264 lines
42 KiB
XML
264 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BB6E314A648FFCBDFE7C2331544E766C">Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CB72A9CD3CF12F375C92BA0145B9E171">Jang, Seok Won</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="502AA90AC7D52FB307CF78D19B97B011">Vďačný, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B664369893D7E54B0D38F5AFB27A1FCF">Shazib, Shahed Uddin Ahmed</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="779BB944946CF927E143368326645942">Shin, Mann Kyoon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="38BD8F17A6C04347613B87348B419808">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="225E3DC4F51ECADFAB9F6C77B7D5BAC7">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9B87AF83D5F6888B59DF797B84F009DC">17 - 18</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C3036502FFA9FFAD6697FEAEFCCD361C" box="[440,875,296,322]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA63689FFA9FFAD6697FEAEFCCD361C" blockId="21.[440,875,296,357]" box="[440,875,296,322]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">
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<heading id="D0EE81E5FFA9FFAD6697FEAEFCCD361C" box="[440,875,296,322]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFA9FFAD6697FEAEFCCD361C" ID-CoL="4YFTT" authority="Kahl, 1930" authorityName="Kahl" authorityYear="1930" box="[440,875,296,322]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Spathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rectitoratum">
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<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD6697FEAEFD41361C" bold="true" box="[440,743,296,322]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Spathidium rectitoratum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B78FFA9FFAD65DFFEAFFCCD361C" author="Kahl A" box="[752,875,297,322]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref14460" refString="Kahl A. 1930. Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 1. Allgemeiner Teil und Prostomata. Tierwelt Dtl. 18: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1930">Kahl, 1930</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3036502FFA9FFAD6696FECAFCCD363B" box="[441,875,332,357]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA63689FFA9FFAD6696FECAFCCD363B" blockId="21.[440,875,296,357]" box="[441,875,332,357]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13222A0CFFA9FFAD66EFFECAFD9A363B" box="[448,572,332,357]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[164,1149,142,1577]" captionTargetId="figure-1@22.[163,1153,142,1578]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Spathidium rectitoratum from life (a, h, i) and after protargol impregnation (b–g). (a) Right side view of a representative individual;(b, c) right and left side view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a representative specimen; (d) detail of anterior body end showing three-rowed dorsal brush; (e–g) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (h) oral extrusomes, 8–13 µm long; (i) resting cyst,50 µm in diameter.CK,circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronucleus;OB, oral bulge; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a–c, e–g = 100 µm; d = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5181155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5181155/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Figures 10</figureCitation>
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(a–i) and 11(a–l);
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<tableCitation id="C69B0332FFA9FFAD6424FECAFCC4363B" box="[779,866,332,357]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="7.[160,216,142,165]" captionText="Table 2. Morphometric data of Korean populations of Enchelys megaspinata sp. nov. (EM), Spathidium ascendens (SA), S. papilliferum (SPa, population 2), S. polynucleatum comb. nov. (SPo), S. rectitoratum (SR), and Apobryophyllum schmidingeri (AS)." pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Table 2</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3036502FFA9FFAD678FFE06FBBB3680" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA63689FFA9FFAD678FFE06FC7836C7" blockId="21.[160,1155,384,478]" box="[160,990,384,409]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0911A7FFA9FFAD678FFE06FC7836C7" box="[160,990,384,409]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB81098FFA9FFAD678FFE06FC9C36C7" author="Kahl A" box="[160,826,384,409]" page="166" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" year="1930">
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFA9FFAD678FFE06FC9C36C7" ID-CoL="4YFTT" authority="Kahl, 1930: 166" authorityName="Kahl" authorityPageNumber="166" authorityYear="1930" box="[160,826,384,409]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Spathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="variety" species="amphoriforme" variety="rectitoratum">
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<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD678FFE06FE6436C7" box="[160,450,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Spathidium amphoriforme</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD66D4FE06FD2436C7" box="[507,642,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">rectitoratum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B78FFA9FFAD65A4FE07FC9C36C7" author="Kahl A" box="[651,826,385,409]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref14460" refString="Kahl A. 1930. Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 1. Allgemeiner Teil und Prostomata. Tierwelt Dtl. 18: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1930">Kahl, 1930: 166</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. S. 160,
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<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD64EBFE06FC7836C7" box="[964,990,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">27</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA63689FFA9FFAD678FFE25FBBB3680" blockId="21.[160,1155,384,478]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0911A7FFA9FFAD678FFE25FBBB3680" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFA9FFAD678FFE25FD3836E2" ID-CoL="6FW43" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1984" baseAuthorityName="Kahl" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[160,670,419,444]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Epispathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="variety" species="amphoriforme" variety="rectitoratum">
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||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD678FFE25FE7936E2" box="[160,479,419,444]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Epispathidium amphoriforme</emphasis>
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||
var.
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||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD6538FE25FD3836E2" box="[535,670,419,444]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">rectitoratum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
–
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AB81098FFA9FFAD6593FE22FC0636E2" author="Foissner W" box="[700,928,420,444]" page="224" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" year="1987">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B78FFA9FFAD6593FE22FC0636E2" author="Foissner W" box="[700,928,420,444]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" pagination="219 - 235" refId="ref13962" refString="Foissner W. 1987 a. Miscellanea Nomenclatorica Ciliatea (Protozoa: Ciliophora). Arch Protistenkd. 133: 219 - 235." type="journal article" year="1987">Foissner, 1987a: 224</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(combining author)
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<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD678FFE43FE643680" box="[160,450,453,478]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFA9FFAD678FFE43FE0B3680" ID-CoL="4YFTT" authorityName="Kahl" authorityYear="1930" box="[160,429,453,478]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Spathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rectitoratum">Spathidium rectitoratum</taxonomicName>
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–
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||
</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB81098FFA9FFAD66E4FE40FD7D3680" author="VdaCny P & Breiner H-W & Yashchenko V & Dunthorn M & Stoeck T & Foissner W" box="[459,731,454,478]" page="108" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" year="2014">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B78FFA9FFAD66E4FE40FD7D3680" author="VdaCny P & Breiner H-W & Yashchenko V & Dunthorn M & Stoeck T & Foissner W" box="[459,731,454,478]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" pagination="93 - 111" refId="ref15083" refString="VdaCny P, Breiner H-W, Yashchenko V, Dunthorn M, Stoeck T, Foissner W. 2014. The chaos prevails: molecular phylogeny of the Haptoria (Ciliophora, Litostomatea). Protist. 165: 93 - 111." type="journal article" year="2014">VďaČný et al., 2014: 108</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(18S rRNA gene sequences)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3036502FFA9FFAF678FFD8DFECF3295" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="961" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA63689FFA9FFAD678FFD8DFDEE357A" blockId="21.[160,1156,523,1379]" box="[160,584,523,548]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">
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<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD678FFD8DFDEE357A" bold="true" box="[160,584,523,548]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Description of a Korean population</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA63689FFA9FFAD678FFDA8FC2C33E8" blockId="21.[160,1156,523,1379]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">
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Body size 120–170 × 25–40 µm
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<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD653EFDABFDFC3518" box="[529,602,557,582]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">in vivo</emphasis>
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, usually about 150 × 35 µm; not contractile but very flexible. Shape spatulate to very narrowly spatulate with a length:width ratio of 3.8– 6.8:
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1
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<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD67F1FDF4FF5435D5" box="[222,242,626,651]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">in</emphasis>
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</quantity>
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vivo and 2.2–6.6:1 after protargol impregnation; oral region flattened laterally, more or less distinctly set off from oblong trunk by narrowed neck; anterior body end as wide as or wider than mid-body; posterior end rounded (
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||
<figureCitation id="13222A0CFFA9FFAD6409FD3FFC3C358F" box="[806,922,697,721]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[164,1149,142,1577]" captionTargetId="figure-1@22.[163,1153,142,1578]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Spathidium rectitoratum from life (a, h, i) and after protargol impregnation (b–g). (a) Right side view of a representative individual;(b, c) right and left side view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a representative specimen; (d) detail of anterior body end showing three-rowed dorsal brush; (e–g) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (h) oral extrusomes, 8–13 µm long; (i) resting cyst,50 µm in diameter.CK,circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronucleus;OB, oral bulge; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a–c, e–g = 100 µm; d = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5181155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5181155/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Figures 10</figureCitation>
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(a–c,e–g) and 11(a,b, g–i);
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<tableCitation id="C69B0332FFA9FFAD67F8FD5DFE8C35AD" box="[215,298,731,755]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="7.[160,216,142,165]" captionText="Table 2. Morphometric data of Korean populations of Enchelys megaspinata sp. nov. (EM), Spathidium ascendens (SA), S. papilliferum (SPa, population 2), S. polynucleatum comb. nov. (SPo), S. rectitoratum (SR), and Apobryophyllum schmidingeri (AS)." pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Nuclear apparatus in trunk, distance from anterior end highly variable (i.e. ranging from 20 µm to almost 80 µm after protargol impregnation); nuclear figure about 40–70 µm long (
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<tableCitation id="C69B0332FFA9FFAD6672FCA7FE163467" box="[349,432,801,825]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="7.[160,216,142,165]" captionText="Table 2. Morphometric data of Korean populations of Enchelys megaspinata sp. nov. (EM), Spathidium ascendens (SA), S. papilliferum (SPa, population 2), S. polynucleatum comb. nov. (SPo), S. rectitoratum (SR), and Apobryophyllum schmidingeri (AS)." pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Table 2</tableCitation>
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||
). Macronucleus a tortuous strand, somewhat nodulated
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||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD631AFCA6FBDB3467" box="[1077,1149,800,825]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">in vivo</emphasis>
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||
; nucleoli numerous, globular and evenly distributed over macronucleus. Micronuclei near or attached to macronucleus at varying positions; exact number difficult to determine due to similar-sized and impregnated cytoplasmic inclusions (
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||
<figureCitation id="13222A0CFFA9FFAD6475FC0FFC6834FF" box="[858,974,905,929]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[164,1149,142,1577]" captionTargetId="figure-1@22.[163,1153,142,1578]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Spathidium rectitoratum from life (a, h, i) and after protargol impregnation (b–g). (a) Right side view of a representative individual;(b, c) right and left side view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a representative specimen; (d) detail of anterior body end showing three-rowed dorsal brush; (e–g) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (h) oral extrusomes, 8–13 µm long; (i) resting cyst,50 µm in diameter.CK,circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronucleus;OB, oral bulge; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a–c, e–g = 100 µm; d = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5181155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5181155/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Figures 10</figureCitation>
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||
(a,b,e–g) and 11 (c,g–i);
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<tableCitation id="C69B0332FFA9FFAD67DEFC2DFEE3349D" box="[241,325,939,963]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="7.[160,216,142,165]" captionText="Table 2. Morphometric data of Korean populations of Enchelys megaspinata sp. nov. (EM), Spathidium ascendens (SA), S. papilliferum (SPa, population 2), S. polynucleatum comb. nov. (SPo), S. rectitoratum (SR), and Apobryophyllum schmidingeri (AS)." pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). A single contractile vacuole at posterior body end, about 12 µm across during diastole (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13222A0CFFA9FFAD6645FC48FE7C34B8" box="[362,474,974,998]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="25.[160,225,1466,1489]" captionText="Figure 11. Spathidium rectitoratum from life (a–f) and after protargol impregnation (g–l). (a, g) Right side view of representative individuals; (b) detail of posterior body portion showing contractile vacuole; (c, d) optical sections showing macronucleus and mature cytoplasmic extrusomes; (e) detail of anterior body portion showing extrusomes attached to oral bulge; (f) resting cyst; (h, i) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (j) cytoplasmic extrusomes become wrinkled after protargol impregnation; (k) right side view of ciliary pattern in anterior body portion; (l) detail of anterior body end showing three-rowed dorsal brush. CK, circumoral kinety; CV, contractile vacuole; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronucleus; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a, g– i = 100 µm; b–e, j–l = 10 µm; f = 50 µm." pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Figure 11</figureCitation>
|
||
(a,b)). Extrusomes attached to oral bulge and scattered throughout cytoplasm; rod-shaped and with slightly curved ends, 6.5–13 × 0.4–0.7 µm in size; becoming wrinkled after protargol impregnation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13222A0CFFA9FFAD646AFB95FC663375" box="[837,960,1043,1067]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[164,1149,142,1577]" captionTargetId="figure-1@22.[163,1153,142,1578]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Spathidium rectitoratum from life (a, h, i) and after protargol impregnation (b–g). (a) Right side view of a representative individual;(b, c) right and left side view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a representative specimen; (d) detail of anterior body end showing three-rowed dorsal brush; (e–g) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (h) oral extrusomes, 8–13 µm long; (i) resting cyst,50 µm in diameter.CK,circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronucleus;OB, oral bulge; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a–c, e–g = 100 µm; d = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5181155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5181155/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Figures 10</figureCitation>
|
||
(h) and 11(d,e,j)). Cortex very flexible, contains several rows of colourless granules between adjacent ciliary rows. Cytoplasm colourless, studded with extrusomes and granules about 1–2 µm in diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13222A0CFFA9FFAD6687FBFDFDB133CD" box="[424,535,1147,1171]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="25.[160,225,1466,1489]" captionText="Figure 11. Spathidium rectitoratum from life (a–f) and after protargol impregnation (g–l). (a, g) Right side view of representative individuals; (b) detail of posterior body portion showing contractile vacuole; (c, d) optical sections showing macronucleus and mature cytoplasmic extrusomes; (e) detail of anterior body portion showing extrusomes attached to oral bulge; (f) resting cyst; (h, i) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (j) cytoplasmic extrusomes become wrinkled after protargol impregnation; (k) right side view of ciliary pattern in anterior body portion; (l) detail of anterior body end showing three-rowed dorsal brush. CK, circumoral kinety; CV, contractile vacuole; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronucleus; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a, g– i = 100 µm; b–e, j–l = 10 µm; f = 50 µm." pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Figure 11</figureCitation>
|
||
(a,c,d)). Movement relatively slow, either gliding on microscope slide or swimming by rotation about main body axis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA63689FFA9FFAF67EFFB47FE1F3650" blockId="21.[160,1156,523,1379]" lastBlockId="23.[160,1156,141,444]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="961" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">
|
||
Cilia 8–11 µm long
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD6686FB46FE523387" box="[425,500,1216,1241]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
, spaced ordinarily except for about five densely spaced basal bodies in the curved anterior kinety portion. On average 24 equidistant, ordinarily spaced meridional ciliary rows curved anteriorly, forming an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFA9FFAD6464FA83FC403240" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1984" box="[843,998,1285,1310]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Epispathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD6464FA83FC403240" box="[843,998,1285,1310]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Epispathidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like pattern – that is, anterior portion of right side rows curved dorsally and left side rows curved ventrally to parallel the circumoral kinety. Dorsal brush inconspicuous because bristles only up to 3 µm long
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF6699FF0BFDA537F8" box="[438,515,141,166]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
; dikinetidal; three-rowed; distinctly heterostichad with middle row being slightly longer than first row; distance between dikinetids about 1 µm in anterior brush portion while 2–2.5 µm in middle and posterior portion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13222A0CFFABFFAF64C5FF52FBC737B2" box="[1002,1121,212,236]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[164,1149,142,1577]" captionTargetId="figure-1@22.[163,1153,142,1578]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Spathidium rectitoratum from life (a, h, i) and after protargol impregnation (b–g). (a) Right side view of a representative individual;(b, c) right and left side view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a representative specimen; (d) detail of anterior body end showing three-rowed dorsal brush; (e–g) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (h) oral extrusomes, 8–13 µm long; (i) resting cyst,50 µm in diameter.CK,circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronucleus;OB, oral bulge; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a–c, e–g = 100 µm; d = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5181155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5181155/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">Figures 10</figureCitation>
|
||
(b– d) and 11(g,k,l);
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69B0332FFABFFAF6676FF70FE0A3650" box="[345,428,246,270]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="7.[160,216,142,165]" captionText="Table 2. Morphometric data of Korean populations of Enchelys megaspinata sp. nov. (EM), Spathidium ascendens (SA), S. papilliferum (SPa, population 2), S. polynucleatum comb. nov. (SPo), S. rectitoratum (SR), and Apobryophyllum schmidingeri (AS)." pageId="23" pageNumber="961">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF666601FFA9FFAD678FFA30FD2B31E6" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" startId="21.[160,225,1462,1485]">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA63689FFA9FFAD678FFA30FD2B31E6" blockId="21.[160,1156,1461,1720]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD678FFA30FF5D3293" bold="true" box="[160,251,1462,1485]" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFA9FFAD662BFA33FDA33292" authorityName="Jang & Vďačný & Shazib & Shin" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Jang & Vďačný & Shazib & Shin" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[260,517,1461,1484]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Spathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="21" pageNumber="959" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="polynucleatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFA9FFAD662BFA33FDA33292" box="[260,517,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="959">Spathidium polynucleatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from life (a–g) and after protargol impregnation (h–l). (a) Right side view of a representative individual; (b) detail of posterior body portion showing contractile vacuole; (c) cortical granulation; (d, e) optical sections showing mature rod-like extrusomes and macronuclear nodules; (f) detail of anterior body end showing extrusomes attached to oral bulge; (g) epibiotic bacteria; (h–i) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (k) detail of anterior body portion showing three-rowed dorsal brush; (l) optical section showing developing fusiform extrusomes and macronuclear nodules. BA, bacteria; CV, contractile vacuole; DB, dorsal brush; EX, extrusomes; MA, macronuclear nodules/macronucleus; N, nematodesmata. Scale bars: a, h–j = 100 µm; b, f, k = 10 µm; c–e, g, l = 5 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF666601FFAAFFAE678FF9CFFC3431AC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5181155" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5181155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5181155/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="960" startId="22.[160,225,1609,1632]" targetBox="[164,1149,142,1577]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA63689FFAAFFAE678FF9CFFC3431AC" blockId="22.[160,1156,1608,1778]" pageId="22" pageNumber="960">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFAAFFAE678FF9CFFEA1313E" bold="true" box="[160,263,1609,1632]" pageId="22" pageNumber="960">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFAAFFAE663FF9CEFE563101" authorityName="Kahl" authorityYear="1930" box="[272,496,1608,1631]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Spathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="22" pageNumber="960" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rectitoratum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFAAFFAE663FF9CEFE563101" box="[272,496,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="960">Spathidium rectitoratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from life (a, h, i) and after protargol impregnation (b–g). (a) Right side view of a representative individual; (b, c) right and left side view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a representative specimen; (d) detail of anterior body end showing three-rowed dorsal brush; (e–g) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (h) oral extrusomes, 8–13 µm long; (i) resting cyst, 50 µm in diameter. CK,circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronucleus; OB, oral bulge; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a–c, e–g = 100 µm; d = 10 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA63689FFABFFAF67EFFE9FFBB336E2" blockId="23.[160,1156,141,444]" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">
|
||
Oral bulge conspicuous because distinctly set off from body proper, not or only slightly inclined, straight in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13222A0CFFABFFAF655EFEBAFD40360A" box="[625,742,316,340]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[164,1149,142,1577]" captionTargetId="figure-1@22.[163,1153,142,1578]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Spathidium rectitoratum from life (a, h, i) and after protargol impregnation (b–g). (a) Right side view of a representative individual;(b, c) right and left side view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a representative specimen; (d) detail of anterior body end showing three-rowed dorsal brush; (e–g) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (h) oral extrusomes, 8–13 µm long; (i) resting cyst,50 µm in diameter.CK,circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronucleus;OB, oral bulge; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a–c, e–g = 100 µm; d = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5181155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5181155/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">Figures 10</figureCitation>
|
||
(a,e–g) and 11(a,e,g–i,k)). Circumoral kinety at base of oral bulge; continuous (i.e. distinctly separated from ciliary rows); composed of narrowly spaced and perpendicularly-oriented dikinetids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13222A0CFFABFFAF64DFFE07FBC736C7" box="[1008,1121,385,409]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[164,1149,142,1577]" captionTargetId="figure-1@22.[163,1153,142,1578]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Spathidium rectitoratum from life (a, h, i) and after protargol impregnation (b–g). (a) Right side view of a representative individual;(b, c) right and left side view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a representative specimen; (d) detail of anterior body end showing three-rowed dorsal brush; (e–g) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (h) oral extrusomes, 8–13 µm long; (i) resting cyst,50 µm in diameter.CK,circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronucleus;OB, oral bulge; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a–c, e–g = 100 µm; d = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5181155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5181155/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
(b– d)). Nematodesmata not recognisable
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF657AFE25FD3836E2" box="[597,670,419,444]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
or after protargol impregnation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA63689FFABFFAF678FFE6EFE9F355F" blockId="23.[160,1156,488,686]" box="[160,313,488,513]" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF678FFE6EFE9F355F" bold="true" box="[160,313,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">Resting cysts</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA63689FFABFFAF678FFD8AFD7135F0" blockId="23.[160,1156,488,686]" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">
|
||
Cysts colourless, about 40–60 µm across
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF65ACFD8DFD69357A" box="[643,719,523,548]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
; without escape apparatus. Cyst wall smooth, only 1–2 µm thick, dotted by refractive granules in optical section. Cytoplasm finely granulated. Macronucleus in cyst centre, slightly shortened but shape unchanged (i.e. strand-like and tortuous). Contractile vacuole, extrusomes, cortical granules and cilia not recognisable (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13222A0CFFABFFAF6641FD10FE4E35F0" box="[366,488,662,686]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[164,1149,142,1577]" captionTargetId="figure-1@22.[163,1153,142,1578]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 10. Spathidium rectitoratum from life (a, h, i) and after protargol impregnation (b–g). (a) Right side view of a representative individual;(b, c) right and left side view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a representative specimen; (d) detail of anterior body end showing three-rowed dorsal brush; (e–g) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (h) oral extrusomes, 8–13 µm long; (i) resting cyst,50 µm in diameter.CK,circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronucleus;OB, oral bulge; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a–c, e–g = 100 µm; d = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5181155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5181155/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">Figures 10</figureCitation>
|
||
(i) and 11(f);
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69B0332FFABFFAF6559FD10FD6C35F0" box="[630,714,662,686]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="7.[160,216,142,165]" captionText="Table 2. Morphometric data of Korean populations of Enchelys megaspinata sp. nov. (EM), Spathidium ascendens (SA), S. papilliferum (SPa, population 2), S. polynucleatum comb. nov. (SPo), S. rectitoratum (SR), and Apobryophyllum schmidingeri (AS)." pageId="23" pageNumber="961">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA63689FFABFFAF678FFD5DFD5B35AA" blockId="23.[160,1156,731,1483]" box="[160,765,731,756]" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF678FFD5DFD5B35AA" bold="true" box="[160,765,731,756]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">Comparison with original description and remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA63689FFABFFAF678FFD78FE3933CD" blockId="23.[160,1156,731,1483]" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">
|
||
The Korean population matches Kahl’ s (1930) description with regard to body shape, the tortuous, strand-like macronucleus, the extrusome and contractile vacuole patterns, the inconspicuous dorsal brush, and the straight oral bulge. Moreover, the number of ciliary rows appears similar to what is shown in Kahl’ s drawing (fig. S. 160,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF6491FCE3FC7E3420" box="[958,984,869,894]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">27</emphasis>
|
||
). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B78FFABFFAF678FFC0FFE8534FF" author="Kahl A" box="[160,291,905,929]" pageId="23" pageNumber="961" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref14460" refString="Kahl A. 1930. Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 1. Allgemeiner Teil und Prostomata. Tierwelt Dtl. 18: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1930">Kahl (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, this form is 200–250 µm long, but hungry cells are only 130–170 µm in length. Korean specimens had body lengths of 120–170 µm
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF645BFC2CFC67349D" box="[884,961,938,963]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
, consistent with hungry cells. However, according to morphometric data, they were up to 200 µm long when 15% preparation shrinkage was assumed (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69B0332FFABFFAF65E1FC77FC843357" box="[718,802,1009,1033]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="7.[160,216,142,165]" captionText="Table 2. Morphometric data of Korean populations of Enchelys megaspinata sp. nov. (EM), Spathidium ascendens (SA), S. papilliferum (SPa, population 2), S. polynucleatum comb. nov. (SPo), S. rectitoratum (SR), and Apobryophyllum schmidingeri (AS)." pageId="23" pageNumber="961">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
), which is near the lower limit provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B78FFABFFAF6611FB95FE633375" author="Kahl A" box="[318,453,1043,1067]" pageId="23" pageNumber="961" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref14460" refString="Kahl A. 1930. Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 1. Allgemeiner Teil und Prostomata. Tierwelt Dtl. 18: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1930">Kahl (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Sequences from Kahl’ s population are needed to decide whether this length difference can be attributed to inter-population variability or whether it justifies species- or subspecies-level separation of the Korean population and Kahl’ s population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA63689FFABFFAF67EFFB18FECF3295" blockId="23.[160,1156,731,1483]" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B78FFABFFAF67EFFB18FEE033E8" author="Kahl A" box="[192,326,1182,1206]" pageId="23" pageNumber="961" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref14460" refString="Kahl A. 1930. Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 1. Allgemeiner Teil und Prostomata. Tierwelt Dtl. 18: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1930">Kahl (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered this taxon to be a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFABFFAF6479FB1BFBD833E8" box="[854,1150,1181,1206]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Spathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="23" pageNumber="961" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="amphoriforme">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF6479FB1BFBD833E8" box="[854,1150,1181,1206]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">Spathidium amphoriforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. According to our analyses it can be morphologically unambiguously separated from the nominotypical form by the inconspicuous dorsal brush as well as from the other variety,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFABFFAF67D7FA83FED33240" box="[248,373,1285,1310]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Semispathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="23" pageNumber="961" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="securiforme">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF67D7FA83FED33240" box="[248,373,1285,1310]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">securiforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by the more slender body and the straight oral bulge in lateral view. Moreover, our molecular analyses show that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFABFFAF65B4FAAEFC84321F" authorityName="Kahl" authorityYear="1930" box="[667,802,1320,1345]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Spathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="23" pageNumber="961" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rectitoratum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF65B4FAAEFC84321F" box="[667,802,1320,1345]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">rectitoratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFABFFAF6473FAAEFC7F321F" box="[860,985,1320,1345]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Semispathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="23" pageNumber="961" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="securiforme">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF6473FAAEFC7F321F" box="[860,985,1320,1345]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">securiforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form independent lineages in phylogenetic trees (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13222A0CFFABFFAF6513FACDFD00323D" box="[572,678,1355,1379]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="31.[160,225,1701,1724]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1670]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[163,1153,142,1670]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 16. Spathidiid phylogeny based on the 18S rRNA gene (a) and concatenation of the 18S rRNA gene and ITS region sequences (b). Bootstrap values for maximum likelihood (ML) and posterior probabilities were mapped onto the Bayesian inference (BI) tree. A dash indicates bootstrap values below 50%. Newly obtained sequences are in bold. Scale bars indicate numbers of substitutions." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5181163" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5181163/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
(a,b)). Because taxa of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFABFFAF64E1FACCFB25323D" box="[974,1155,1354,1379]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Spathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="23" pageNumber="961" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="amphoriforme">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF64E1FACCFB25323D" box="[974,1155,1354,1379]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">S. amphoriforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex are nested within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFABFFAF6532FAEBFD0F32D8" authorityName="Kahl" authorityYear="1930" box="[541,681,1389,1414]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Spathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="23" pageNumber="961" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="muscicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF6532FAEBFD0F32D8" box="[541,681,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">S. muscicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cluster and the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFABFFAF64E5FAEBFBC332D8" authorityName="Foissner" authorityYear="1984" box="[970,1125,1389,1414]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Epispathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="23" pageNumber="961" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF64E5FAEBFBC332D8" box="[970,1125,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">Epispathidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is polyphyletic, we tentatively suggest assigning
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFABFFAF6597FA16FC9932F7" authorityName="Kahl" authorityYear="1930" box="[696,831,1424,1449]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Spathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="23" pageNumber="961" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rectitoratum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF6597FA16FC9932F7" box="[696,831,1424,1449]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">rectitoratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D0AFFABFFAF64C9FA16FBC532F7" authorityName="Dujardin" authorityYear="1841" box="[998,1123,1424,1449]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Spathidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="23" pageNumber="961" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA9BFFABFFAF64C9FA16FBC532F7" box="[998,1123,1424,1449]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="961">Spathidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |