor="Dickson" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref30432" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA1CFFD08D9D6FCD6" author="Migdoll" box="[494,666,762,787]" firstAuthor="Migdoll" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref31814" refString="Migdoll, I. (1988) Ivor Migdoll's Field Guide to the Butterflies of Southern Africa. New Holland Press, London, 256 pp." type="book" year="1988">Migdoll (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA2EEFD08D8FCFCD6" author="Pringle" box="[719,944,762,787]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref32133" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. 2 nd Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA306FD0ED814FCD6" box="[807,856,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
give
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA3CFFD0EDFD8FCD6" authorityName="Bos" authorityYear="1992" baseAuthorityName="Haw." box="[1006,1172,762,787]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aletriformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA3CFFD0EDFD8FCD6" box="[1006,1172,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">D. aletriformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA4E3FD0EDE2FFCD6" authorityName="K. Koch" authorityYear="1861" box="[1218,1379,762,787]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hookeriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA4E3FD0EDE2FFCD6" box="[1218,1379,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">D. hookeriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA0B6FCEDDA6FFCF2" box="[151,291,798,823]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA0B6FCEDDA6FFCF2" box="[151,291,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as food plants. However, when
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA2B4FCECD8C6FCF2" author="Henning" box="[661,906,798,823]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Henning" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref30755" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA2DCFCEDD87CFCF2" box="[765,816,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA3E5FCECDFC8FCF2" author="Woodhall" box="[964,1156,798,823]" firstAuthor="Woodhall" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref33283" refString="Woodhall, S. (2005) Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Nature, Capetown, 440 pp." type="book" year="2005">Woodhall (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
add
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA49CFCEDDE3DFCF2" box="[1213,1393,799,823]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="afromontana">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA49CFCEDDE3DFCF2" box="[1213,1393,799,823]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">D. afromontana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA5A0FCEDDA51FC9E" authorityName="Roxb" authorityYear="1814" baseAuthorityName="Medik." class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA5A0FCEDDA51FC9E" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">D. angustifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA178FCB6DA96FC9E" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[345,474,835,859]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA178FCB6DA96FC9E" box="[345,474,835,859]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">D. fragrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it seems likely that these are derived from Van Someren’s East African records again, and not applicable to ssp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA19BFC95D940FCBB" box="[442,524,871,894]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pamphila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinnys">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA19BFC95D940FCBB" box="[442,524,871,894]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">erinnys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFF2FFFDA0E6FC78DFC6F9E7" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="337" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF2FFFAA0E6FC78DE1BFB93" blockId="35.[151,1437,222,1111]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA0E6FC78DA16FC66" bold="true" box="[199,346,906,931]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Life history.</emphasis>
|
||
The life history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA21EFC79D99CFC66" box="[575,720,907,931]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pamphila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="erinnys">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA21EFC79D99CFC66" box="[575,720,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">A. e. erinnys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the best documented for African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA4E4FC78DE03FC66" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1221,1359,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA57AFC78DBACFC02" author="Leigh" firstAuthor="Leigh" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" pagination="114" refId="ref31717" refString="Leigh, G. F. (1911) Notes on the life-history of Antitropa [sic] erinnys. Entomologist, 44, 114 - 115." type="journal article" year="1911">Leigh (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the early stages and leaf shelters.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA2FFFC5DD8C9FC02" author="Murray" box="[734,901,943,967]" firstAuthor="Murray" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" pagination="584" refId="ref31930" refString="Murray, D. P. (1932) The early stages of some South African hesperiids. South African Journal of Science, 29, 584 - 588." type="journal article" year="1932">Murray (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the early stages and illustrated them with line drawings. Clark (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA1D4FC20D852FC2E" author="Dickson & Kroon" box="[501,798,978,1003]" firstAuthor="Dickson" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref30432" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Plate 30) painted a detailed life history; there are six caterpillar instars; only instar 1 has a dark head and in successive instars the head is increasingly spotted.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA563FC04DBADFBF6" author="Migdoll" firstAuthor="Migdoll" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref31814" refString="Migdoll, I. (1988) Ivor Migdoll's Field Guide to the Butterflies of Southern Africa. New Holland Press, London, 256 pp." type="book" year="1988">Migdoll (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
includes photographs of a caterpillar (with well-developed wax glands), pupa and food plant (which appears to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA0F4FBCDDA37FB92" authorityName="Bos" authorityYear="1992" baseAuthorityName="Haw." box="[213,379,1086,1111]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aletriformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA0F4FBCDDA37FB92" box="[213,379,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">D. aletriformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF2FFFAA1B2FBCCD9C8FB92" author="Henning" box="[403,644,1086,1111]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Henning" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" refId="ref30755" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA1DBFBCDD967FB92" box="[506,555,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also include photographs of the final instar caterpillar and pupa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2FAA8788FFF2FFFAA0B6F88FD998F877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253564/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" targetBox="[151,1436,1166,1892]" targetPageId="35">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF2FFFAA0B6F88FD998F877" blockId="35.[151,1436,1917,1970]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA0B6F88FDA6CF856" bold="true" box="[151,288,1917,1939]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">FIGURE 31.</emphasis>
|
||
Ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA1A8F88CD9C5F856" authority="erinnys" authorityName="erinnys Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[393,649,1918,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="erinnys">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA1A8F88CD9C5F856" box="[393,649,1918,1939]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Artitropa erinnys erinnys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, laid on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF2FFFAA2C2F88CD88AF856" authorityName="Bos" authorityYear="1992" baseAuthorityName="Haw." box="[739,966,1917,1939]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aletriformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF2FFFAA2C2F88CD88AF856" box="[739,966,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Dracaena aletriformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Gillitts, Durban, South Africa, photographed 18 Oct 2012, two days before hatching [© S. Woodhall].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF5FFFDA0E6FF6ADFA8FEA0" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">
|
||
Here we include exceptional photographs of the ovum and first instar caterpillar, taken by Steve Woodhall. The ovum resembles those of other members of the genus, but the microsculpture is much clearer in this photo (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFF5FFFDA570FF4EDBFAFF3D" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1166,1892]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,1166,1892]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 31. Ovum of Artitropa erinnys erinnys, laid on Dracaena aletriformis, Gillitts, Durban, South Africa, photographed 18 Oct 2012, two days before hatching [© S. Woodhall]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253564/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">Figure 31</figureCitation>
|
||
). It can be seen how the numerous, fine vertical ribs are composed of a series of very small bumps, like a string of beads, extending from the base to about two-thirds of the height. At this point the ribs start to break up into fragments, and then polygons before the flat micropyle. Between the vertical ribs are even finer, closely spaced horizontal bars, again of rows of very fine bumps. We consider this structure typical for the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF5FFFDA0E6FE9DDA71FDDD" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">
|
||
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFF5FFFDA0E6FE9DDA78FE4D" box="[199,308,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1160,1182]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,599,1126]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,599,1126]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 32. First instar caterpillar of Artitropa erinnys erinnys, newly hatched from ovum laid on Dracaena aletriformis, Gillitts, Durban, South Africa, photographed 20 Oct 2012 [© S. Woodhall]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253565/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">Figure 32</figureCitation>
|
||
shows the first instar caterpillar. The head and pronotum are conspicuous very dark brown, and the body white. Setae are short, fine and hardly visible apart from those on the anal plate, which are conspicuous, robust, long and erect. This image is probably representative for the entire genus. We have observed similar setae on the first instar of other species; this may be typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF5FFFDA34CFE2ED8B9FE30" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[877,1013,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but we have not investigated this systematically.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2FAA8788FFF5FFFDA0B6FB7AD8D8FB78" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253565/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" targetBox="[151,1436,599,1126]" targetPageId="36">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF5FFFDA0B6FB7AD8D8FB78" blockId="36.[151,1435,1160,1213]" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF5FFFDA0B6FB7ADA6EFB5B" bold="true" box="[151,290,1160,1182]" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">FIGURE 32.</emphasis>
|
||
First instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF5FFFDA210FB7BD878FB5B" authority="erinnys" authorityName="erinnys Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[561,820,1161,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="erinnys">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF5FFFDA210FB7BD878FB5B" box="[561,820,1161,1182]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">Artitropa erinnys erinnys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, newly hatched from ovum laid on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF5FFFDA491FB78DED9FB5B" authorityName="Bos" authorityYear="1992" baseAuthorityName="Haw." box="[1200,1429,1160,1183]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aletriformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF5FFFDA491FB78DED9FB5B" box="[1200,1429,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">Dracaena aletriformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Gillitts, Durban, South Africa, photographed 20 Oct 2012 [© S. Woodhall].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF5FFFDA0E6FB18D8A0FA73" blockId="36.[151,1437,1258,1571]" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">
|
||
Although good published figures of the nominate subspecies are available, for ease of comparison with other subspecies, we include additional photographs here (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFF5FFFDA2C2FAFFD81EFAE3" box="[739,850,1293,1318]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1788,1810]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,361,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,361,1740]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 33. Caterpillar, pupa and adult of Artitropa erinnys erinnys, on Dracaena aletriformis, Scotburg, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa [SCC]. 1 – 3, final instar caterpillar: 1, head, anterodorsal view, 26 Sep 2004; 2, dorsolateral view; 3, dorsolateral view. 4 – 5, pupa: 4, dorsolateral view, 23 Sep 2004; 5, lateral view, 23 Sep 2004. 7 – 8, adult female, 26 Sep 2004: 7, upper surface; 8, under surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253566/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">Figure 33</figureCitation>
|
||
) of the final instar caterpillar, pupa and adult, which SCC documented from a collection made from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF5FFFDA292FAC1D817FA8E" authorityName="Bos" authorityYear="1992" baseAuthorityName="Haw." box="[691,859,1330,1355]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aletriformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF5FFFDA292FAC1D817FA8E" box="[691,859,1330,1355]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">D. aletriformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Scotburg, Kwa-Zulu
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFF5FFFDA44EFAC0DFE3FA8E" box="[1135,1199,1330,1355]" name="South Africa" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">Natal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFF5FFFDA49AFAC0DE1CFA8E" box="[1211,1360,1330,1355]" name="South Africa" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It can be seen that the final instar caterpillar head is orange brown, the face yellow-brown, and black markings in the dorsal part of the adfrontals (separated by the orange-brown suture), two spots on the face one just above the level of the adfrontal marking and the other just below, and a lateroposterior spot.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFF5FFFDA0E6FA30DFC6F9E7" blockId="36.[151,1437,1258,1571]" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF5FFFDA0E6FA30DADDFA1E" bold="true" box="[199,401,1474,1499]" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF5FFFDA1B8FA30D967FA1F" author="Leigh" box="[409,555,1474,1499]" firstAuthor="Leigh" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" pagination="114" refId="ref31717" refString="Leigh, G. F. (1911) Notes on the life-history of Antitropa [sic] erinnys. Entomologist, 44, 114 - 115." type="journal article" year="1911">Leigh (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
states that all early stages are attacked by parasitic wasps and flies, and insect predators, ‘ants, mantis, cockroaches, etc.’
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFF5FFFDA2ABFA17DF5FFA3B" authority="(Rondani)" authorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" box="[650,1043,1509,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Thecocarcelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incedens">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFF5FFFDA2ABFA17D8D9FA3B" box="[650,917,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">Thecocarcelia incedens</emphasis>
|
||
(Rondani)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a larval-pupal tachinid parasitoid has been reported from near east London,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFF5FFFDA24EF9F8D84CF9E6" box="[623,768,1546,1571]" name="South Africa" pageId="36" pageNumber="337">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Clark in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFF5FFFDA353F9F8DF31F9E7" author="Dickson & Kroon" box="[882,1149,1546,1571]" firstAuthor="Dickson" pageId="36" pageNumber="337" refId="ref30432" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |