138 lines
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138 lines
26 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101372" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-73-717" ID-Pensoft-UUID="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" ID-ZooBank="8F3D5EDA2F184E5CA53E2F7741FF1339" ModsDocID="2625-8498-73-717" checkinTime="1695893367890" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Szyndlar, Zbigniew & Georgalis, Georgios L." docDate="2023" docId="BD0DD3397314EF930B8E602612172DF5" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 73: 717-886" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 73" docPubDate="2023-09-27" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101372" docTitle="Casarea Gray 1842" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" lastPageNumber="717" masterDocId="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" masterDocTitle="An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column" masterLastPageNumber="886" masterPageNumber="717" pageNumber="717" updateTime="1695893683923" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F4EB55FC51532E324F336CAE071FFE7D">
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<mods:title id="CA167999CF3DCF2D70D91AC692CF5126">An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="84FFC172126645B1508911755D72C6D5" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="85C09AEF961F945B63AE4E1CFBFBCB2E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C955915C9F53DA4FB1AAF46D1BE13023">Szyndlar, Zbigniew</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4A968CADD0BA054EFCFDD15F25B6561F">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="239805C4054E86464BA676B95A6CB6C3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="09DDBB59469EC1B5C34369D81B6F8666">Georgalis, Georgios L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="27F47633EDE42F595DA0497CB6FA9636" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7759-6146</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="E77B8290E1E52187FE9E3B886514288E">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="580BD0F84DC42AE12417B6A5DA54EFDD" type="email">dimetrodon82@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="51361E7D71B68CFA1758EB498E74B4B1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="BE16F70635588A410FF90DE9D589F037">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0F4E530C3379B92C857DF6C81836BDC2">
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<mods:date id="D0F0CEBC2C131EA466749E271331ABB3">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F6FB73D4D82B305E7DB8AE95689964A9">2023-09-27</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="68086284D2610F674681A98D9106AD2D">73</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="5070EF8121350A42514796A4C80CB5AE">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="49A76410052CC13DD259FB4E58772621" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101372</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="BD0DD3397314EF930B8E602612172DF5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD0DD3397314EF930B8E602612172DF5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD0DD3397314EF930B8E602612172DF5" lastPageNumber="717" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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<subSubSection id="505C3B095A9C06DBA25DFA4F368AF939" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F99B43472149A09A50A784EC4F031CA1" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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<taxonomicName id="2D35359681439FB6DE627B503475A147" ID-CoL="8GK5S" authority="Gray, 1825 (sensu Burbrink et al. 2020)" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Booidea">Booidea Gray, 1825 (sensu Burbrink et al. 2020)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E5C9A62AC275FCC063F0B9595F7515FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="general information">
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<paragraph id="0F17C702A57B9712C10045243688D620" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">General information.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AEAD683F79F4B46C94D5ADE04DCE4480" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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Until relatively recently
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<taxonomicName id="B381ECEFFB7EF380638D5F6E6EFF5339" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Booidea">Booidea</taxonomicName>
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included both boas and pythons, but it is currently restricted only to boas and their closest relatives, i.e., the families
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<taxonomicName id="179252C8D9DE5A64B2CD791E8E991000" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" class="Reptilia" family="Calabariidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Calabariidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="F53826C0A582BF9C7F42E0A5E0D82A5F" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1956" class="Reptilia" family="Sanziniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sanziniidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="49A78C82BC24F2E53D800462D2A309F7" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="17BFA85E59049A4D22E851F835DD4CA8" class="Reptilia" family="Candoiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Candoiidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="D9B1FB875DFFDC5C30DFD507DA921B14" class="Reptilia" family="Erycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Erycidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="D6C8A286BDED3309B372364C0AB3EE2D" family="Charinaidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="D27946C98559206DF876FC1CB5720EC5" authorityName="Zaher" authorityYear="1994" family="Ungaliophiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Ungaliophiidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="C996D453BE8EBE4344132D4F5722581D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="249 - 260" refId="B470" refString="Pyron, RA, Reynolds, GA, Burbrink, FT, 2014. A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae). Zootaxa 3846: 249 - 260, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" title="A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" volume="3846" year="2014">Pyron et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="D3BADD35E72374CBAD1DD224CD8A222F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" author="Reynolds, RG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 58" refId="B495" refString="Reynolds, RG, Henderson, RW, 2018. Boas of the world (superfamily Booidae): A checklist with systematic, taxonomic, and conservation assessments. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 162: 1 - 58, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" title="Boas of the world (superfamily Booidae): A checklist with systematic, taxonomic, and conservation assessments." url="https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" volume="162" year="2018">Reynolds and Henderson 2018</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="B2C04499ADF0612347C6B786EAB40684" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" author="Burbrink, FT" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="502 - 520" refId="B101" refString="Burbrink, FT, Grazziotin, FG, Pyron, RA, Cundall, D, Donnellan, S, Irish, F, Keogh, JS, Kraus, F, Murphy, RW, Noonan, B, Raxworthy, CJ, Ruane, S, Lemmon, AR, Lemmon, EM, Zaher, H, 2020. Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships. Systematic Biology 69: 502 - 520, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" title="Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" volume="69" year="2020">Burbrink et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="740C4CD038852A720076B3D0DAE5219F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="291 - 304" refId="B204" refString="Georgalis, GL, Smith, KT, 2020. Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons. Vertebrate Zoology 70: 291 - 304, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" title="Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" volume="70" year="2020">Georgalis and Smith 2020</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="77080F7C23B6C884A0E139D971CB9AED" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-4-2020-06" author="Scanferla, A" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="615 - 620" refId="B530" refString="Scanferla, A, Smith, KT, 2020b. Additional anatomical information on the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Rieppelophis ermannorum (Messel Formation, Germany). Vertebrate Zoology 70: 615 - 620, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-4-2020-06" title="Additional anatomical information on the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Rieppelophis ermannorum (Messel Formation, Germany)." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-4-2020-06" volume="70" year="2020 b">Scanferla and Smith 2020b</bibRefCitation>
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; see above Table
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<tableCitation id="24BA20BDC4E3D420ED459F0885AC10D0" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. A taxonomical hierarchy of non-caenophidian snakes." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/25455EABD6BAB0C1A8862C0C59195426" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" tableUuid="25455EABD6BAB0C1A8862C0C59195426">1</tableCitation>
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). They have a rather disjunct geographic distribution, scattered across the Americas, Africa, Madagascar, Eastern Europe, Asia, and certain Pacific Islands (
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<bibRefCitation id="97C61368DFEB9487236A14E6E05E1C8F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="249 - 260" refId="B470" refString="Pyron, RA, Reynolds, GA, Burbrink, FT, 2014. A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae). Zootaxa 3846: 249 - 260, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" title="A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" volume="3846" year="2014">Pyron et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="B05073DBE15FCA964589462AF54925CE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" author="Reynolds, RG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 58" refId="B495" refString="Reynolds, RG, Henderson, RW, 2018. Boas of the world (superfamily Booidae): A checklist with systematic, taxonomic, and conservation assessments. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 162: 1 - 58, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" title="Boas of the world (superfamily Booidae): A checklist with systematic, taxonomic, and conservation assessments." url="https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" volume="162" year="2018">Reynolds and Henderson 2018</bibRefCitation>
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). Their fossil record attests an even wider distribution, achieving a remarkable diversity during the Paleogene (
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<bibRefCitation id="36A3059A45CDFA7AF686E14A78EB418C" author="Rage, J-C" editor="Wellnhofer, P" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 80" refId="B477" refString="Rage, J-C, 1984. Serpentes. In: Wellnhofer, P, Ed., Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York: 1 - 80" title="Serpentes." volumeTitle="Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11." year="1984">Rage 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="7E8FCDDA58497CE43029BD044B92A4D4" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B614" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Rage, J-C, 2003. Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" title="Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe." year="2003">Szyndlar and Rage 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="74D7BB88DB79F130C743AD78E64B4795" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07671" author="Head, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="715 - 718" refId="B247" refString="Head, JJ, Bloch, JI, Hastings, AK, Bourque, JR, Cadena, EA, Herrera, FA, Polly, PD, Jaramillo, CA, 2009. Giant boid snake from the Paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures. Nature 457: 715 - 718, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07671" title="Giant boid snake from the Paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07671" volume="457" year="2009">Head et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="1F2E8B9381D8C1FC84DD92B89E43B051" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00224-0" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B201" refString="Georgalis, GL, Rabi, M, Smith, KT, 2021a. Taxonomic revision of the snakes of the genera Palaeopython and Paleryx (Serpentes, Constrictores) from the Paleogene of Europe. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140: 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00224-0" title="Taxonomic revision of the snakes of the genera Palaeopython and Paleryx (Serpentes, Constrictores) from the Paleogene of Europe. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140: 18." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00224-0" year="2021 a">Georgalis et al. 2021a</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="5E9CDE6B52EF4E0B96E7A3F3A00B8597" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" author="Smith, KT" editor="Gower, D" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="55 - 84" refId="B571" refString="Smith, KT, Georgalis, GL, 2022. The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency. In: Gower, D, Zaher, H, Eds., , The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 55 - 84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" title="The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" volumeTitle=", The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes." year="2022">Smith and Georgalis 2022</bibRefCitation>
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), including also astonishingly preserved skeletons (
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<bibRefCitation id="334152083CB7EF833E0F7C9179846E77" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/240/1996/145" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica A" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="145 - 161" refId="B613" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Boehme, W, 1996. Redescription of Tropidonotus atavus von Meyer, 1855 from the upper Oligocene of Rott (Germany) and its allocation to Rottophis gen. nov. (Serpentes, Boidae). Palaeontographica A 240: 145 - 161, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/240/1996/145" title="Redescription of Tropidonotus atavus von Meyer, 1855 from the upper Oligocene of Rott (Germany) and its allocation to Rottophis gen. nov. (Serpentes, Boidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/240/1996/145" volume="240" year="1996">
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Szyndlar and
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<normalizedToken id="A6536745379ADE7C26CF3EBB33281B67" originalValue="Böhme">Boehme</normalizedToken>
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1996
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="D7D4D9F119698BD7E9A4FAF56664FF6A" author="Baszio, S" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="47 - 66" refId="B35" refString="Baszio, S, 2004. Messelophis variatus n.gen. n.sp., from the Eocene of Messel: A tropidopheine snake with affinities to Erycinae (Boidae). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 252: 47 - 66" title="Messelophis variatus n. gen. n. sp., from the Eocene of Messel: A tropidopheine snake with affinities to Erycinae (Boidae)." volume="252" year="2004">Baszio 2004</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="CA5A7D0563668EEF65B492B4588DED4F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12300" author="Scanferla, A" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="182 - 206" refId="B532" refString="Scanferla, A, Smith, KT, Schaal, SFK, 2016. Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176: 182 - 206, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12300" title="Revision of the cranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Messelophis ermannorum (Serpentes, Booidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12300" volume="176" year="2016">Scanferla et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="3EE31710AA0534655ACD4E70E2BF8486" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-016-0244-1" author="Smith, KT" journalOrPublisher="Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="589 - 599" refId="B573" refString="Smith, KT, Scanferla, A, 2016. Fossil snake preserving three trophic levels and evidence for an ontogenetic dietary shift. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 96: 589 - 599, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-016-0244-1" title="Fossil snake preserving three trophic levels and evidence for an ontogenetic dietary shift." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-016-0244-1" volume="96" year="2016">Smith and Scanferla 2016</bibRefCitation>
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,
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), spectacular mummified trunk portions (
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<bibRefCitation id="E23B1433B165AD0C05702A6023579DB3" author="Rochebrune, AT de" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe des Sciences naturelles de Saone-et-Loire" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="149 - 164" refId="B511" refString="Rochebrune, AT de, 1884. Faune ophiologique des Phosphorites du Quercy. Memoires de la Societe des Sciences naturelles de Saone-et-Loire 5: 149 - 164" title="Faune ophiologique des Phosphorites du Quercy." volume="5" year="1884">Rochebrune 1884</bibRefCitation>
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;
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), as well as the largest, so far, known snake of all time,
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<taxonomicName id="545C0A287F05BD909F8D857F9DF0A3F2" class="Squamata" family="Calabariidae" genus="Titanoboa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Titanoboa" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C5F481DB5B484E0CE7C8E23B84C9E275" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Titanoboa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="11622B5A2BD42EFC74008AA248F2CCA3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07671" author="Head, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="715 - 718" refId="B247" refString="Head, JJ, Bloch, JI, Hastings, AK, Bourque, JR, Cadena, EA, Herrera, FA, Polly, PD, Jaramillo, CA, 2009. Giant boid snake from the Paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures. Nature 457: 715 - 718, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07671" title="Giant boid snake from the Paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07671" volume="457" year="2009">Head et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
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, from the Paleocene of Colombia (
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |