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<document id="038234670D5BBBE3B6BD4A3F8672E8EE" ID-CLB-Dataset="53474" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="90d83153-c065-4771-9ac7-35dda67996b5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7960319" ID-ZooBank="78E23714-8973-4755-BC94-0A751D7D2B37" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1684793805841" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. &amp; Lim, Kelvin K. P." docDate="2023" docId="88502B73FF6AB887FF6B463C7D120FBC" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5287.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5287 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Indotyphlops porrectus" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="242" masterDocId="7469530BFF9AB876FFFC4759790E0F53" masterDocTitle="Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution" masterLastPageNumber="378" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="241" updateTime="1699506952035" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="D6AF5E5DECF6C68456D17047DB6B2943">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9AC4CEC75DABAF11BF470447E60E7384">Figueroa, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="657CFCD28A538CC59B3AC5BC025823B7">Low, Martyn E. Y.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5F715B4F1EA1E92C34410BE11A0617B1" type="ORCID">0000-0001-7927-7149</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F1B0C2D7C4D3B4BD1CBC9B402EC5A082" type="email">martyn.low@nus.edu.sg</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="F036FCC289FC344DCDAE2948927035E7">Lim, Kelvin K. P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E5FF95DF9BF9EE931F93DB6291367D6C" type="ORCID">0000-0002-0638-9198</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="63357614BEF1066B263D7E9F9DC6FA95" type="email">kelvinlim@nus.edu.sg</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:number id="F99019D51428101DAD473F15DD8F9729">5287</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="AE638396F497E56EF9322F1FA1AD4F6A" type="CLB-Dataset">53474</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="88502B73FF6AB887FF6B463C7D120FBC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7968113" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209662027" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7968113" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF6AB887FF6B463C7D120FBC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FF6AB887FF6B463C7D120FBC" lastPageId="241" lastPageNumber="242" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF6AB886FF6B463C788D0EF7" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B463C7A0B0ED3" blockId="240.[151,1436,357,1104]" box="[151,773,357,384]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<heading id="5B0E2D09FF6AB886FF6B463C7A0B0ED3" box="[151,773,357,384]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FF6B463C7B690ED3" authority="(Stoliczka, 1871)" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[151,615,357,384]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Indotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porrectus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FF6B463C78AC0ED3" bold="true" box="[151,418,357,384]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Indotyphlops porrectus</emphasis>
(Stoliczka, 1871)
</taxonomicName>
—
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FD7A463F7A0B0ED3" bold="true" box="[646,773,358,384]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Uncertain.</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B46D3788D0EF7" blockId="240.[151,1436,357,1104]" box="[151,387,394,420]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Slender Worm Snake</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF6AB886FF6B46F778260E9B" box="[151,296,430,456]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" type="description">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B46F778260E9B" blockId="240.[151,1436,357,1104]" box="[151,296,430,456]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
(
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FF6AB886FF6346F7782E0E9B" box="[159,288,430,456]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="371.[152,255,1079,1103]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-23@371.[151,1436,181,1051]" captionTargetPageId="371" captionText="FIGURE 27. A) Indotyphlops albiceps, B) Indotyphlops porrectus, and C–D) Coelognathus cf. subradiatus. Photographs by: Evan S.H. Quah [A], Dan Rosenberg [B], and Kelvin K.P. Lim [C–D]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960375" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960375/files/figure.png" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Figure 27B</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF6AB886FF6B468B7D300D43" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B468B78760EBF" blockId="240.[151,1436,357,1104]" box="[151,376,466,492]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FF6B468B78760EBF" bold="true" box="[151,376,466,492]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FF6B468B781E0EBF" box="[151,272,466,492]" name="Singapore" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Singapore</collectingCountry>
records.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF0B46AF7D300D43" blockId="240.[151,1436,357,1104]" box="[247,1086,502,529]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FF0B46AF78C30D43" baseAuthorityName="Manthey &amp; Grossmann" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[247,461,502,528]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porrectus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FF0B46AF78C30D43" box="[247,461,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Typhlops porrectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Wallach, 1999: 185, 191.—Wallach
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FC7C46AE7AB60D43" box="[896,952,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014: 769.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF6AB886FF6B45437B190C2B" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B45437D740C07" blockId="240.[151,1436,357,1104]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FF6B454378050D67" bold="true" box="[151,267,538,564]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Remarks.</emphasis>
A specimen of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FE3C45427B4D0D67" baseAuthorityName="Manthey &amp; Grossmann" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[448,579,539,564]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porrectus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FE3C45427B4D0D67" box="[448,579,539,564]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">I. porrectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FMNH 217449) (Wallach 1999), was collected at the National University
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FF0B456778670D0B" box="[247,361,574,600]" name="Singapore" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Singapore</collectingCountry>
Bukit Timah Campus in 1983 by Voris. This specimen extended the range of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FB0445667C720D0B" baseAuthorityName="Manthey &amp; Grossmann" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1272,1404,575,600]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porrectus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FB0445667C720D0B" box="[1272,1404,575,600]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">I. porrectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FF0B453B78650D2F" box="[247,363,610,636]" name="Singapore" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, which was formerly only known from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FCDC453B7A710D2F" box="[800,895,610,636]" name="Pakistan" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
east to
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FC2E453B7D4F0D2F" box="[978,1089,610,636]" name="Myanmar" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
, until a specimen was collected in
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FF6AB886FEE945DF78930DF3" box="[277,413,646,672]" country="Thailand" name="Chiang Mai" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Chiang Mai</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FE5445DF7B020DF3" box="[424,524,646,672]" name="Thailand" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF6AB886FDE745DF7A470DF3" author="Cox, M. J. &amp; Nabhitabhata, J." box="[539,841,646,672]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" pagination="53" refId="ref299670" refString="Cox, M. J. &amp; Nabhitabhata, J. (1997) Geographic Distribution. Typhlops porrectus. Herpetological Review, 28 (1), 53." type="journal article" year="1997">Cox &amp; Nabhitabhata 1997</bibRefCitation>
). A specimen collected in
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FF6AB886FB8D45DF7DC80DF3" box="[1137,1222,646,672]" country="Malaysia" name="Pulau Pinang" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Penang</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FB2E45DF7C370DF3" box="[1234,1337,646,672]" name="Malaysia" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(Pagden 1970) was dismissed as an introduction and not included as part of the native range of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FB5645F278EB0DBB" authority="(Manthey &amp; Grossmann 1997)" baseAuthorityName="Manthey &amp; Grossmann" baseAuthorityYear="1997" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porrectus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FB5645F27C270D97" box="[1194,1321,683,708]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">I. porrectus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF6AB886FACB45F378D30DBB" author="Manthey, U. &amp; Grossmann, W." pageId="240" pageNumber="241" refId="ref329083" refString="Manthey, U. &amp; Grossmann, W. (1997) Amphibien und Reptilian Sudostasien. Natur und Tier, M ¸ nster, 512 pp." type="book" year="1997">Manthey &amp; Grossmann 1997</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. V. Wallach (pers. comm.) stated that the specimen is problematic, being small in size, and may even represent a new species; however, all characters resemble
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FB9A45AA7DE60C5F" baseAuthorityName="Manthey &amp; Grossmann" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1126,1256,755,780]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porrectus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FB9A45AA7DE60C5F" box="[1126,1256,755,780]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">I. porrectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Still, given the specimen’s proximity to SBG, the possibility exists that the individual arrived in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FB7E444F7DFA0C63" box="[1154,1268,790,816]" name="Singapore" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Singapore</collectingCountry>
as a stowaway with imported plants. For now, we regard
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FD3144627A410C07" baseAuthorityName="Manthey &amp; Grossmann" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[717,847,827,852]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porrectus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FD3144627A410C07" box="[717,847,827,852]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">I. porrectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as uncertain in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FBFC44637D7B0C07" box="[1024,1141,826,852]" name="Singapore" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Singapore</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B44077B190C2B" blockId="240.[151,1436,357,1104]" box="[151,535,862,888]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FF6B440778220C2B" bold="true" box="[151,300,862,888]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Occurrence:</emphasis>
No credible records.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF6AB887FF6B44DB7D120FBC" lastPageId="241" lastPageNumber="242" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B44DB7BBD0CCF" blockId="240.[151,1436,357,1104]" box="[151,691,898,924]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FF6B44DB7B0A0CCF" bold="true" box="[151,516,898,924]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FF6B44DB781E0CCF" box="[151,272,898,924]" name="Singapore" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Singapore</collectingCountry>
conservation status.
</emphasis>
Not Evaluated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B44FF7A2E0C93" blockId="240.[151,1436,357,1104]" box="[151,800,934,960]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FF6B44FF78AF0C93" bold="true" box="[151,417,934,960]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Conservation priority.</emphasis>
Immediate priority, if discovered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B44937BDB0CB7" blockId="240.[151,1436,357,1104]" box="[151,725,970,996]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FF6B449378DC0CB7" bold="true" box="[151,466,970,996]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">IUCN conservation status.</emphasis>
Least Concern [2021].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B44B77A410B5B" blockId="240.[151,1436,357,1104]" box="[151,847,1006,1032]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FF6B44B77BAD0B5B" bold="true" box="[151,675,1006,1032]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF6AB886FF6B44B778160B5B" box="[151,280,1006,1032]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">LKCNHM</collectionCode>
&amp;
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF6AB886FEC244B778A20B5B" box="[318,428,1006,1032]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
Museum specimens.
</emphasis>
No specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B434B7D060B7F" blockId="240.[151,1436,357,1104]" box="[151,1032,1041,1068]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FF6B434B7AA60B78" bold="true" box="[151,936,1041,1068]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
Additional
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FEE2434B78990B7F" box="[286,407,1042,1068]" name="Singapore" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Singapore</collectingCountry>
museum specimens.
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FD6D434B7A040B7F" box="[657,778,1042,1068]" name="Singapore" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(no locality):
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF6AB886FC4C434B7D0B0B7F" box="[944,1029,1042,1068]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B436F7AEC0B03" blockId="240.[151,1436,357,1104]" box="[151,994,1078,1104]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FF6B436F78880B03" bold="true" box="[151,390,1078,1104]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FF6B436F781E0B03" box="[151,272,1078,1104]" name="Singapore" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Singapore</collectingCountry>
localities.
</emphasis>
National University Singapore Bukit Timah Campus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B43EA7A180B9E" blockId="240.[151,790,1203,1229]" box="[151,790,1203,1229]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FF6B43EA7A180B9E" bold="true" box="[151,790,1203,1229]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">2) Non-established Introduced species (40 species)</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FF6B43A27C12085D" blockId="240.[151,1437,1275,1806]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
This section consists of species that have been introduced predominately through human means. Given Singapore’s long history as a major port and trade hub for assorted goods, exotic wildlife was already being commercially traded prior to 1822 and continues to be trafficked through
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FCB7421A7AB30A0E" box="[843,957,1347,1373]" name="Singapore" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Singapore</collectingCountry>
today (Raffles 1822;
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF6AB886FB47421A7C520A0E" author="Barnard, T. P." box="[1211,1372,1347,1373]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" refId="ref290157" refString="Barnard, T. P. (2019) Imperial Creatures: Humans and Other Animals in Colonial Singapore, 1819 - 1942. NUS Press, National University of Singapore, Singapore, xiii + 264 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / j. ctv 136 c 5 tz" type="book" year="2019">Barnard 2019</bibRefCitation>
). The intentional release of non-native turtles into
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FD67423E7A030AD2" box="[667,781,1383,1409]" name="Singapore" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Singapore</collectingCountry>
is somewhat of an epidemic and is linked to two major causes: 1) release of unwanted pets, and; 2) release of animals into the wild for gaining spiritual merit (
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FAEE42D27C820AF6" box="[1298,1420,1419,1445]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">fang sheng</emphasis>
), specifically on the Buddhist holiday Vesak Day (Ng &amp; Lim 2010). See
<tableCitation id="4D7BAFDEFF6AB886FC2C42F67D280A9A" box="[976,1062,1455,1481]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[144,246,465,494]" captionTargetBox="[162,2007,508,1694]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Checklist of 39 taxa with Singapore as type locality." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5486CAEDFF9FB873FF6C46887AAA0EBD" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" tableUuid="5486CAEDFF9FB873FF6C46887AAA0EBD">
Table
<quantity id="C7013780FF6AB886FBE442F67D280A9A" box="[1048,1062,1455,1481]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
</tableCitation>
in
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF6AB886FBB242F67C7C0A9A" author="Goh, T. Y. &amp; O'Riordan, R. M." box="[1102,1394,1455,1481]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" pagination="97 - 100" refId="ref308035" refString="Goh, T. Y. &amp; O'Riordan, R. M. (2007) Are tortoises and freshwater turtles still traded illegally as pets in Singapore? Oryx, 41 (1), 97 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 003060530700155 X" type="journal article" year="2007">Goh &amp; O’Riordan (2007)</bibRefCitation>
for a list of turtle species that were being sold in pet shops across
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FC80428A7AE00ABE" box="[892,1006,1491,1517]" name="Singapore" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Singapore</collectingCountry>
as not all have been recorded in the wild. The practice of releasing exotic animals began early on in history as revealed by early introductions such as
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FF6B414278D40966" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1831" box="[151,474,1563,1589]" class="Reptilia" family="Platysternidae" genus="Platysternon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalum">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FF6B414278D40966" box="[151,474,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Platysternon megacephalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being found in Bukit Timah (
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF6AB886FCCB41427AFD0966" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[823,1011,1563,1589]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" refId="ref292615" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1912) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Singapore, Including the Adjacent Islands. Reptilia and Batrachia, Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 294 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10813" type="book" year="1912">Boulenger 1912</bibRefCitation>
). The 40 non-established, introduced species comprises six frogs and 34 reptiles (one crocodilian, 19 turtles, 11 lizards, and three snakes) (
<tableCitation id="4D7BAFDEFF6AB886FAC841667C81090A" box="[1332,1423,1599,1625]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="16.[152,254,432,458]" captionTargetBox="[207,1414,726,1982]" captionText="TABLE 2. Checklist of the 166 herpetofauna species of Singapore, the year the first specimen was reported or collected, status in Singapore, and number of years went unreported from Singapore prior to 1990. If the reference is from a museum collection, then the museum symbolic code is listed. Under status, IND = Indeterminate (possibly extirpated). Year in parentheses under the last column is the year the species was last reported from Singapore. The herpetofauna of Singapore comprises 31 amphibians and 135 reptiles consisting of two caecilians, 29 frogs (five non-native), 1 crocodilian, 17 turtles (four non-native), 40 lizards (6 non-native), and 77 snakes (two non-native). If the year collected is not specified, then the year reported is used in its place." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5486CAEDFF8AB866FF6446E978550D95" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" tableUuid="5486CAEDFF8AB866FF6446E978550D95">Table 2</tableCitation>
). In addition, there are museum specimens of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FD64413A7AA0092E" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[664,942,1635,1661]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Alligator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="missisippiensis">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FD64413A7AA0092E" box="[664,942,1635,1661]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Alligator missisippiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF6AB886FC43413A7D25092E" box="[959,1067,1635,1661]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
1987.2085),
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FB39413D7C92092E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1221,1436,1635,1662]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crocodilus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FB39413D7C92092E" box="[1221,1436,1635,1662]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Caiman crocodilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF6AB886FF6341DE780509F2" box="[159,267,1671,1697]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
1987.2806 &amp; 1987.2807),
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FDBD41DE7A2209F2" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[577,812,1671,1697]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrinum">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FDBD41DE7A2209F2" box="[577,812,1671,1697]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Ambystoma tigrinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF6AB886FCC141DE7A8F09F2" box="[829,897,1671,1697]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" name="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" type="Museum">MVZ</collectionCode>
:Hild:1462), and an unidentified bufonid (
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF6AB886FAA041DE7C9209F2" box="[1372,1436,1671,1697]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34778" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34778" name="Royal Ontario Museum" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" type="Museum">ROM</collectionCode>
13177). The two crocodilians originated from the
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FD3D41F27A3D0996" box="[705,819,1707,1733]" name="Singapore" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">Singapore</collectingCountry>
Crocodilarium so they were obviously being kept there for exhibition, and the
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FE6341897B2E09BA" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[415,544,1744,1770]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrinum">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FE6341897B2E09BA" box="[415,544,1744,1770]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">A. tigrinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is from the Milton Hildebrand collection and was donated by Hendrickson in 1953 from
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF6AB886FEE841AA7844085E" box="[276,330,1779,1805]" country="Russia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15217" name="Stavropol Botanical Garden" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" type="Herbarium">SBG</collectionCode>
. Being a species from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF6AB886FDB741AA7B88085E" box="[587,646,1779,1805]" name="United States of America" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">USA</collectingCountry>
, the
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FD4641AD7A37085E" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[698,825,1780,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrinum">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FD4641AD7A37085E" box="[698,825,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">A. tigrinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was likely being kept by someone at
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF6AB886FB2341AA7C1B085E" box="[1247,1301,1779,1805]" country="Russia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15217" name="Stavropol Botanical Garden" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" type="Herbarium">SBG</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FDD740297D0708D9" blockId="240.[555,1033,1904,1930]" box="[555,1033,1904,1930]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FDD740297D0708D9" bold="true" box="[555,1033,1904,1930]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
Class
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FD8F40297A8C08D9" authority="Gray, 1825" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[627,898,1904,1930]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">Amphibia Gray, 1825</taxonomicName>
(6 species)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6AB886FDD840E17D1E0881" blockId="240.[548,1040,1976,2002]" box="[548,1040,1976,2002]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6AB886FDD840E17D1E0881" bold="true" box="[548,1040,1976,2002]" pageId="240" pageNumber="241">
Order
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6AB886FD8B40E17A870881" authority="Fitzinger, 1843" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[631,905,1976,2002]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="240" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Anura Fitzinger, 1843</taxonomicName>
(6 species)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6BB887FE1447CE7D420FE2" blockId="241.[488,1100,151,177]" box="[488,1100,151,177]" pageId="241" pageNumber="242">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6BB887FE1447CE7D420FE2" bold="true" box="[488,1100,151,177]" pageId="241" pageNumber="242">
Family
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6BB887FDBB47CE7ACA0FE2" authority="Gunther, 1858 a" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[583,964,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="241" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pelodryadidae Günther, 1858a</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF6BB887FDEB478C7D120FBC" blockId="241.[535,1052,213,240]" box="[535,1052,213,240]" pageId="241" pageNumber="242">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6BB887FDEB478C7D120FBC" bold="true" box="[535,1052,213,240]" pageId="241" pageNumber="242">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF6BB887FD93478C7A9B0FA3" authority="Tschudi, 1838" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[623,917,213,240]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Ranoidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="241" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF6BB887FD93478C7BED0FA3" bold="true" box="[623,739,213,240]" italics="true" pageId="241" pageNumber="242">Ranoidea</emphasis>
Tschudi, 1838
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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