596 lines
81 KiB
XML
596 lines
81 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C512A13D4BD51CBEC179EAF9B459D2E1">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="01F85DB956F698881A7338D40742779D">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F0094EEFD56A91A1A715915F15150E30">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FE18C2B9E514AFC015E456530C8249D3">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="DC4E3B5C4E3BD45D596BB5F0B8FFAA6A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1DE978D114CEF2B6C67CBBD1C353A434">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="07546C6A3BC3A7667C065406449DE255">2015-07-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B94FF981EC49C0CAC24F467A8A08679B">3985</mods:number>
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<treatment id="F37C6616FFCBFFC6A0B6FF65D901FF3D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123200812" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F37C6616FFCBFFC6A0B6FF65D901FF3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F37C6616FFCBFFC6A0B6FF65D901FF3D" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFCBFFC3A0B6FF65D9D5FF77" box="[151,665,151,178]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCBFFC3A0B6FF65D9D5FF77" blockId="26.[151,665,151,178]" box="[151,665,151,178]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
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<heading id="2022606CFFCBFFC3A0B6FF65D9D5FF77" bold="true" box="[151,665,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A0B6FF65D9D5FF77" authority="Riley, 1925" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,665,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A0B6FF65D9D5FF77" bold="true" box="[151,665,151,178]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A0B6FF65D945FF74" bold="true" box="[151,521,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Artitropa erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A231FF6AD9D5FF77" author="Riley" box="[528,665,152,178]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley, 1925</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFCBFFC3A0B6FF25D87AFE98" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCBFFC3A0B6FF25D87AFE98" blockId="26.[151,1437,215,2028]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A0B6FF25DA6BFF35" author="Riley" box="[151,295,215,240]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley (1925)</bibRefCitation>
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described this subspecies based on
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<specimenCount id="6DD31C89FFCBFFC3A2E7FF25D82DFF35" box="[710,865,215,240]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="generic">26 specimens</specimenCount>
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reared in Nairobi by V.G.L. Van Someren. It was subsequently misspelt
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A1B2FF0FD979FED1" box="[403,565,253,276]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">vansommereni</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A262FF0ED987FED1" author="Evans" box="[579,715,252,276]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" refId="ref30531" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A2F4FF0FD82FFED1" author="Larsen" box="[725,867,252,276]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" refId="ref31559" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
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). It appears to be endemic to the Central Highlands of
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFCBFFC3A095FED2DA4DFEFD" box="[180,257,288,312]" name="Kenya" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A12AFED2DAE4FEFD" author="Larsen" box="[267,424,288,312]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" refId="ref31559" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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refers to it as occurring in the Central Highlands, including Nairobi, Meru and Ngong, and MJWC has found it at Thika and Tigoni, as well as Nairobi.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFCBFFC3A0E6FE95D8C1FB3B" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCBFFC3A0E6FE95DAE8FBC6" blockId="26.[151,1437,215,2028]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A0E6FE95DA17FE45" bold="true" box="[199,347,359,384]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Food plants.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A142FE95DABEFE45" author="Riley" box="[355,498,359,384]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley (1925)</bibRefCitation>
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gives the food plant as
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A321FE9BD83CFE45" box="[768,880,361,384]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A321FE9BD83CFE45" box="[768,880,361,384]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Dracaena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and quotes from a letter by V.G.L. Van Someren that
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A0F1FE7EDAE4FE61" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[208,424,396,420]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A0F1FE7EDAE4FE61" box="[208,424,396,420]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. e. vansomereni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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feeds on
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A20DFE7FD9EFFE61" box="[556,675,395,420]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reflexa">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A20DFE7FD9EFFE61" box="[556,675,395,420]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. reflexa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A29BFE7ED8FEFE61" author="Van Someren" box="[698,946,396,420]" firstAuthor="Van Someren" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="315" refId="ref33112" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Someren (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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lists
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A3DCFE7FDF85FE61" box="[1021,1225,395,420]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reflexa">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A3DCFE7FDF85FE61" box="[1021,1225,395,420]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Dracaena reflexa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A4C1FE7FDE27FE61" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[1248,1387,396,420]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A4C1FE7FDE27FE61" box="[1248,1387,396,420]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. fragrans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A5A0FE7FDA6BFE0D" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="afromontana">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A5A0FE7FDA6BFE0D" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. afromontana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A117FE42DAEBFE02" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[310,423,432,455]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A117FE42DAEBFE02" box="[310,423,432,455]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. mannii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(as
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A1F9FE42D973FE02" authorityName="Welw. ex Baker" authorityYear="1878" box="[472,575,432,455]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitens">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A1F9FE42D973FE02" box="[472,575,432,455]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. nitens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) as the food plants for
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A36BFE42D8F2FE02" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[842,958,432,455]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinnys">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A36BFE42D8F2FE02" box="[842,958,432,455]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. erinnys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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‘and subspecies’. Here we try to interpret these records in terms of the different subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A2C5FE26D81AFE2E" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[740,854,468,491]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinnys">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A2C5FE26D81AFE2E" box="[740,854,468,491]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. erinnys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Van Someren reared subspecies
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A4F1FE26DE12FE2E" box="[1232,1374,468,491]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">vansomereni</emphasis>
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from Nairobi, Ngong and Meru and in the 1950s he reared
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A32EFE04D82DFDCA" box="[783,865,502,527]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">radiata</emphasis>
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from Teita and Rabai Hills (BMNH accessions).
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A0B6FDEEDA2DFDF6" box="[151,353,538,563]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reflexa">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A0B6FDEEDA2DFDF6" box="[151,353,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Dracaena reflexa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is not a
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFCBFFC3A1FBFDE9D97DFDF6" box="[474,561,539,563]" name="Kenya" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Kenyan</collectingCountry>
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species (
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A285FDE8D808FDF6" author="Beentje" box="[676,836,538,563]" firstAuthor="Beentje" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" refId="ref29676" refString="Beentje, H. (1994) Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, 722 pp." type="book" year="1994">Beentje 1994</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A374FDE9DF48FDF6" author="Govaerts" box="[853,1028,539,563]" firstAuthor="Govaerts" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="2014" refId="ref30666" refString="Govaerts, R. (2013) World Checklist of Asparagaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet. Available from: http: // apps. kew. org / wcsp / (accessed 29 November 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">Govaerts 2013</bibRefCitation>
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), and this record may refer to an ornamental planting or a misidentification; since
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A29AFDCCD804FD92" author="Riley" box="[699,840,574,599]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley (1925)</bibRefCitation>
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quotes Van Someren that
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A44AFDCDDF95FD92" box="[1131,1241,574,599]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reflexa">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A44AFDCDDF95FD92" box="[1131,1241,574,599]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. reflexa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a food plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A0B6FD91DA66FDBF" authorityName="erinnys Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,298,611,634]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="erinnys">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A0B6FD91DA66FDBF" box="[151,298,611,634]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. e. erinnys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we assume that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A1DBFD91D9B0FDBF" author="Van Someren's" box="[506,764,610,634]" firstAuthor="Van Someren's" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="315" refId="ref33112" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Someren’s (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
record can be attributed to this subspecies. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFCBFFC3A507FD91DE3EFDBE" box="[1318,1394,611,635]" name="Kenya" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A5A0FD91DBB4FD5B" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A5A0FD91DBB4FD5B" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. fragrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to the south-west around Lake Victoria; as Van Someren did not rear any
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A4E3FD74DE65FD58" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[1218,1321,646,669]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A4E3FD74DE65FD58" box="[1218,1321,646,669]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Artitropa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. from this area, the record probably also represents a misidentification or a cultivated plant.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A470FD58DE74FD07" author="Van Someren" box="[1105,1336,682,706]" firstAuthor="Van Someren" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="315" refId="ref33112" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Someren (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
does not list
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A0E1FD3CDA07FD23" box="[192,331,717,742]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A0E1FD3CDA07FD23" box="[192,331,717,742]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the common food plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A2A2FD3CD806FD20" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[643,842,718,741]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A2A2FD3CD806FD20" box="[643,842,718,741]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. e. vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
around Nairobi (MJWC observations,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A521FD3CDEC3FD23" author="Larsen" box="[1280,1423,718,742]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" refId="ref31559" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A127FD00DA38FCCF" box="[262,372,753,778]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reflexa">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A127FD00DA38FCCF" box="[262,372,753,778]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. reflexa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A1A3FD00D948FCCC" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[386,516,753,777]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A1A3FD00D948FCCC" box="[386,516,753,777]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. fragrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A21BFD00D988FCCF" box="[570,708,753,778]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A21BFD00D988FCCF" box="[570,708,753,778]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are all superficially similar, we suggest one or both records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A5A0FD00DBA8FCE8" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reflexa">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A5A0FD00DBA8FCE8" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. reflexa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A105FCE4DAE0FCE8" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[292,428,789,813]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A105FCE4DAE0FCE8" box="[292,428,789,813]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. fragrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have been a misidentification for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A3A6FCE4DF5BFCE8" box="[903,1047,788,813]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A3A6FCE4DF5BFCE8" box="[903,1047,788,813]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as the food plant of subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A0B6FCCBDA69FC95" box="[151,293,825,848]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A115FCCBD971FC94" box="[308,573,825,849]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="afromontana">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A115FCCBD971FC94" box="[308,573,825,849]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Dracaena afromontana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a species of moist forest or bamboo mostly found in central and western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFCBFFC3A0B6FCAFDBAFFCB0" box="[151,227,861,885]" name="Kenya" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but there is a record from the Teita Hills (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A2E3FCAED811FCB0" author="Beentje" box="[706,861,860,885]" firstAuthor="Beentje" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" refId="ref29676" refString="Beentje, H. (1994) Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, 722 pp." type="book" year="1994">Beentje 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so this food plant could apply to either or both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A5A5FCAFDA32FC5D" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A5A5FCAFDA32FC5D" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A182FC72D962FC5D" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[419,558,895,920]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A182FC72D962FC5D" box="[419,558,895,920]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. e. radiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but is more likely to be the former. In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A46DFC73DFF0FC5D" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[1100,1212,897,920]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A46DFC73DFF0FC5D" box="[1100,1212,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. mannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only found in the coastal area of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFCBFFC3A163FC56DAC2FC79" box="[322,398,932,956]" name="Kenya" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and so this record must apply to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A32FFC56D8D9FC79" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1896" box="[782,917,931,956]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="ehlersi">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A32FFC56D8D9FC79" box="[782,917,931,956]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. e. ehlersi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, unless it was being grown outside its natural distribution, e.g. at Nairobi. SCC has observed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A2F8FC3AD805FC1A" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[729,841,968,991]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A2F8FC3AD805FC1A" box="[729,841,968,991]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. mannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
growing in his Nairobi garden is readily accepted by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A0B6FC1EDAD1FBC6" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,413,1004,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A0B6FC1EDAD1FBC6" box="[151,413,1004,1027]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCBFFC3A0E6FBFCD8C1FB3B" blockId="26.[151,1437,215,2028]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
|
||
Caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A154FBFDD908FBE2" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[373,580,1039,1063]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A154FBFDD908FBE2" box="[373,580,1039,1063]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. e. vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are common around Nairobi as its food plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A44DFBE2DFB6FBE2" box="[1132,1274,1038,1063]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A44DFBE2DFB6FBE2" box="[1132,1274,1038,1063]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is frequently planted in public places (e.g. labelled specimens at the National Museums of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFCBFFC3A3D2FBC1DF0CFB8E" box="[1011,1088,1075,1099]" name="Kenya" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
), gardens and as a pot plant. At times the caterpillars are a pest of these ornamental plants, particularly small plants growing in shaded positions. MJWC had a potted plant under cover by his Nairobi house which was almost completely defoliated three times, once following the release of newly eclosed caterpillars onto it. After three years it was still less than a metre tall, spindly with only a few, small leaves. An identical plant was grown in direct sunshine in the garden and after three years, it was more than
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFCBFFC3A180FB14DA89FB3B" box="[417,453,1254,1278]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="2.0">2m</quantity>
|
||
tall with many large leaves (Figure 2.1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFCBFFC6A0E6FAFBD901FF3D" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCBFFC3A0E6FAFBD969F9A7" blockId="26.[151,1437,215,2028]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A0E6FAFBDA16FAE7" bold="true" box="[199,346,1289,1314]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Life history.</emphasis>
|
||
V.G.L. Van Someren (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCBFFC3A25EFAFBD9B2FAE7" author="Riley" box="[639,766,1289,1314]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) provides a description of the biology: “The eggs are laid singly for the most part, though two may occasionally be deposited close together. They are laid either on the leaves, upper or under surface, frequently near the base, or on the trunk of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A3D3FAA3DFFBFAAC" box="[1010,1207,1360,1385]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reflexa">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A3D3FAA3DFFBFAAC" box="[1010,1207,1360,1385]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Dracaena reflexa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They are generally salmon-pink when laid, but I have seen a female depositing pure white ones. The eggs are hemispherical and attached by the flattened side. There is a slight circular depression, on the top, and a series of ridges radiating from the central spot. The eggs turn greyish as development proceeds, and the larvae emerge within 10 days usually, though some carry over for longer periods. The newly hatched larva is
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFCBFFC3A39FFA2DDF4FFA32" box="[958,1027,1503,1528]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. long and yellow with a black head. With the second moult the colour changes to a pale greenish-white and the head piece becomes yellow with black spots arranged as shown on Plate XXXV, fig. 6 [similar to
|
||
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFCBFFC3A311F9D4D8EDF9FA" box="[816,929,1574,1599]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,805,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,805,1826]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 26. Final instar caterpillar of Artitropa erinnys vansomereni, on Dracaena steudneri. 1, dorsolateral, anterior and posterior views; collected Thika, 2 Jul 1988; photographed 18 Jul; pupated 24 Jul, 88 / 52 A 1; 2, head, anterior view; collected Nairobi; photographed 13 Sep 1988; 88 / 75 A 1; 3, head with atypical light markings, anterolateral view; Nairobi, 17 Jan 2006 [TCEC]; 4, head with atypical dark markings, anterior view; Nairobi, 23 Dec 2002; 5, dorsolateral view, Nairobi; photographed 25 Nov 89; 89 / 94." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253559/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Figure 26</figureCitation>
|
||
], thus differing from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFCBFFC3A49DF9D4DE5FF9FA" box="[1212,1299,1574,1599]" name="Uganda" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
