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<document id="515F73BB9D738C941166D46CD34CDD95" ID-DOI="10.1515/bot-2014-0079" ID-ISSN="1437-4323" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1713579045148" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Davidson, Alisha D., Campbell, Marnie L., Hewitt, Chad L. &amp; Schaffelke, Britta" docDate="2015" docId="446FC77BFF8D6D782175F90B293AFA4D" docLanguage="en" docName="BotMar.58.2.55-79.pdf" docOrigin="Botanica Marina (Warsaw, Poland) 58 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2014-0079" docStyle="DocumentStyle:9102D1D0F376D6FBA22A1B5DFA71D3A3.1:BotMar.2015-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="9102D1D0F376D6FBA22A1B5DFA71D3A3" docStyleName="BotMar.2015-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Caulerpa cylindracea" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="62" masterDocId="B856BF03FF8B6D7F226FFFFF2D36FFDD" masterDocTitle="Assessing the impacts of nonindigenous marine macroalgae: an update of current knowledge" masterLastPageNumber="79" masterPageNumber="55" pageNumber="61" updateTime="1715944546768" updateUser="tatiana">
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<treatment id="446FC77BFF8D6D782175F90B293AFA4D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:446FC77BFF8D6D782175F90B293AFA4D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/446FC77BFF8D6D782175F90B293AFA4D" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
<subSubSection id="84DC25E6FF8D6D792175F90B2934F8D3" box="[794,1026,1780,1806]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="CC79766DFF8D6D792175F90B2934F8D3" blockId="6.[794,1026,1780,1806]" box="[794,1026,1780,1806]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8D6D792175F90B2934F8D3" authority="(Sonder)" baseAuthorityName="Sonder" box="[794,1026,1780,1806]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8D6D792175F90B2934F8D3" bold="true" box="[794,1026,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Caulerpa cylindracea</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="CC79766DFF8D6D782175F8C42DDDFE7E" blockId="6.[794,1421,1851,1945]" lastBlockId="7.[166,794,187,1217]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8D6D792175F8C42936F88E" box="[794,1024,1851,1875]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8D6D792175F8C42936F88E" bold="true" box="[794,1024,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Caulerpa cylindracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been spreading in the Mediterranean Sea since the early 1990s (
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8D6D7926CEF8A128BFF8AB" author="Verlaque, M. &amp; C. Durand &amp; J. M. Huisman &amp; C. - F. Boudouresque &amp; Y. Le Parco" box="[1185,1417,1886,1910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" pagination="325 - 339" refId="ref23959" refString="Verlaque, M., C. Durand, J. M. Huisman, C. - F. Boudouresque and Y. Le Parco. 2003. On the identity and origin of the Mediterranean invasive Caulerpa racemosa (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta). Eur. J. Phycol. 38: 325 - 339." type="journal article" year="2003">Verlaque et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8D6D792175F87E2E62F844" author="Verlaque, M. &amp; J. Afonso-Carrillo &amp; M. C. Gil-Rodriguez &amp; C. Durand &amp; C. F. Boudouresque &amp; Y. Le Parco" box="[794,852,1921,1945]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" pagination="269 - 281" refId="ref24017" refString="Verlaque, M., J. Afonso-Carrillo, M. C. Gil-Rodriguez, C. Durand, C. F. Boudouresque and Y. Le Parco. 2004. Blitzkrieg in a marine invasion: Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) reaches the Canary Islands (north-east Atlantic). Biol. Invasions 6: 269 - 281." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8D6D79210FF87E294DF844" author="Klein, J. C. &amp; M. Verlaque" box="[864,1147,1921,1945]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" pagination="205 - 225" refId="ref18419" refString="Klein, J. C. and M. Verlaque. 2008. The Caulerpa racemosa invasion: a critical review. Mar. Poll. Bull. 56: 205 - 225." type="journal article" year="2008">Klein and Verlaque 2008</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="B4D136FDFF8D6D7926C1F87E29D6F844" box="[1198,1248,1921,1945]" name="Italy" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Italy</collectingCountry>
, overgrowth by
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D7822C9FF442C08FF0E" box="[166,318,187,211]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D7822C9FF442C08FF0E" bold="true" box="[166,318,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. cylindracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reduced diversity and abundance of native macroalgae, especially turf and encrusting species (
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D7820B8FF212C1FFEC4" author="Piazzi, L. &amp; D. Balata &amp; G. Ceccherelli &amp; F. Cinelli" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="459 - 466" refId="ref21172" refString="Piazzi, L., D. Balata, G. Ceccherelli and F. Cinelli. 2001 a. Comparative study of the growth of the two-occurring introduced green algae Caulerpa taxifolia and Caulerpa racemosa along the Tuscan coast (Italy, western Mediterranean). Cryptogam. Algol. 22: 459 - 466." type="journal article" year="2001">Piazzi et al. 2001a</bibRefCitation>
). In mixed sea grass meadows of
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D7820F1FEFF2CF6FEE6" ID-CoL="337QF" authority="(Ucria) Ascherson" authorityName="Ascherson" baseAuthorityName="Ucria" class="Liliopsida" family="Cymodoceaceae" genus="Cymodocea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodosa">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D7820F1FEFF2DC2FEE6" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Cymodocea nodosa</emphasis>
(Ucria) Ascherson
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D782396FEDB2E23FEE6" ID-CoL="5D8J5" authority="Hornemann" authorityName="Hornemann" box="[505,789,291,315]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zosteraceae" genus="Zostera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="noltii">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D782396FEDB2FBEFEE6" bold="true" box="[505,648,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Zostera noltii</emphasis>
Hornemann
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D7822C9FEB92C77FE83" box="[166,321,326,350]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D7822C9FEB92C77FE83" bold="true" box="[166,321,326,350]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. cylindracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
decreased shoot density of
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D782010FEB92FDDFE83" ID-CoL="337QF" box="[639,747,326,350]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cymodoceaceae" genus="Cymodocea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodosa">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D782010FEB92FDDFE83" bold="true" box="[639,747,326,350]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. nodosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but increased density of
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D7823CFFE962DD0FE7E" ID-CoL="5D8J5" authority="(Ceccherelli and Campo 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Ceccherelli and Campo" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Liliopsida" family="Zosteraceae" genus="Zostera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="noltii">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D7823CFFE962CCFFE5D" bold="true" box="[416,505,360,384]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Z. noltii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D782061FE962DE9FE7E" author="Ceccherelli, G. &amp; D. Campo" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="71 - 76" refId="ref14131" refString="Ceccherelli, G. and D. Campo. 2002. Different effects of Caulerpa racemosa on two co-occurring seagrasses in the Mediterranean. Bot. Mar. 45: 71 - 76." type="journal article" year="2002">Ceccherelli and Campo 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CC79766DFF8C6D7822BBFE512DD1FCBB" blockId="7.[166,794,187,1217]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
Where they co-occur,
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D78238CFE512FB0FE1B" box="[483,646,430,454]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D78238CFE512FB0FE1B" bold="true" box="[483,646,430,454]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. cylindracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is competitively superior to
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D782319FE2E2CC6FE35" box="[374,496,464,489]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="taxifolia">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D782319FE2E2CC6FE35" bold="true" box="[374,496,464,489]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. taxifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and growth rates of the former species are higher (
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D782388FE0C2FF1FDD6" author="Piazzi, L. &amp; G. Ceccherelli &amp; F. Cinelli" box="[487,711,499,523]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="149 - 159" refId="ref21229" refString="Piazzi, L., G. Ceccherelli and F. Cinelli. 2001 b. Threat to macroalgal diversity: effects of the introduced green alga Caulerpa racemosa in the Mediterranean. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 210: 149 - 159." type="book chapter" year="2001">Piazzi et al. 2001b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D7820B6FE0C2CA2FDF3" author="Piazzi, L. &amp; G. Ceccherelli" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="189 - 195" refId="ref21096" refString="Piazzi, L. and G. Ceccherelli. 2002. Effects of competition between two introduced Caulerpa. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 225: 189 - 195." type="book chapter" year="2002">Piazzi and Ceccherelli 2002</bibRefCitation>
). The establishment of
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D7820F2FDE92DFDFD8D" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D7820F2FDE92DFDFD8D" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. cylindracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most commonly led to the reduced abundance and species number of native algal growth forms: canopy-forming (
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D782365FD812CF9FD4B" author="Bulleri, F. &amp; D. Balata &amp; I. Bertocci &amp; L. Tamburello &amp; L. Benedetti-Cecchi" box="[266,463,638,662]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="2205 - 2212" refId="ref13209" refString="Bulleri, F., D. Balata, I. Bertocci, L. Tamburello and L. Benedetti-Cecchi. 2010. The seaweed Caulerpa racemosa on Mediterranean rocky reefs: from passenger to driver of ecological change. Ecology 91: 2205 - 2212." type="journal article" year="2010">Bulleri et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
), as well as encrusting, foliose and articulated forms (
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D7823F1FD5E2FAAFD64" author="Piazzi, L. &amp; D. Balata" box="[414,668,673,697]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="50 - 61" refId="ref21020" refString="Piazzi, L. and D. Balata. 2008. The spread of Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea in the Mediterranean Sea: An example of how biological invasions can influence beta diversity. Mar. Environ. Res. 65: 50 - 61." type="journal article" year="2008">Piazzi and Balata 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D7820CAFD5E2FD6FD64" author="Piazzi, L. &amp; D. Balata" box="[677,736,673,697]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="193 - 204" refId="ref21067" refString="Piazzi, L. and D. Balata. 2009. Invasion of alien macroalgae in different Mediterranean habitats. Biol. Invasions 11: 193 - 204." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
). The decline in the latter three was attributed to increased sedimentation (
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D78234AFD192CC4FD23" author="Piazzi, L. &amp; D. Balata &amp; L. Foresi &amp; C. Cristaudo &amp; F. Cinelli" box="[293,498,742,766]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="129 - 135" refId="ref21327" refString="Piazzi, L., D. Balata, L. Foresi, C. Cristaudo and F. Cinelli. 2007 a. Sediment as a constituent of Mediterranean benthic communities dominated by Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea. Sci. Mar. 71: 129 - 135." type="journal article" year="2007">Piazzi et al. 2007a</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D78206BFD1A2FDFFD20" box="[516,745,741,765]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D78206BFD1A2FDFFD20" bold="true" box="[516,745,741,765]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Caulerpa cylindracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was observed to reduce survival and biomass of live coral colonies (
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D78228EFCD32C90FC9E" author="Kruzic, P. &amp; A. Zuljevic &amp; V. Nikolic" box="[225,422,811,839]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="441 - 441" refId="ref18752" refString="Kruzic, P., A. Zuljevic and V. Nikolic. 2008. The highly invasive alga Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea poses a new threat to the banks of the coral Cladocora caespitosa in the Adriatic Sea. Coral Reefs 27: 441 - 441." type="journal article" year="2008">KruŽić et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D7823DEFCD32F4BFC9E" author="Zuljevic, A. &amp; T. Thibaut &amp; M. Despalatovic &amp; J. M. Cottalorda &amp; V. Nikolic &amp; I. Cvitkovic &amp; B. Antolic" box="[433,637,811,839]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="2303 - 2308" refId="ref24883" refString="Zuljevic, A., T. Thibaut, M. Despalatovic, J. M. Cottalorda, V. Nikolic, I. Cvitkovic and B. Antolic. 2011. Invasive alga Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea makes a strong impact on the Mediterranean sponge Sarcotragus spinosulus. Biol. Invasions 13: 2303 - 2308." type="journal article" year="2011">Žuljević et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D7820E8FCD42DEAFCBB" author="Cebrian, E. &amp; C. Linares &amp; C. Marschal &amp; J. Garrabou" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="2647 - 2656" refId="ref14090" refString="Cebrian, E., C. Linares, C. Marschal and J. Garrabou. 2012. Exploring the effects of invasive algae on the persistence of gorgonian populations. Biol. Invasions 14: 2647 - 2656." type="journal article" year="2012">Cebrian et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="98B926E5FF8C6D782157FDBA2951FD31" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" startId="7.[824,882,581,601]" targetBox="[827,1449,190,487]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="CC79766DFF8C6D782157FDBA2951FD31" blockId="7.[824,1449,581,748]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
Figure 2: Ecological case studies by impact type. Each impact type divided by macroalgal group: brown algae (
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D7826ABFD9C2867FDAA" box="[1220,1361,611,631]" class="Phaeophyceae" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="class">Phaeophyceae</taxonomicName>
), red algae (Rhodophyta), green algae (Chlorophyta). SM, space monopolization; CC, change in community composition; G, genetic effects; HT, effects on higher trophic levels; TO, toxicity; HC, habitat change; (), no significant impact shown.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="CC79766DFF8C6D7822BBFC8F2FE2FB1C" blockId="7.[166,794,187,1217]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
Several studies also demonstrated an impact on macroinvertebrates, such as lower amphipod richness and abundance, different species composition, and changes in food web structure compared with sea grass beds (
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D782288FC042CC0FBCE" author="Vazquez-Luis, M. &amp; P. Sanchez-Jerez &amp; J. T. Bayle-Sempere" box="[231,502,1019,1043]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="416 - 426" refId="ref23801" refString="Vazquez-Luis, M., P. Sanchez-Jerez and J. T. Bayle-Sempere. 2008. Changes in amphipod (Crustacea) assemblages associated with shallow-water algal habitats invaded by Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea in the western Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Environ. Res. 65: 416 - 426." type="journal article" year="2008">Vázquez-Luis et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D78206EFC042F0FFBCE" author="Vazquez-Luis, M. &amp; P. Sanchez-Jerez &amp; J. T. Bayle-Sempere" box="[513,569,1019,1043]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" refId="ref23855" refString="Vazquez-Luis, M., P. Sanchez-Jerez and J. T. Bayle-Sempere. 2009. Comparison between amphipod assemblages associated" type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D78202CFC042E20FBCE" author="Deudero, S. &amp; A. Box &amp; J. Alos &amp; N. L. Arroyo &amp; N. Marba" box="[579,790,1019,1043]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="106 - 116" refId="ref15006" refString="Deudero, S., A. Box, J. Alos, N. L. Arroyo and N. Marba. 2011. Functional changes due to invasive species: food web shifts at shallow Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds colonized by the alien macroalga Caulerpa racemosa. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 93: 106 - 116." type="journal article" year="2011">Deudero et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D7822C9FBE12C51FBEB" author="Lorenti, M. &amp; M. C. Gambi &amp; R. Guglielmo &amp; F. P. Patti &amp; M. B. Scipione &amp; V. Zupo &amp; M. C. Buia" box="[166,359,1054,1078]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="320 - 334" refId="ref19141" refString="Lorenti, M., M. C. Gambi, R. Guglielmo, F. P. Patti, M. B. Scipione, V. Zupo and M. C. Buia. 2011. Soft-bottom macrofaunal assemblages in the Gulf of Salerno, Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy, an area affected by the invasion of the seaweed Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea. Mar. Ecol. Evol. Persp. 32: 320 - 334." type="journal article" year="2011">Lorenti et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D78231FFBE12F7EFBEB" author="Pacciardi, L. &amp; A. M. De Biasi &amp; L. Piazzi" box="[368,584,1054,1078]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="2677 - 2690" refId="ref20750" refString="Pacciardi, L., A. M. De Biasi and L. Piazzi. 2011. Effects of Caulerpa racemosa invasion on soft-bottom assemblages in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Biol. Invasions 13: 2677 - 2690." type="journal article" year="2011">Pacciardi et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
, Vázquiz-Luis 2013,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D7822C9FBBF2C4EFB84" author="Deudero, S. &amp; A. Box &amp; M. Vazquez-Luis &amp; N. L. Arroyo" box="[166,376,1088,1113]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="12 - 22" refId="ref15068" refString="Deudero, S., A. Box, M. Vazquez-Luis and N. L. Arroyo. 2014. Benthic community responses to macroalgae invasions in seagrass beds: diversity, isotopic niche and food web structure at community level. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 142: 12 - 22." type="journal article" year="2014">Deudero et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Finally,
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D7823B3FBBF2F44FB85" box="[476,626,1088,1112]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D7823B3FBBF2F44FB85" bold="true" box="[476,626,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. cylindracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was implicated in reducing the physical condition of white seabream (
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D7822C0FB7A2CE5FB43" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[175,467,1157,1182]" family="Sparidae" genus="Diplodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sargus">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D7822C0FB7A2C68FB40" bold="true" box="[175,350,1157,1181]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Diplodus sargus</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
), via the bioaccumulation of the pest metabolite caulerpyne (
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D78206CFB572FFFFB1C" author="Terlizzi, A. &amp; S. Felline &amp; M. G. Lionetto &amp; R. Caricato &amp; V. Perfetti &amp; A. Cutignano &amp; E. Mollo" box="[515,713,1192,1217]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="109 - 117" refId="ref23110" refString="Terlizzi, A., S. Felline, M. G. Lionetto, R. Caricato, V. Perfetti, A. Cutignano and E. Mollo. 2011. Detrimental physiological effects of the invasive alga Caulerpa racemosa on the Mediterranean white seabream Diplodus sargus. Aquat. Biol. 12: 109 - 117." type="journal article" year="2011">Terlizzi et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CC79766DFF8C6D7821E1FE0C2989FDFF" blockId="7.[865,1414,470,546]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
<collectionCode id="AAD7EEA8FF8C6D7821E1FE0C2E9CFDD9" box="[910,938,499,516]" country="Malaysia" name="Sarawak Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">SM</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="AAD7EEA8FF8C6D78218EFE0C2ECAFDD9" box="[993,1020,499,516]" country="Australia" name="CSIRO Canberra Rhizobium Collection" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">CC</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="AAD7EEA8FF8C6D782658FE0C2970FDD9" box="[1079,1094,499,516]" country="Switzerland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15706" name="Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" type="Herbarium">G</collectionCode>
HT
<materialsCitation id="7CAE7C30FF8C6D7826BCFE0C2989FDFF" collectionCode="TO, HC" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="AAD7EEA8FF8C6D7826BCFE0C29DAFDD9" box="[1235,1260,499,516]" country="Italy" name="University of Turin" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" type="Herbarium">TO</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="AAD7EEA8FF8C6D78274DFE0C280BFDD9" box="[1314,1341,499,516]" country="China" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13185" name="Hangchow Christian College" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" type="Herbarium">HC</collectionCode>
- Impact
<typeStatus id="137DC8CFFF8C6D7826F3FDEE2989FDFF" box="[1180,1215,529,546]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CC79766DFF8C6D78210AFCB1293AFA4D" blockId="7.[824,1452,846,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
The one potential human health effect found in the review was related to the potentially toxic effects of
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D7827F9FC8E2E82FC76" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D7827F9FC8E2E82FC76" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. cylindracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on white seabream, which causes a change in the fatty acid composition of this fish (which is eaten by humans), making it an improved source of essential fatty acids for human nutrition (
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D782607FC042805FBCE" author="Felline, S. &amp; E. Mollo &amp; A. Ferramosca &amp; V. Zara &amp; F. Regoli &amp; S. Gorbi &amp; A. Terlizzi" box="[1128,1331,1019,1043]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="1275 - 1283" refId="ref15530" refString="Felline, S., E. Mollo, A. Ferramosca, V. Zara, F. Regoli, S. Gorbi and A. Terlizzi. 2014. Can a marine pest reduce the nutritional value of Mediterranean fish flesh? Mar. Biol. 161: 1275 - 1283." type="journal article" year="2014">Felline et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). However, all impact studies were limited to the Mediterranean. Effects on diversity, total cover, and articulated algae persisted even after
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D782192FB9C29AFFBA6" box="[1021,1177,1123,1147]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D782192FB9C29AFFBA6" bold="true" box="[1021,1177,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. cylindracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had been removed. For example,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D7821CDFB792983FB43" author="Klein, J. C. &amp; M. Verlaque" box="[930,1205,1158,1182]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="117 - 125" refId="ref18491" refString="Klein, J. C. and M. Verlaque. 2011. Experimental removal of the invasive Caulerpa racemosa triggers partial assemblage recovery. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 91: 117 - 125." type="journal article" year="2011">Klein and Verlaque (2011)</bibRefCitation>
found lower values for these characteristics 18 months after
<taxonomicName id="0BC60DEEFF8C6D7826B2FB56284EFB1D" box="[1245,1400,1192,1217]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
<emphasis id="FEB2AA7FFF8C6D7826B2FB56284EFB1D" bold="true" box="[1245,1400,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">C. cylindracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was removed. Although the invasion history of this species is relatively short, the research (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D7826B9FB112E5FFAF4" author="Klein, J. C. &amp; M. Verlaque" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="117 - 125" refId="ref18491" refString="Klein, J. C. and M. Verlaque. 2011. Experimental removal of the invasive Caulerpa racemosa triggers partial assemblage recovery. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 91: 117 - 125." type="journal article" year="2011">Klein and Verlaque 2011</bibRefCitation>
) suggests that the current temporal reversibility of these impacts is likely to be moderate to high (recovery extending into decades or longer; Hewitt et al. 2011a,
<bibRefCitation id="A8570B9CFF8C6D782157FA862937FA4D" author="Ojaveer, H. &amp; B. S. Galil &amp; M. L. Campbell &amp; J. T. Carlton &amp; J. Canning-Clode &amp; E. J. Cook &amp; A. D. Davidson &amp; C. L. Hewitt &amp; A. Jelmert &amp; A. Marchini &amp; C. H. McKenzie &amp; D. Minchin &amp; A. Occhipinti-Ambrogi &amp; S. Olenin &amp; G. Ruiz" box="[824,1025,1400,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" refId="ref20602" refString="Ojaveer, H., B. S. Galil, M. L. Campbell, J. T. Carlton, J. Canning-Clode, E. J. Cook, A. D. Davidson, C. L. Hewitt, A. Jelmert, A. Marchini, C. H. McKenzie, D. Minchin, A. Occhipinti-Ambrogi, S. Olenin and G. Ruiz. 2015. In press. Classification of non-indigenous species based on their impacts: considerations for application in marine management. PLoS Biol." type="book" year="2015">Ojaveer et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>