race [i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCBFFC3A5A5F9D5DBA7F9A6" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCBFFC3A5A5F9D5DBA7F9A6" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">A. reducta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], which has only two spots.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCBFFC3A0E6F99CDF37F8FC" blockId="26.[151,1437,215,2028]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">“The larva, even in the early stages, adopts the habit of protecting itself by cutting the edge of a leaf and bending this over, securely fastening it down with silk threads in two or three places; from this tunnel it emerges half out and devours the leaf substance immediately surrounding. On the slightest alarm it withdraws itself into· its protective covering. These tactics are adopted throughout the whole larval period—the whole larva is seldom exposed except when changing and reconstructing a tunnel—nevertheless a fair proportion of larvae are parasitized. I have not yet completed the various parasites, but so far two species of ichneumons have been bred out.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCBFFC3A0E6F8B6D83FF82E" blockId="26.[151,1437,215,2028]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">“The larva pupates in a tunnel, very similar in construction to its ' hide up' but in addition it spins a fairly close web over the whole of the inside and blocks up the exit with a flimsy web which can be easily torn by the emerging butterfly. The pupa is attached at its anal end and by a body band. A white powdery substance is secreted by the larva during the 24 hours before it finally pupates. The larval period varies according to the freshness of the leaf––between 14 to 20 days, and the pupal stage lasts 20 days or more.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCAFFC2A0E6FF65D9E7FF3D" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">“Judging by the number of eggs, etc., found on one plant one would be led to think that the insect was common, but although I have kept a sharp lookout, very few imagines have been taken or even seen. They are crepuscular, extremely shy, and rapid in flight.”</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCAFFC2A0E6FEF7DF79FD6D" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
|
||
Van Someren’s collection in the BMNH accessions includes a female and a reared male from Meru,
|
||
<specimenCount id="6DD31C89FFCAFFC2A516FEF6DED0FED8" box="[1335,1436,260,285]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" type="adult">11 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
from Ngong and 30 from Nairobi, nearly all reared. There is a reference label to the Dry Early Stages Collection (numbers 4691–4695) adjacent to the series from Nairobi. Specimen 4695 is an emerged pupa with associated head capsule which resembles that documented here (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFCAFFC2A2FBFE9DD81EFE4D" box="[730,850,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,805,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,805,1826]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 26. Final instar caterpillar of Artitropa erinnys vansomereni, on Dracaena steudneri. 1, dorsolateral, anterior and posterior views; collected Thika, 2 Jul 1988; photographed 18 Jul; pupated 24 Jul, 88 / 52 A 1; 2, head, anterior view; collected Nairobi; photographed 13 Sep 1988; 88 / 75 A 1; 3, head with atypical light markings, anterolateral view; Nairobi, 17 Jan 2006 [TCEC]; 4, head with atypical dark markings, anterior view; Nairobi, 23 Dec 2002; 5, dorsolateral view, Nairobi; photographed 25 Nov 89; 89 / 94." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253559/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Figure 26</figureCitation>
|
||
). Specimens 4691–4694 are emerged pupae with associated head capsules, but the head capsules resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCAFFC2A395FE66DF6FFE68" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[948,1059,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A395FE66DF6FFE68" box="[948,1059,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A. milleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFCAFFC2A416FE66DFE2FE69" box="[1079,1198,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1340,1362]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,735,1315]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,735,1315]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Final instar caterpillar of Artitropa milleri coryndon, collected on Dracaena steudneri, Thika, Kenya. 1 – 2, collected 22 Dec 1988; moulted to final instar 11 Jan 1989; photographed 16 Jan 89; pupated 27 Jan; 88 / 122 E; 1, head, lateral view; 2, head, anterolateral view. 3, anterodorsolateral view; collected 26 Jun 1988; moulted to final instar 12 Jul 1988; photographed 18 Jul, pupated 27 Jul; 88 / 52 B 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253545/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). The Van Someren collection in the BMNH accessions also includes material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCAFFC2A367FE4AD89EFE15" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[838,978,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A367FE4AD89EFE15" box="[838,978,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A. e. radiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and there is a reference label to the Dry Early Stages Collection (numbers 4696–4703) associated with these; specimen 4696 is an emerged pupa with no associated head capsule, and specimens 4597–4703 do have head capsules associated and these are all similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCAFFC2A0DDFDD6DA84FDF9" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[252,456,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A0DDFDD6DA84FDF9" box="[252,456,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A. e. vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFCAFFC2A1F9FDD6D900FDF8" box="[472,588,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,805,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,805,1826]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 26. Final instar caterpillar of Artitropa erinnys vansomereni, on Dracaena steudneri. 1, dorsolateral, anterior and posterior views; collected Thika, 2 Jul 1988; photographed 18 Jul; pupated 24 Jul, 88 / 52 A 1; 2, head, anterior view; collected Nairobi; photographed 13 Sep 1988; 88 / 75 A 1; 3, head with atypical light markings, anterolateral view; Nairobi, 17 Jan 2006 [TCEC]; 4, head with atypical dark markings, anterior view; Nairobi, 23 Dec 2002; 5, dorsolateral view, Nairobi; photographed 25 Nov 89; 89 / 94." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253559/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Figure 26</figureCitation>
|
||
). None of these emerged pupae was labelled by Van Someren, and would have been pinned near the reared specimens to show their affiliation. It seems likely that the unlabelled pupae got mixed up between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCAFFC2A151FD9EDAA8FD41" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[368,484,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinnys">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A151FD9EDAA8FD41" box="[368,484,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A. erinnys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCAFFC2A23CFD9ED9C5FD40" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[541,649,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A23CFD9ED9C5FD40" box="[541,649,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A. milleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at some stage. Certainly if these associated early stages remains had been labelled appropriately (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCAFFC2A1DDFD7DD936FD6D" author="Cock" box="[508,634,655,680]" firstAuthor="Cock" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" pagination="1 - 63" refId="ref29901" refString="Cock, M. J. W. (2010) Observations on the biology of Afro - tropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 1. Introduction and Coeliadinae. Zootaxa, 2547, 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="2010">Cock 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this confusion should not have arisen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCAFFC2A0E6FD46DBA2FCFD" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
|
||
The information presented below is based on material from Nairobi and Thika on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCAFFC2A496FD47DE04FD08" box="[1207,1352,692,717]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A496FD47DE04FD08" box="[1207,1352,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
unless otherwise indicated. The information on the life history summarised by V.G.L. Van Someren in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCAFFC2A4E5FD25DE1EFD35" author="Riley" box="[1220,1362,727,752]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
above generally agrees with that presented here, except that our observations differ on the colour of ova and how they change.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCAFFC2A0E6FCB6DA60FC28" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A0E6FCB6DADFFC98" bold="true" box="[199,403,836,861]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Adult behaviour.</emphasis>
|
||
The females (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFCAFFC2A218FCB6D9E7FC99" box="[569,683,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1497,1519]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1060,1473]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,1060,1473]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 24. Adult female Artitropa erinnys vansomereni. 1, upper side, reared from Dracaena steudneri, Nairobi, 4 Feb 2004 [SCC, photo TCEC]; 2, underside, collected as pupa on D. steudneri, Thika, Kenya, 17 Sep 1989; emerged and photographed 24 Sep; no voucher; 89 / 58 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253557/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Figure 24</figureCitation>
|
||
) fly in the late afternoon, or earlier on overcast days, to lay ova. MJWC watched one female around mid-afternoon busily laying ova in Karen against a backdrop of a black sky and approaching rain (the basis of the observations referred to in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCAFFC2A364FC7FD8BCFC61" author="Larsen" box="[837,1008,908,932]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refId="ref31559" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. V.G.L. Van Someren (in Riley (1921) above) refers to them as crepuscular, but while they are active until dusk, we know of no early morning observations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2FAA8788FFCAFFC2A0B6FA2BDAF7F9E9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253557/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" targetBox="[151,1436,1060,1473]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCAFFC2A0B6FA2BDAF7F9E9" blockId="27.[151,1436,1497,1580]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A0B6FA2BDA53FA2A" bold="true" box="[151,287,1497,1519]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">FIGURE 24.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCAFFC2A191FA28D9A8FA2A" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[432,740,1498,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A191FA28D9A8FA2A" box="[432,740,1498,1519]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Artitropa erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A2D1FA2BD9B1FA2A" bold="true" box="[752,765,1497,1519]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">1</emphasis>
|
||
, upper side, reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCAFFC2A3DAFA28DF88FA2A" box="[1019,1220,1497,1519]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A3DAFA28DF88FA2A" box="[1019,1220,1497,1519]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Dracaena steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Nairobi, 4 Feb 2004 [SCC, photo TCEC];
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A155FA0ADACCF9CB" bold="true" box="[372,384,1528,1550]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">2</emphasis>
|
||
, underside, collected as pupa on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCAFFC2A2F7FA0BD81FF9CB" box="[726,851,1528,1550]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A2F7FA0BD81FF9CB" box="[726,851,1528,1550]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Thika, Kenya, 17 Sep 1989; emerged and photographed 24 Sep; no voucher; 89/58A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCAFFC5A0E6F9ABDE79FF10" blockId="27.[151,1437,1625,2010]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="329" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A0E6F9ABDA54F9B7" bold="true" box="[199,280,1625,1650]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Ovum.</emphasis>
|
||
Ova (Figure 25.1–2) are smooth, and hemispherical in shape. They are laid singly on the leaves, and MJWC and SCC observed that when freshly laid they are white, but progressively change to dark pink as they mature over the next 10–12 days. Van Someren reports that they are usually salmon pink when laid and turn greyish (above), but we do not accept this. Unfortunately MJWC only preserved one ovum that was unequivocally
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCAFFC2A0B6F918DA13F8C4" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,351,1770,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A0B6F918DA13F8C4" box="[151,351,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A. e. vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and that had a diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFCAFFC2A2BDF91BD9B0F8C7" box="[668,764,1769,1794]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" unit="mm" value="1.61">1.61mm</quantity>
|
||
. Eggs collected at Thika, where both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCAFFC2A482F918DE27F8C4" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[1187,1387,1770,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A482F918DE27F8C4" box="[1187,1387,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A. e. vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCAFFC2A0B6F8FCDA06F8E3" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,330,1805,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="milleri" subSpecies="coryndon">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCAFFC2A0B6F8FCDA06F8E3" box="[151,330,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A. m. coryndon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur together, may have been of either species; they averaged 1.51 (range 1.29–1.64) x 0.92 (range 0.78–1.06) mm diameter x height (n=44), and showed no indication of separating into two size classes. The ova have numerous fine ribs, becoming more irregular dorsally, which are difficult or sometimes impossible to count in dorsal view. In lateral view, they can be seen more clearly and the width of five gaps between ribs was measured and used to extrapolate the number of ribs based on the circumference calculated from the diameter of each ovum. Checking the estimates where the number of ribs could be counted in dorsal view suggested that the individual estimates were within 10% of the correct number. For the collection of eggs from Thika, the estimated mean number of ribs is 49 (range 37–67). The newly hatched caterpillar eats the shell except for the base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCDFFC5A0E6FF12DF92FEA0" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
By marking the position of ova on a small tree of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCDFFC5A2D2FF13D831FF3D" box="[755,893,223,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCDFFC5A2D2FF13D831FF3D" box="[755,893,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his Nairobi garden, and monitoring their fate, MJWC found that several disappeared for no apparent reason. Because the leaf surface is smooth and seems waxy, the ova are quite easy to remove by exerting a little pressure, and it seems likely they were either carried off by generalist predators such as wasps, or they were brushed off due to the action of wind and/or rain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCDFFC5A0E6FE9DDFA4FCD1" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCDFFC5A0E6FE9DDA2BFE4D" bold="true" box="[199,359,367,392]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Leaf shelters.</emphasis>
|
||
The newly hatched caterpillar rests on the under surface edge of the leaf and spins a silk pad on which it then rests. The first shelter is then made by cutting a notch basal or distal to this pad and rolling the section of leaf with the pad under the leaf (Figure 25.3). The caterpillar then starts to feed basal to the shelter; if the first notch was distal to the shelter it now appears as if the caterpillar had cut a notch at each end to roll the shelter, and if the initial notch was basal to the shelter this is simply expanded. In Figure 25.3, the shelter would have been initially partially rolled with the silk lines second and third from the left, but is now rolled more tightly using the silk lines far left and far right, which have left the earlier silk lines slack as the leaf roll is pulled tighter to the leaf. Larger caterpillars use shelters made by cutting a notch at one end (usually the distal end), and rolling a flap tapered to the basal end. Fifth, final instar caterpillars may stay in such shelters, or in the case of small, shaded plants with less robust leaves, they may move to the base of a leaf to make a shelter. Pupation is in the final caterpillar shelter; when the shelter is closed, there is a sheet of silk webbing across the anterior end; a stout single strand girdle at A1 of pupa; the shelter is lined with white waxy powder but at most only a light covering on the pupa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2FAA8788FFCDFFC5A0B6F98CDA25F935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253558/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" targetBox="[151,1436,844,1637]" targetPageId="28">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCDFFC5A0B6F98CDA25F935" blockId="28.[151,1436,1662,1776]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCDFFC5A0B6F98CDA53F951" bold="true" box="[151,287,1662,1684]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">FIGURE 25.</emphasis>
|
||
Ovum and leaf shelters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCDFFC5A210F98DD829F951" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[561,869,1663,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCDFFC5A210F98DD829F951" box="[561,869,1663,1684]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Artitropa erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCDFFC5A3B3F98DDF17F951" box="[914,1115,1662,1684]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCDFFC5A3B3F98DDF17F951" box="[914,1115,1662,1684]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Dracaena steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCDFFC5A449F98CDF39F951" bold="true" box="[1128,1141,1662,1684]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">1</emphasis>
|
||
, ovum, dorsal view, Nairobi, 17 Jan 2006 [TCEC];
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCDFFC5A1A5F96FDADCF976" bold="true" box="[388,400,1693,1715]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">2</emphasis>
|
||
, ovum, dorsolateral view, Thika, Kenya, 89/58E1 (parasitized; possibly this is ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCDFFC5A518F96CDBBAF917" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="milleri" subSpecies="coryndon">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCDFFC5A518F96CDBBAF917" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">A. milleri coryndon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCDFFC5A12EF94EDA50F917" bold="true" box="[271,284,1724,1746]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">3</emphasis>
|
||
, early instar caterpillar and shelter, Nairobi, Jun 1991;
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCDFFC5A347F94ED83FF917" bold="true" box="[870,883,1724,1746]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">4</emphasis>
|
||
, shelter of medium-grown (instar 3 or 4) caterpillar, Nairobi, 2 Sep 2011.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCDFFC5A0E6F8EFDED0F8B8" blockId="28.[151,1436,1821,2026]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCDFFC5A0E6F8EFDA1DF8F3" bold="true" box="[199,337,1821,1846]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Caterpillar.</emphasis>
|
||
The head capsules from multiple rearings indicate that there are normally five instars, the head capsules measuring 0.86 x 0.94 (n=1), 1.18 x 1.33 (n=1), 1.67 x 1.86 (n=7), 2.35 x 2.74 (n=6), and 3.66 x
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFCDFFC5A561F8B3DED0F89C" box="[1344,1436,1857,1881]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.41" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="mm" value="4.41">4.41mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=5). They are 7–16% larger than those of the corresponding instar heads of the co-occurring
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCDFFC5A49AF894DED9F8BB" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[1211,1429,1893,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="milleri" subSpecies="coryndon">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCDFFC5A49AF894DED9F8BB" box="[1211,1429,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">A. milleri coryndon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCDFFC4A0E6F87BDA7AFF32" blockId="28.[151,1436,1821,2026]" lastBlockId="29.[151,1436,151,752]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="330" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
The first instar is green with a black head, pronotum and anal plate (Figure 25.3); six pale setae on posterior margin of anal plate, the two each side of the centre are longer,
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFCDFFC5A340F85CD8F4F800" box="[865,952,1966,1990]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFCDFFC5A3CDF85FDF14F803" box="[1004,1112,1965,1990]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1160,1182]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,599,1126]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,599,1126]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 32. First instar caterpillar of Artitropa erinnys erinnys, newly hatched from ovum laid on Dracaena aletriformis, Gillitts, Durban, South Africa, photographed 20 Oct 2012 [© S. Woodhall]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253565/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Figure 32</figureCitation>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCDFFC5A45FF85CDE47F800" authorityName="erinnys Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[1150,1291,1966,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="erinnys">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCDFFC5A45FF85CDE47F800" box="[1150,1291,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">A. e. erinnys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). By the end of the instar the body becomes whitish. The second instar resembles the late first instar, but the posterior margin of the anal plate is pale. In most individuals of the third instar, the shape of the head markings is obscurely visible, as a dark four-lobed marking on the face outlined in brown; the anal plate is dark, pale on posterior margin with no obvious setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCCFFC4A0E6FEF7D824FDDD" blockId="29.[151,1436,151,752]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">
|
||
By the fourth instar the black on yellow markings of the next, final instar are apparent on the head. The fifth instar caterpillar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFCCFFC4A140FED5DA9FFE85" box="[353,467,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,805,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,805,1826]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 26. Final instar caterpillar of Artitropa erinnys vansomereni, on Dracaena steudneri. 1, dorsolateral, anterior and posterior views; collected Thika, 2 Jul 1988; photographed 18 Jul; pupated 24 Jul, 88 / 52 A 1; 2, head, anterior view; collected Nairobi; photographed 13 Sep 1988; 88 / 75 A 1; 3, head with atypical light markings, anterolateral view; Nairobi, 17 Jan 2006 [TCEC]; 4, head with atypical dark markings, anterior view; Nairobi, 23 Dec 2002; 5, dorsolateral view, Nairobi; photographed 25 Nov 89; 89 / 94." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253559/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">Figure 26</figureCitation>
|
||
) is striking, and the following is based on collections 88/17 and 88/34. The head is shiny, rugose; yellow-straw in colour with black markings (Figure 26.1–2). Pronotum with a narrow black transverse line ending laterally in a large rounded black spot. Body light bluish grey-white; darker diffuse dorsal line, stronger A8–A9; spiracles white; all legs concolorous. Anal plate slightly chordate, about
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFCCFFC4A49DFE66DE46FE68" box="[1212,1290,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5mm</quantity>
|
||
wide
|
||
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFCCFFC4A56FFE67DE23FE69" box="[1358,1391,404,428]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFCCFFC4A542FE66DE23FE69" box="[1379,1391,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" unit="mm" value="3.0">3</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
mm long, light translucent brown, central 3/4 of anterior margin black, shading diffusely into posterior 1/2 to 1/3 of plate. The caterpillar grew to
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFCCFFC4A1CAFE2ED97FFE31" box="[491,563,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" unit="mm" value="42.0">42mm</quantity>
|
||
when mature, at which time the wax glands are conspicuous, occupying the ventral area from A1 to A8 apart from the prolegs (Figure 27.1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCCFFC4A0E6FDD6DF33FD35" blockId="29.[151,1436,151,752]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">
|
||
The fourth and fifth instars take 5–6 and about 15 (range 12–19) days respectively. The total caterpillar development of 14–20 days given by V.G.L. Van Someren in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCCFFC4A358FDB5DF40FDA5" author="Riley" box="[889,1036,583,608]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
seems too short. Of the different subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCCFFC4A11DFD9EDAFEFD41" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[316,434,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinnys">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCCFFC4A11DFD9EDAFEFD41" box="[316,434,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">A. erinnys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
treated here, the caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCCFFC4A30EFD9ED8B3FD41" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[815,1023,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCCFFC4A30EFD9ED8B3FD41" box="[815,1023,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">A. e. vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the most distinctive and easily recognised by the markings of the head, but even here, there are atypical specimens (e.g. Figure 26.3) which could be confused with those of other subspecies. A better understanding of the extent and frequency of individual variation would be helpful to interpret the descriptions and figures that we present below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2FAA8788FFCCFFC4A0B6F8C5DA1CF80D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253559/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" targetBox="[151,1436,805,1826]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCCFFC4A0B6F8C5DA1CF80D" blockId="29.[151,1436,1847,1992]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCCFFC4A0B6F8C5DA6EF888" bold="true" box="[151,290,1847,1869]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCCFFC4A217F8CAD83CF88B" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[566,880,1848,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCCFFC4A217F8CAD83CF88B" box="[566,880,1848,1870]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">Artitropa erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCCFFC4A383F8CBDF22F888" box="[930,1134,1847,1870]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCCFFC4A383F8CBDF22F888" box="[930,1134,1847,1870]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">Dracaena steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCCFFC4A45CF8C5DFC5F888" bold="true" box="[1149,1161,1847,1869]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral, anterior and posterior views; collected Thika, 2 Jul 1988; photographed 18 Jul; pupated 24 Jul, 88/52A1;
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCCFFC4A473F8A4DF13F8A9" bold="true" box="[1106,1119,1878,1900]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">2</emphasis>
|
||
, head, anterior view; collected Nairobi; photographed 13 Sep 1988; 88/75A1;
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCCFFC4A25CF887D9C5F84E" bold="true" box="[637,649,1909,1931]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">3</emphasis>
|
||
, head with atypical light markings, anterolateral view; Nairobi, 17 Jan 2006 [TCEC];
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCCFFC4A0D4F866DA4EF86F" bold="true" box="[245,258,1940,1962]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">4</emphasis>
|
||
, head with atypical dark markings, anterior view; Nairobi, 23 Dec 2002;
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCCFFC4A3C5F866D8BDF86F" bold="true" box="[996,1009,1940,1962]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">5</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view, Nairobi; photographed 25 Nov 89; 89/94.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="2FAA8788FFCFFFC7A0B6FC06D970FB8D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253560/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" targetBox="[151,1436,193,990]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCFFFC7A0B6FC06D970FB8D" blockId="30.[151,1436,1012,1096]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A0B6FC06DA6EFBCF" bold="true" box="[151,290,1012,1034]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">FIGURE 27.</emphasis>
|
||
Prepupa and pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A22FFC07D804FBCE" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[526,840,1013,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A22FFC07D804FBCE" box="[526,840,1013,1035]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Artitropa erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A3FEFC04DFE7FBCF" box="[991,1195,1012,1035]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A3FEFC04DFE7FBCF" box="[991,1195,1012,1035]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Dracaena steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Thika, Kenya, 2 May 1988; 88/34.
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A13DFBE1DA64FBEC" bold="true" box="[284,296,1043,1065]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">1</emphasis>
|
||
, prepupa, lateral view, photographed 2 May;
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A2D5FBE1D84CFBEC" bold="true" box="[756,768,1043,1065]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">2</emphasis>
|
||
, pupa, dorsal view; pupated 4–5 May; photographed 7 May; adult female 21 May; 36mm + 5mm proboscis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCFFFC7A0E6FB86DBADFAA0" blockId="30.[151,1437,1140,2029]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A0E6FB86DA40FB48" bold="true" box="[199,268,1140,1165]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
The pupa (Figure 27.2) and its shelter (above) are similar to those of other members of the genus. Pupa 88/17 collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A14CFB68DABBFB74" box="[365,503,1176,1201]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A14CFB68DABBFB74" box="[365,503,1176,1201]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Nairobi,
|
||
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFCFFFC7A248FB6AD9B2FB74" box="[617,766,1176,1201]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" value="1988-08-25">25 Aug 1988</date>
|
||
, measured
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFCFFFC7A35AFB6BD88AFB74" box="[891,966,1177,1201]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="33.0">33mm</quantity>
|
||
, but others (e.g. 88/34, measured up to
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFCFFFC7A5A1FB6ADB8BFB10" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity>
|
||
); the proboscis sheath protrudes
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFCFFFC7A26AFB4ED9C9FB10" box="[587,645,1212,1237]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="5.0">5mm</quantity>
|
||
beyond cremaster tip; thorax and head translucent white; abdomen opaque white; thin dark dorsal line on T2; dark markings at the dorsal posterior part of the thorax; discontinuous dark line around the top of the eyes and frons; T1 spiracle dark (or brown 88/34); other spiracles inconspicuous. Pupation takes on average 19 days (range 17–20) in Nairobi (V.G.L. Van Someren (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCFFFC7A4A5FADADE48FA84" author="Riley" box="[1156,1284,1320,1345]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) states 20 or more).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCFFFC7A0E6FA82DA05F96C" blockId="30.[151,1437,1140,2029]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A0E6FA82DAD8FA4C" bold="true" box="[199,404,1392,1417]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
|
||
Ova of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A1D7FA83D911FA4D" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[502,605,1393,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A1D7FA83D911FA4D" box="[502,605,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Artitropa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp(p). collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A365FA80D89DFA4C" box="[836,977,1392,1417]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A365FA80D89DFA4C" box="[836,977,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Thika were heavily parasitized by at least two parasitoid species: of nine ova collected
|
||
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFCFFFC7A2EAFA67D81AFA68" box="[715,854,1429,1453]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" value="1989-10-17">17 Oct 1989</date>
|
||
(MJWC 89/58), three ova produced specimens of a large, dark, solitary egg parasitoid, and six produced several specimens (2, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9) of a small, dark, gregarious species; in
|
||
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFCFFFC7A13DFA2EDAC2FA30" box="[284,398,1500,1525]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" value="1998-07">July 1998</date>
|
||
(MJWC 98/207G), one ovum of nine hatched, four produced a large, dark, solitary egg parasitoid and four produced several specimens (2, 4, 4, 7) of a small, dark, gregarious species. Ova which MJWC collected in his Nairobi garden in
|
||
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFCFFFC7A235F9D7D93AF9F8" box="[532,630,1573,1597]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" value="1988" valueMax="1989">1988–89</date>
|
||
were unparasitized, but in
|
||
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFCFFFC7A387F9D6DF06F9F8" box="[934,1098,1572,1597]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" value="1990-02">February 1990</date>
|
||
MJWC collected six ova, one of which hatched normally, two were parasitized and three failed to hatch (MJWC 90/23); in
|
||
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFCFFFC7A48DF9BBDE6EF9A4" box="[1196,1314,1609,1633]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" value="1990-06">June 1990</date>
|
||
, one ovum out of 12 hatched, five were parasitized, yielding 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 gregarious egg parasitoids, and six failed to hatch (MJWC 90/62).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCFFFC7A0E6F947DAD3F829" blockId="30.[151,1437,1140,2029]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
Young caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A198F947D9D8F908" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[441,660,1716,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="milleri" subSpecies="coryndon">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A198F947D9D8F908" box="[441,660,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">A. milleri coryndon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A2EAF947D89EF908" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[715,978,1717,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A2EAF947D89EF908" box="[715,978,1717,1741]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">A. erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A3DDF944DFCBF908" box="[1020,1159,1716,1741]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A3DDF944DFCBF908" box="[1020,1159,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Thika are attacked by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A0B6F92ADBBAF934" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1833" box="[151,246,1752,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A0B6F92ADBBAF934" box="[151,246,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Elasmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A10BF92ADAFCF934" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1829" box="[298,432,1752,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a gregarious exoparasitoid, which forms naked black pupae in the leaf shelter of the host caterpillar. A third instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A249F90FD876F8D0" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[616,826,1789,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A249F90FD876F8D0" box="[616,826,1789,1813]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">A. e. vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had nine associated pupae (MJWC 88/61A) which produced two male and seven female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A275F8D2D9FFF8FC" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1833" box="[596,691,1824,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A275F8D2D9FFF8FC" box="[596,691,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Elasmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., while a younger caterpillar collected on the same occasion (which may have been
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A1BBF8B7D939F898" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[410,629,1860,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="milleri" subSpecies="coryndon">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A1BBF8B7D939F898" box="[410,629,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">A. milleri coryndon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) had three associated pupae (MJWC 88/61B) which produced one male and one female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A16BF89ADAE5F844" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1833" box="[330,425,1896,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A16BF89ADAE5F844" box="[330,425,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Elasmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. Two other examples of small caterpillars that could have been
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A4B7F89BDE12F844" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[1174,1374,1897,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A4B7F89BDE12F844" box="[1174,1374,1897,1921]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">A. e. vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A5A5F89BDA82F860" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A5A5F89BDA68F860" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="milleri" subSpecies="coryndon">A. m. coryndon</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
at Thika,
|
||
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFCFFFC7A263F87FD988F860" box="[578,708,1933,1957]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" value="1990-10-07">7 Oct 1990</date>
|
||
: a shelter with two pupae but no caterpillar remains (MJWC 88/ 90B), and one with the dried remains of a small caterpillar and one pupa (MJWC 88/90B), both collections yielding one female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFCFFFC7A138F826DA34F828" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1833" box="[281,376,2004,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFCFFFC7A138F826DA34F828" box="[281,376,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Elasmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFCEFFC6A0E6FF6AD901FF3D" blockId="31.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
V.G.L. Van Someren (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFCEFFC6A1D1FF65D93FFF75" author="Riley" box="[496,627,151,176]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) mentions two species of ichneumonid parasitoids. One third instar caterpillar from Thika (MJWC 88/61C) was attacked by a solitary ichneumonid, which span a scruffy, grey cocoon in the leaf shelter, but failed to emerge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |