898 lines
107 KiB
XML
898 lines
107 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1371/journal. pone.0213314" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c3128d24-5293-4125-bc85-0678753fc483" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154520575" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2614083" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AC570728-78AE-4FDB-B9BE-87DB553C5ABE" checkinTime="1553770082828" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Scherz, Mark D., Hutter, Carl R., Rakotoarison, Andolalao, Riemann, Jana C., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Ndriantsoa, Serge H., Glos, Julian, Roberts, Sam Hyde, Crottini, Angelica, Vences, Miguel & Glaw, Frank" docDate="2019" docId="03F887F6FF820A5FFD8B05B8DE896B98" docLanguage="en" docName="journal.pone.0213314.pdf" docOrigin="PLoS ONE 213314" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Mini scule Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="AC570728-78AE-4FDB-B9BE-87DB553C5ABE" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="8" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFC1FF8EFF930A48FF9E0658DC6D6955" masterDocTitle="Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera" masterLastPageNumber="45" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1636536996458" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Scherz, Mark D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Hutter, Carl R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Rakotoarison, Andolalao</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Riemann, Jana C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Rödel, Mark-Oliver</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Ndriantsoa, Serge H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Glos, Julian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Roberts, Sam Hyde</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Crottini, Angelica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Vences, Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Glaw, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>PLoS ONE</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2019-03-27</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>213314</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154520575" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AC570728-78AE-4FDB-B9BE-87DB553C5ABE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887F6FF820A5FFD8B05B8DE896B98" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[533,777,992,1021]" box="[533,777,992,1021]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<heading bold="true" box="[533,777,992,1021]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="0">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,777,992,1021]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[533,668,992,1021]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scule" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,668,992,1021]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mini scule</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[675,777,992,1020]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="17.[533,1536,1041,1897]" box="[533,1304,1041,1065]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<uri box="[533,1304,1041,1065]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid box="[783,1304,1041,1065]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<accessionNumber box="[783,902,1041,1065]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/AC570728" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">AC570728</accessionNumber>
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-78AE-4FDB-B9BE-87DB553C5ABE
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</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[565,925,1075,1099]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[533,1536,1041,1897]" box="[565,925,1075,1099]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[572,663,1075,1099]" captionStart-0="Fig 1" captionStart-1="Fig 2" captionStart-2="Fig 3" captionStartId-0="2.[192,220,1354,1373]" captionStartId-1="7.[192,220,1818,1837]" captionStartId-2="8.[461,489,1766,1785]" captionTargetBox-0="[192,1536,208,1332]" captionTargetBox-1="[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetBox-2="[461,1535,208,1744]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[192,1536,208,1332]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[461,1535,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="Fig 1. Stylised representation of the latest phylogeny of the microhylid subfamily Cophylinae. Based on the phylogenetic tree of Tu et al. [20] (reconstructed from a concatenated multi-gene DNA sequence data set) with numerous nomenclatural updates. See that paper for support values and phylogenetic context. The sister species of Rhombophryne proportionalis sp. nov. is an undescribed candidate species (R. sp. Ca7) that is not included in this phylogeny; its taxonomy will be treated elsewhere. Taxa highlighted in red are those described herein. Inset photos show a selection of the new species described herein, and representatives of the other small-bodied genera, Stumpffia and Anilany. Inset photos are not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g001" captionText-1="Fig 2. Holotypes of the new species described in this paper and their hands. Whole specimens in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view. Hand images not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g002" captionText-2="Fig 3. Currently known localities of the new taxa described in this paper. The base map is USGS SRTM 1-Arc second digital elevation model. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g003" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2614085/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2614087/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/2614089/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[675,688,1075,1099]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="18.[533,561,1432,1451]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig 7. Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Sainte Luce Reserve. (a, b) ZSM 5943/2005, holotype, in (a) dorsolateral and (b) ventral view. Black lines in the two pictures are scanning artefacts from damaged analogue slides. (c) Probably ZSM 5942/2005, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (d-f) ZSM 265/2018 (SHR 09112018) in (d) dorsal, (e) dorsolateral, and (f) ventral view. Note the numerous pink cf. Endotrombicula mites on the abdomen and legs. (g) Habitat in Sainte Luce Special Reserve. (h, i) Mini cf. scule from Nahampoana, ZFMK 53775 in (h) lateral and (i) ventral view. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614097/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation box="[739,752,1075,1099]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="19.[115,143,1159,1178]" captionTargetBox="[115,1536,195,1137]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[115,1536,195,1137]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 8. Osteology of Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 5943/2005). (a, b) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral view. (c-f) Skull in (c) lateral, (d) ventral, (e) anterior, and (f) dorsal view. (g) Foot in ventral view. (h) Hand in ventral view. For abbreviations, see Fig 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614099/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">8</figureCitation>
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,
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<tableCitation box="[764,851,1075,1099]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="12.[96,146,518,537]" captionText="Table 1. Morphological measurements (in mm) of new species of miniaturised cophyline microhylids. Measurement abbreviations are listed in the Materials and Methods. A = Adult, M = Male, F = Female (lowercase indicates probable subadult), p = paratype, h = holotype (holotypes are also bolded), na = not available." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tables 1</tableCitation>
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and
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<tableCitation box="[903,916,1075,1099]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[533,583,194,213]" captionTargetBox="[533,1512,335,774]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[533,1536,323,778]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Bioacoustic parameters of new species of miniaturised cophyline microhylids. Data on S. miery from Rakotoarison et al. [14], provided for comparison with the sympatric A. eximia. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, with range in brackets. na = not applicable. In all species except R. proportionalis calls consist of a single note according to the definition herein, and in these species call duration is therefore synonymous with note duration." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E">2</tableCitation>
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)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[533,1536,1041,1897]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,669,1110,1134]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks.</emphasis>
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This species was previously listed as
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<taxonomicName box="[1060,1163,1110,1134]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1060,1163,1110,1134]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stumpffia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. 9 [
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<bibRefCitation author="Wollenberg KC & Vieites DR & van der Meijden A & Glaw F & Cannatella DC & Vences M." box="[1231,1256,1110,1134]" journalOrPublisher="Evolution." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1890 - 907" part="62" refId="ref24053" refString="17. Wollenberg KC, Vieites DR, van der Meijden A, Glaw F, Cannatella DC, Vences M. Patterns of endemism and species richness in Malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation. Evolution. 2008; 62 (8): 1890 - 907. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2008.00420. x PMID: 18485110" title="Patterns of endemism and species richness in Malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation" type="journal article" year="2008">17</bibRefCitation>
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];
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<taxonomicName box="[1277,1380,1110,1134]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1277,1380,1110,1134]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stumpffia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. 16/Ca16 [
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<bibRefCitation author="Scherz MD & Vences M & Rakotoarison A & Andreone F & Kohler J & Glaw F" box="[542,567,1145,1169]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="372 - 81" part="100" refId="ref23908" refString="15. Scherz MD, Vences M, Rakotoarison A, Andreone F, Kohler J, Glaw F, et al. Reconciling molecular phylogeny, morphological divergence and classification of Madagascan narrow-mouthed frogs (Amphibia: Microhylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2016; 100: 372 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 20 16.04. 0 19 PMID: 270856 71" title="et al. Reconciling molecular phylogeny, morphological divergence and classification of Madagascan narrow-mouthed frogs (Amphibia: Microhylidae)" type="journal article" year="2016">15</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Vieites DR & Wollenberg KC & Andreone F & Kohler J & Glaw F & Vences M." box="[580,605,1145,1169]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="8267 - 72" part="106" refId="ref25409" refString="40. Vieites DR, Wollenberg KC, Andreone F, Kohler J, Glaw F, Vences M. Vast underestimation of Madagascar's biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2009; 106 (20): 8267 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 08 10821106 PMID: 194168 18" title="Vast underestimation of Madagascar's biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory" type="journal article" year="2009">40</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Perl RGB & Nagy ZT & Sonet G & Glaw F & Wollenberg KC & Vences M." box="[617,642,1145,1169]" journalOrPublisher="Amphibia-Reptilia." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="197 - 206" part="35" refId="ref25709" refString="46. Perl RGB, Nagy ZT, Sonet G, Glaw F, Wollenberg KC, Vences M. DNA barcoding Madagascar's amphibian fauna. Amphibia-Reptilia. 2014; 35: 197 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685381 - 0 0 0 0 2942" title="DNA barcoding Madagascar's amphibian fauna" type="journal article" year="2014">46</bibRefCitation>
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];
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||
<taxonomicName box="[663,766,1145,1169]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis box="[663,766,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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sp. aff.
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<emphasis box="[846,971,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">tetradactyla</emphasis>
|
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“Southeast” [
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Glaw F & Vences M." bookContentInfo="496 p." box="[1115,1140,1145,1169]" journalOrPublisher="Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlags GbR" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref25480" refString="41. Glaw F, Vences M. A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3 rd Edition. Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlags GbR; 2007. 496 p." title="A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3 rd Edition" type="book" year="2007">41</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]; and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1208,1311,1145,1169]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1208,1311,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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sp. 16 MV-2009 (
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[540,656,1179,1203]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/KC351485" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<collectionCode box="[540,576,1179,1203]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">KC</collectionCode>
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351485
|
||
</accessionNumber>
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) [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tu N & Yang M & Liang D & Zhang P." box="[678,703,1179,1203]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="85 - 91" part="126" refId="ref24267" refString="20. Tu N, Yang M, Liang D, Zhang P. A large-scale phylogeny of Microhylidae inferred from a combined dataset of 121 genes and 427 taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2018; 126: 85 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 201 8.03. 0 36 PMID: 2964958 1" title="A large-scale phylogeny of Microhylidae inferred from a combined dataset of 121 genes and 427 taxa" type="journal article" year="2018">20</bibRefCitation>
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||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[533,1536,1041,1897]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<collectionCode box="[565,637,1214,1238]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="Museum">ZFMK</collectionCode>
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53775 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[721,873,1214,1238]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="18.[533,561,1432,1451]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig 7. Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Sainte Luce Reserve. (a, b) ZSM 5943/2005, holotype, in (a) dorsolateral and (b) ventral view. Black lines in the two pictures are scanning artefacts from damaged analogue slides. (c) Probably ZSM 5942/2005, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (d-f) ZSM 265/2018 (SHR 09112018) in (d) dorsal, (e) dorsolateral, and (f) ventral view. Note the numerous pink cf. Endotrombicula mites on the abdomen and legs. (g) Habitat in Sainte Luce Special Reserve. (h, i) Mini cf. scule from Nahampoana, ZFMK 53775 in (h) lateral and (i) ventral view. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614097/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig 7D and 7E</figureCitation>
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), a specimen from Nahampoana in southeastern
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<collectingCountry box="[1396,1523,1214,1238]" name="Madagascar" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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(ca. 24.975˚S, 46.980˚E, ca.
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<quantity box="[823,876,1249,1273]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
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a.s.l.), collected by F. Glaw and J. Müller on
|
||
<date box="[1346,1506,1249,1273]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1992-01-04">4 January 1992</date>
|
||
, is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[640,725,1283,1308]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scule" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[640,663,1285,1308]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[675,725,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">scule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[731,814,1283,1307]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and we consider it possible that it is a member of this species. However, in the absence of genetic data from this specimen and population, we here do not consider it within the definition of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[864,950,1353,1377]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scule" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[864,887,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[900,950,1353,1377]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">scule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[956,1038,1353,1377]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and refer to it as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[1220,1336,1353,1377]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scule">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1220,1243,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M</emphasis>
|
||
. cf.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1286,1336,1353,1377]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">scule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[533,1536,1041,1897]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2090008385" collectingDate="2005-02-04" collectionCode="ZSM, FGZC" collectorName="F. Glaw & P. Bora." country="Madagascar" elevation="23" latitude="-24.7798" location="Sainte Luce Reserve forest at the QMM climate station" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="47.1713" municipality="Anosy Region" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" specimenCode="ZSM 5943/2005, FGZC 2662, KC351485" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Toliara province" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,857,1388,1412]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[565,668,1388,1412]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[682,748,1388,1412]" captionStart="Fig 2" captionStartId="7.[192,220,1818,1837]" captionTargetBox="[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig 2. Holotypes of the new species described in this paper and their hands. Whole specimens in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view. Hand images not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614087/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[761,774,1388,1412]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="18.[533,561,1432,1451]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig 7. Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Sainte Luce Reserve. (a, b) ZSM 5943/2005, holotype, in (a) dorsolateral and (b) ventral view. Black lines in the two pictures are scanning artefacts from damaged analogue slides. (c) Probably ZSM 5942/2005, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (d-f) ZSM 265/2018 (SHR 09112018) in (d) dorsal, (e) dorsolateral, and (f) ventral view. Note the numerous pink cf. Endotrombicula mites on the abdomen and legs. (g) Habitat in Sainte Luce Special Reserve. (h, i) Mini cf. scule from Nahampoana, ZFMK 53775 in (h) lateral and (i) ventral view. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614097/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[828,841,1388,1412]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="19.[115,143,1159,1178]" captionTargetBox="[115,1536,195,1137]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[115,1536,195,1137]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 8. Osteology of Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 5943/2005). (a, b) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral view. (c-f) Skull in (c) lateral, (d) ventral, (e) anterior, and (f) dorsal view. (g) Foot in ventral view. (h) Hand in ventral view. For abbreviations, see Fig 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614099/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[863,1031,1388,1412]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ZSM 5943/2005</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1044,1172,1388,1412]" collectionCode="FGZC" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FGZC 2662</specimenCode>
|
||
, GenBank accession number
|
||
<specimenCode box="[533,645,1422,1446]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[533,645,1422,1446]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/KC351485" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">KC351485</accessionNumber>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
for
|
||
<emphasis box="[688,793,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">16S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
gene), an adult presumed
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1074,1125,1422,1446]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="male">male</specimenCount>
|
||
specimen collected in
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887F6FF820A5FFD8B05B8DE896B98:8E8E603BFF820A59FACB03D6DFB86C9C" country="Madagascar" latitude="-24.7798" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="47.1713" municipality="Anosy Region" name="Sainte Luce Reserve forest at the QMM climate station" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" stateProvince="Toliara province">Sainte Luce Reserve forest at the QMM climate station</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[994,1103,1457,1481]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="5" value="-24.7798">24.7798˚S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1113,1223,1457,1481]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="5" value="47.1713">47.1713˚E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation box="[1233,1338,1457,1481]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="23.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[1233,1286,1457,1481]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="23.0">23 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[1358,1510,1457,1481]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Anosy Region</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, former
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[613,792,1492,1516]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Toliara province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[943,1070,1492,1516]" name="Madagascar" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
on
|
||
<collectingDate box="[1110,1282,1492,1516]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2005-02-04">
|
||
<date box="[1110,1282,1492,1516]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2005-02-04">4 February 2005</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName box="[1319,1400,1492,1516]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">F. Glaw</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName box="[1452,1536,1492,1516]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. Bora.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[533,1536,1041,1897]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2090010473" collectingDate="2018-11-08" collectingDateMax="2018-11-08" collectingDateMin="2016-10-08" collectionCode="ZSM, FGZC" collectorName="S. Hyde Roberts" country="Madagascar" elevation="28" latitude="-24.7606" location="Sainte Luce Reserve parcel S 9" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="47.1732" municipality="Anosy Region" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" specimenCode="ZSM 5942/2005, FGZC 2661, EU341081, ZSM 265/2018, SHR 09112018" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Toliara" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,750,1526,1550]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[565,664,1526,1550]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[680,734,1526,1550]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="18.[533,561,1432,1451]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig 7. Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Sainte Luce Reserve. (a, b) ZSM 5943/2005, holotype, in (a) dorsolateral and (b) ventral view. Black lines in the two pictures are scanning artefacts from damaged analogue slides. (c) Probably ZSM 5942/2005, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (d-f) ZSM 265/2018 (SHR 09112018) in (d) dorsal, (e) dorsolateral, and (f) ventral view. Note the numerous pink cf. Endotrombicula mites on the abdomen and legs. (g) Habitat in Sainte Luce Special Reserve. (h, i) Mini cf. scule from Nahampoana, ZFMK 53775 in (h) lateral and (i) ventral view. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614097/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[756,919,1526,1550]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ZSM 5942/2005</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[932,1056,1526,1550]" collectionCode="FGZC" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FGZC 2661</specimenCode>
|
||
, GenBank accession number
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1359,1466,1526,1550]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1359,1466,1526,1550]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/EU341081" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">EU341081</accessionNumber>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
for
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,636,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">12S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
gene,
|
||
<emphasis box="[701,804,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">tRNA-Val</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[860,962,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">16S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
e genes), an adult presumed
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1254,1303,1561,1585]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="male">male</specimenCount>
|
||
specimen with the same collection data as the holotype. The hands and feet of this specimen were all removed as tissue samples.
|
||
<specimenCode box="[666,817,1630,1654]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ZSM 265/2018</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[830,988,1630,1654]" collectionCode="SHR" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">SHR 09112018</specimenCode>
|
||
), an adult male specimen collected while calling in
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887F6FF820A5FFD8B05B8DE896B98:8E8E603BFF820A59FD8B00D9DF2F6FCC" box="[533,834,1665,1689]" country="Madagascar" latitude="-24.7606" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="47.1732" municipality="Anosy Region" name="Sainte Luce Reserve parcel S 9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" stateProvince="Toliara">Sainte Luce Reserve parcel S9</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[847,951,1665,1689]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="5" value="-24.7606">24.7606˚S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[962,1067,1665,1689]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="5" value="47.1732">47.1732˚E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation box="[1077,1178,1665,1689]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="28.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[1077,1128,1665,1689]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="28.0">28 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
) on
|
||
<collectingDate box="[1226,1408,1665,1689]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2018-11-08">
|
||
<date box="[1226,1408,1665,1689]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2018-11-08">8 November 2018</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<collectorName pageId="17" pageNumber="18">S. Hyde Roberts</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2090015352" collectingDate="2016-10-08" collectingDateMax="2016-10-20" collectingDateMin="2016-10-08" collectionCode="UADBA-A" collectorName="S. Hyde Roberts" country="Madagascar" elevation="20" latitude="-24.755" location="Sainte Luce Reserve" longLatPrecision="74" longitude="47.173" municipality="Sainte Luce Reserve" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" specimenCode="ACZCV 0 386, MK459315, ACZCV 0 387, MK459316" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Toliara" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
Additionally, the following five specimens collected by
|
||
<collectorName box="[1186,1351,1699,1723]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">S. Hyde Roberts</collectorName>
|
||
between
|
||
<collectingDate pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2016-10-08" valueMax="2016-10-20" valueMin="2016-10-08">
|
||
<date pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2016-10-08" valueMax="2016-10-20" valueMin="2016-10-08">
|
||
8 and 20 October
|
||
<quantity box="[654,730,1734,1758]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.12064" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="in" value="2016.0">2016 in</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[736,941,1734,1758]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sainte Luce Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
: UADBA-A Uncatalogued (
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1228,1373,1734,1758]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ACZCV 0 386</specimenCode>
|
||
, GenBank accession number
|
||
<specimenCode box="[724,838,1769,1793]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[724,838,1769,1793]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MK459315" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MK459315</accessionNumber>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
for
|
||
<emphasis box="[880,982,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">16S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
gene) an unsexed adult
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1230,1329,1769,1793]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="generic">specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, and UADBA-A Uncatalogued (
|
||
<specimenCode box="[689,833,1803,1827]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ACZCV 0 387</specimenCode>
|
||
, GenBank accession number
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1136,1250,1803,1827]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1136,1250,1803,1827]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MK459316" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MK459316</accessionNumber>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
for
|
||
<emphasis box="[1292,1394,1804,1828]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">16S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
gene), a juvenile
|
||
<specimenCount box="[577,645,1838,1862]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="female">female</specimenCount>
|
||
specimen (sexed by incision, small dark brown egg follicles present), both collected at 24.754–
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[617,705,1873,1897]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="55" value="-24.755">24.755˚S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[714,808,1873,1897]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="55" value="47.173">47.173˚E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, ca.
|
||
<elevation box="[851,953,1873,1897]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="20.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[851,902,1873,1897]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2090009635" collectionCode="ZSM, ACZCV, MK" elevation="20" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" latitude="-24.76" location="GenBank" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="47.1746" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" specimenCode="ZSM 577, ACZCV 0, MK459312" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-adult="1">
|
||
<specimenCode box="[963,1056,1873,1897]" collectionCode="ZSM" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="Museum">ZSM 577</specimenCode>
|
||
/2016 (
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1127,1233,1873,1897]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ACZCV 0</specimenCode>
|
||
383,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887F6FF820A5FFD8B05B8DE896B98:8E8E603BFF820A59FA9F0109D90F6E3C" box="[1281,1378,1873,1897]" latitude="-24.76" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="47.1746" name="GenBank" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">GenBank</location>
|
||
accession
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614097/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[533,561,1432,1451]" targetBox="[533,1493,208,1410]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[533,1532,1431,1619]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,1207,1431,1451]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Fig 7.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[589,678,1431,1451]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="scule" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[589,678,1431,1451]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mini scule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[683,813,1432,1451]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in life and its habitat in Sainte Luce Reserve.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(a, b) ZSM 5943/2005, holotype, in (a) dorsolateral and (b) ventral view. Black lines in the two pictures are scanning artefacts from damaged analogue slides. (c) Probably ZSM 5942/2005, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (d-f) ZSM 265/2018 (SHR 09112018) in (d) dorsal, (e) dorsolateral, and (f) ventral view. Note the numerous pink cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ewing" authorityYear="1931" box="[1054,1189,1508,1527]" class="Arachnida" family="Trombiculidae" genus="Endotrombicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1054,1189,1508,1527]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Endotrombicula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mites on the abdomen and legs. (g) Habitat in Sainte Luce Special Reserve. (h, i)
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[909,1020,1533,1552]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scule">
|
||
<emphasis box="[909,950,1534,1552]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mini</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis box="[980,1020,1533,1552]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">scule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Nahampoana, ZFMK 53775 in (h) lateral and (i) ventral view. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g0 0 7
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[533,1520,1653,1885]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
number
|
||
<specimenCode box="[622,737,1653,1677]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[622,737,1653,1677]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MK459312" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">MK459312</accessionNumber>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
for
|
||
<emphasis box="[778,880,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">16S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
gene), an
|
||
<specimenCount box="[985,1037,1653,1677]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
|
||
unsexed
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1134,1231,1653,1677]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
collected at
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1357,1460,1653,1677]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="5" value="-24.76">24.7600˚S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[533,639,1688,1712]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="5" value="47.1746">47.1746˚E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, ca.
|
||
<elevation box="[682,734,1688,1712]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="20.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[682,734,1688,1712]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
a.s.l.;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2090016736" collectionCode="UADBA-A" elevation="20" latitude="-24.7604" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="47.1737" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCode="ACZCV 0 384, MK459313" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-adult="1" specimenCount-male="1">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[794,910,1688,1712]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">UADBA-A</collectionCode>
|
||
Uncatalogued (
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1072,1217,1688,1712]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">ACZCV 0 384</specimenCode>
|
||
, GenBank accession number
|
||
<specimenCode box="[533,647,1722,1746]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[533,647,1722,1746]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MK459313" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">MK459313</accessionNumber>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
for
|
||
<emphasis box="[689,792,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">16S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
gene), an
|
||
<specimenCount box="[897,949,1722,1746]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount box="[955,1004,1722,1746]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="male">male</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1010,1107,1722,1746]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
collected at
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1234,1337,1722,1746]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="5" value="-24.7604">24.7604˚S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1347,1453,1722,1746]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="5" value="47.1737">47.1737˚E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, ca.
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="20.0">
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2090012770" collectionCode="ACZCV, MK" elevation="20" latitude="-24.755" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="47.1735" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCode="ZSM 578/2016, ACZCV 0 385, MK459314" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-adult="1">
|
||
<specimenCode box="[615,767,1757,1781]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">ZSM 578/2016</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[779,923,1757,1781]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">ACZCV 0 385</specimenCode>
|
||
, GenBank accession number
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1227,1341,1757,1781]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1227,1341,1757,1781]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MK459314" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">MK459314</accessionNumber>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
for
|
||
<emphasis box="[1383,1485,1757,1781]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">16S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
gene), an
|
||
<specimenCount box="[633,685,1792,1816]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
|
||
unsexed
|
||
<specimenCount box="[781,878,1792,1816]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
collected at
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1005,1108,1792,1816]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="5" value="-24.755">24.7550˚S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1118,1224,1792,1816]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="5" value="47.1735">47.1735˚E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, ca.
|
||
<elevation box="[1266,1367,1792,1816]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="20.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[1266,1318,1792,1816]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[533,1520,1653,1885]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,682,1826,1850]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
An extremely miniaturised frog assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[1152,1204,1827,1850]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1152,1204,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1210,1307,1826,1850]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
on the basis of its small size, curved clavicles, laterally displaced and reduced nasals, and fusion or loss of carpal
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614099/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[115,143,1159,1178]" subCaptionStartIDs="19.[999,1026,1184,1203]" subCaptionStarts="Fig 6" targetBox="[115,1536,195,1137]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[115,1525,1159,1245]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[115,755,1159,1178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Fig 8. Osteology of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[287,376,1159,1178]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="scule" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[287,376,1159,1178]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Mini scule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[381,511,1159,1178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
holotype (ZSM 5943/2005).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(a, b) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral view. (c-f) Skull in (c) lateral, (d) ventral, (e) anterior, and (f) dorsal view. (g) Foot in ventral view. (h) Hand in ventral view. For abbreviations, see Fig 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g00 8
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[533,1535,1279,1892]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
2. This assignment is supported by its genetic affinities (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1125,1177,1279,1303]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="2.[192,220,1354,1373]" captionTargetBox="[192,1536,208,1332]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[192,1536,208,1332]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig 1. Stylised representation of the latest phylogeny of the microhylid subfamily Cophylinae. Based on the phylogenetic tree of Tu et al. [20] (reconstructed from a concatenated multi-gene DNA sequence data set) with numerous nomenclatural updates. See that paper for support values and phylogenetic context. The sister species of Rhombophryne proportionalis sp. nov. is an undescribed candidate species (R. sp. Ca7) that is not included in this phylogeny; its taxonomy will be treated elsewhere. Taxa highlighted in red are those described herein. Inset photos show a selection of the new species described herein, and representatives of the other small-bodied genera, Stumpffia and Anilany. Inset photos are not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614085/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
; [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Scherz MD & Vences M & Rakotoarison A & Andreone F & Kohler J & Glaw F" box="[1198,1223,1279,1303]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution." pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="372 - 81" part="100" refId="ref23908" refString="15. Scherz MD, Vences M, Rakotoarison A, Andreone F, Kohler J, Glaw F, et al. Reconciling molecular phylogeny, morphological divergence and classification of Madagascan narrow-mouthed frogs (Amphibia: Microhylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2016; 100: 372 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 20 16.04. 0 19 PMID: 270856 71" title="et al. Reconciling molecular phylogeny, morphological divergence and classification of Madagascan narrow-mouthed frogs (Amphibia: Microhylidae)" type="journal article" year="2016">15</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wollenberg KC & Vieites DR & van der Meijden A & Glaw F & Cannatella DC & Vences M." box="[1235,1260,1279,1303]" journalOrPublisher="Evolution." pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1890 - 907" part="62" refId="ref24053" refString="17. Wollenberg KC, Vieites DR, van der Meijden A, Glaw F, Cannatella DC, Vences M. Patterns of endemism and species richness in Malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation. Evolution. 2008; 62 (8): 1890 - 907. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2008.00420. x PMID: 18485110" title="Patterns of endemism and species richness in Malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation" type="journal article" year="2008">17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tu N & Yang M & Liang D & Zhang P." box="[1272,1297,1279,1303]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution." pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="85 - 91" part="126" refId="ref24267" refString="20. Tu N, Yang M, Liang D, Zhang P. A large-scale phylogeny of Microhylidae inferred from a combined dataset of 121 genes and 427 taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2018; 126: 85 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 201 8.03. 0 36 PMID: 2964958 1" title="A large-scale phylogeny of Microhylidae inferred from a combined dataset of 121 genes and 427 taxa" type="journal article" year="2018">20</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]). It is separated by uncorrected p-distances of 10.4–11.2% in the analysed 3’ fragment of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1308,1413,1314,1338]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">16S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
gene from other members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[835,887,1349,1372]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[835,887,1349,1372]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Mini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[893,992,1349,1373]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and 9.7–13.3% from all members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[533,704,1383,1407]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Plethodontohyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,704,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Plethodontohyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[533,1535,1279,1892]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[565,673,1418,1442]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="scule" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[565,673,1418,1442]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Mini scule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[679,761,1418,1442]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is characterised by the unique combination of the following characters (n = 3 probable male and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[806,878,1452,1476]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="adult">3 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
unsexed specimens): (1) male SVL
|
||
<quantity box="[1254,1393,1452,1476]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" metricValueMax="1.05" metricValueMin="0.99" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="10.2" valueMax="10.5" valueMin="9.9">9.9–10.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(adult SVL up to
|
||
<quantity box="[594,691,1487,1511]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="10.8">10.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
); (2) ED/HL 0.40–0.51; (3) HW/SVL 0.31–0.38; (4)
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1237,1301,1487,1511]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">FARL</collectionCode>
|
||
/SVL 0.34–0.39; (5) TIBL/SVL 0.39–0.47; (6) HIL/SVL 1.41–1.68; (7) fingers 1, 2, and 4 strongly reduced; (8) toe 1 absent, toes 2 and 5 quite reduced; (9) maxillary and premaxillary teeth present; (10) vomerine teeth absent; (11) lateral colour border occasionally present; (12) black inguinal spots generally absent; (13) postchoanal vomer present, spatulate, medially fused to parasphenoid; (14) nasal cultriform and laterally displaced; (15) quadratojugal-maxilla contact weak; (16) zygomatic ramus of squamosal short, thick, and horizontal; (17) clavicles present, curving with simple lateral articulations, medially not bulbous; (18) prepollex small or absent; (19) carpal 2 absent or fused to post-axial carpal 3–5 element; (20) finger phalangeal formula 0-2-3-2; (21) toe phalangeal formula 1-2-3-4-3; (22) single-note, unpulsed calls, not emitted in series; (23) non-frequency modulated calls; (24) call dominant frequency 6675 ± 64 Hz (n = 51); (25) call duration 121.9 ± 8.7 ms (n = 51); (26) inter-call interval 1905.1 ± 398.3 ms (n = 50).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[755,807,209,232]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[755,807,209,232]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Mini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[812,911,208,232]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, the new species can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[1372,1463,208,232]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1372,1395,209,232]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1407,1463,209,232]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">mum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
by the presence of maxillary and premaxillary teeth (vs absence), and less distinct lateral colour border. For diagnosis against
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[922,1012,277,301]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ature" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[922,945,278,301]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[957,1012,278,301]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ature</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1018,1102,277,301]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, see the diagnosis of that species, below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
This species is particularly similar to some extremely miniaturised
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1271,1374,312,336]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1271,1374,312,336]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, but it can be distinguished from all
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[846,949,347,371]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[846,949,347,371]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the condition of the carpals, from almost all
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[533,636,381,405]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,636,381,405]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the possession of maxillary and premaxillary teeth (present only in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1382,1394,382,405]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1407,1487,381,405]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">spandei</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1498,1510,382,405]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,635,417,440]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">miovaova</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[648,660,416,439]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[672,748,416,440]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">makira</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[760,772,416,439]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[784,893,416,440]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">diutissima</emphasis>
|
||
; unpublished data), and from all
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1245,1348,416,440]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1245,1348,416,440]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
except
|
||
<emphasis box="[1427,1439,416,439]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[584,596,451,474]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[609,726,451,475]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">contumelia</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[784,796,451,474]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,902,451,475]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">obscoena</emphasis>
|
||
by the extremely reduced fingers and toes. It differs from these latter three species in lacking a strong lateral colour border (vs present), curved clavicles (vs absent in
|
||
<emphasis box="[672,684,520,543]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[696,813,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">contumelia</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[865,877,520,543]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[890,984,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">obscoena</emphasis>
|
||
and straight or absent in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1254,1266,520,543]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1278,1379,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
; unpublished data), and presence of neopalatine and divided vomer (vs absence of neopalatine and nondivided vomer in
|
||
<emphasis box="[721,733,590,613]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[745,839,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">obscoena</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[852,864,590,613]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[876,977,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1035,1047,590,613]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1059,1176,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">contumelia</emphasis>
|
||
; unpublished data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Calls differ significantly from
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[881,972,624,648]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[881,904,625,648]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[916,972,625,648]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">mum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[978,1060,624,648]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in frequency, duration, and inter-call intervals (see
|
||
<tableCitation box="[626,704,658,682]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[533,583,194,213]" captionTargetBox="[533,1512,335,774]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[533,1536,323,778]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Bioacoustic parameters of new species of miniaturised cophyline microhylids. Data on S. miery from Rakotoarison et al. [14], provided for comparison with the sympatric A. eximia. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, with range in brackets. na = not applicable. In all species except R. proportionalis calls consist of a single note according to the definition herein, and in these species call duration is therefore synonymous with note duration." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" tableUuid="DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
), but resemble those of numerous
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1072,1175,659,683]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1072,1175,659,683]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. For distinction, compare the values given in Table 5 of Rakotoarison et al. [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rakotoarison A & Scherz MD & Glaw F & Kohler J & Andreone F & Franzen M" box="[1058,1083,693,717]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="271 - 398" part="67" refId="ref23849" refString="14. Rakotoarison A, Scherz MD, Glaw F, Kohler J, Andreone F, Franzen M, et al. Describing the smaller majority: Integrative taxonomy reveals twenty-six new species of tiny microhylid frogs (genus Stumpffia) from Madagascar. Vertebrate Zoology. 2017; 67 (3): 271 - 398." title="et al. Describing the smaller majority: Integrative taxonomy reveals twenty-six new species of tiny microhylid frogs (genus Stumpffia) from Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2017">14</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. In call duration, the calls are most similar to
|
||
<emphasis box="[595,607,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[619,703,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">gimmeli</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[715,727,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[739,809,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">larinki</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[867,879,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[892,993,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
, but they are higher in dominant frequency than
|
||
<emphasis box="[1515,1527,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,617,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">gimmeli</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[670,682,763,786]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[694,764,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">larinki</emphasis>
|
||
(6675 ± 64 Hz vs 4823 ± 302 Hz in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1140,1152,763,786]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1164,1248,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">gimmeli</emphasis>
|
||
and 2914 ± 124 Hz in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1487,1499,763,786]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,603,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">larinki</emphasis>
|
||
), and lower in dominant frequency with a longer inter-call interval than
|
||
<emphasis box="[1375,1387,798,821]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1399,1500,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
(dominant frequency 6675 ± 64 Hz Hz vs 7244 ± 200 Hz; inter-call interval 1905.1 ± 398.3 ms vs 1012 ± 39 ms).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,808,901,925]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[565,668,901,925]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
description.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Specimen in a moderately good state of preservation, the left arm removed as a tissue sample. Body oblong; head wider than long, narrower than body width; snout rounded in dorsal view, squared in lateral view; nostrils directed laterally, not protuberant, equidistant between tip of snout and eye; canthus rostralis indistinct, straight; loreal region flat, vertical; tympanum indistinct, round, about 55% of eye diameter; supratympanic fold absent; tongue long and thin, attached anteriorly, not notched; maxillary teeth present; vomerine teeth absent; choanae small and round, located very far forward. Forelimbs slender; subarticular tubercles single, indistinct; outer/palmar metacarpal tubercle rounded; inner metacarpal tubercle small and indistinct; hand without webbing; first, second, and fourth fingers strongly reduced, third finger basally broadened; relative length of fingers 1
|
||
<emphasis box="[1379,1400,1214,1237]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21"><</emphasis>
|
||
4
|
||
<emphasis box="[1412,1433,1214,1237]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21"><</emphasis>
|
||
2
|
||
<emphasis box="[1445,1466,1214,1237]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21"><</emphasis>
|
||
3, fourth finger slightly more reduced than second; finger tips not expanded into discs. Hind limbs slender; TIBL 43% of SVL; lateral metatarsalia strongly connected; inner metatarsal tubercle indistinguishable from completely reduced first toe; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; no webbing between toes; first toe absent, second and fifth toes extremely reduced; relative length of toes 2
|
||
<emphasis box="[694,715,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21"><</emphasis>
|
||
5
|
||
<emphasis box="[727,748,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21"><</emphasis>
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis box="[760,781,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21"><</emphasis>
|
||
4; fifth toe distinctly shorter than third. Skin on dorsum smooth, without distinct dorsolateral folds. Ventral skin smooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
After 12 years in 70% ethanol, the dorsum is metallic silver over the whole body, excepting brown colour in the inguinal region and the posterior surface of the thigh (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1325,1378,1490,1514]" captionStart="Fig 2" captionStartId="7.[192,220,1818,1837]" captionTargetBox="[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig 2. Holotypes of the new species described in this paper and their hands. Whole specimens in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view. Hand images not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614087/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is a moderately distinct colour border between the dorsal and ventral colouration that runs the length of the flank. The side of the head is dark brown, but this becomes increasingly flecked with cream posteriorly. The ventral and lower lateral colouration is cream flecked with brown, most densely on the anterior abdomen, and most loosely at the posterior abdomen. This flecking becomes akin to ocelli on the ventral surfaces of the legs. Colour pattern in life was the same as in preservative, but dorsal colouration was bronze instead of silver (compare
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="18.[533,561,1432,1451]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig 7. Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Sainte Luce Reserve. (a, b) ZSM 5943/2005, holotype, in (a) dorsolateral and (b) ventral view. Black lines in the two pictures are scanning artefacts from damaged analogue slides. (c) Probably ZSM 5942/2005, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (d-f) ZSM 265/2018 (SHR 09112018) in (d) dorsal, (e) dorsolateral, and (f) ventral view. Note the numerous pink cf. Endotrombicula mites on the abdomen and legs. (g) Habitat in Sainte Luce Special Reserve. (h, i) Mini cf. scule from Nahampoana, ZFMK 53775 in (h) lateral and (i) ventral view. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614097/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig 7A and 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
with
|
||
<figureCitation box="[667,719,1733,1757]" captionStart="Fig 2" captionStartId="7.[192,220,1818,1837]" captionTargetBox="[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig 2. Holotypes of the new species described in this paper and their hands. Whole specimens in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view. Hand images not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614087/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Iris was rust red.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[533,1536,208,1896]" lastBlockId="21.[533,1536,208,1896]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,680,1768,1792]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
For measurements, see
|
||
<tableCitation box="[934,1012,1768,1792]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="12.[96,146,518,537]" captionText="Table 1. Morphological measurements (in mm) of new species of miniaturised cophyline microhylids. Measurement abbreviations are listed in the Materials and Methods. A = Adult, M = Male, F = Female (lowercase indicates probable subadult), p = paratype, h = holotype (holotypes are also bolded), na = not available." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. The
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1071,1172,1768,1792]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
strongly resemble the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1411,1504,1768,1792]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in morphology. Colouration among
|
||
<typeStatus box="[892,993,1802,1826]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
is highly variable.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1190,1242,1802,1826]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5942/2005 resembles the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[533,626,1837,1861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
but is steelier in colour (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[888,958,1837,1861]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="18.[533,561,1432,1451]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig 7. Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Sainte Luce Reserve. (a, b) ZSM 5943/2005, holotype, in (a) dorsolateral and (b) ventral view. Black lines in the two pictures are scanning artefacts from damaged analogue slides. (c) Probably ZSM 5942/2005, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (d-f) ZSM 265/2018 (SHR 09112018) in (d) dorsal, (e) dorsolateral, and (f) ventral view. Note the numerous pink cf. Endotrombicula mites on the abdomen and legs. (g) Habitat in Sainte Luce Special Reserve. (h, i) Mini cf. scule from Nahampoana, ZFMK 53775 in (h) lateral and (i) ventral view. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614097/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig 7C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dark markings in the inguinal region are present in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[533,585,1872,1896]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5942/2005 and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[754,806,1872,1896]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
265/2018, and both specimens have a more distinctly black flank than the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[627,720,208,232]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[734,786,208,232]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="18.[533,561,1432,1451]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig 7. Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Sainte Luce Reserve. (a, b) ZSM 5943/2005, holotype, in (a) dorsolateral and (b) ventral view. Black lines in the two pictures are scanning artefacts from damaged analogue slides. (c) Probably ZSM 5942/2005, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (d-f) ZSM 265/2018 (SHR 09112018) in (d) dorsal, (e) dorsolateral, and (f) ventral view. Note the numerous pink cf. Endotrombicula mites on the abdomen and legs. (g) Habitat in Sainte Luce Special Reserve. (h, i) Mini cf. scule from Nahampoana, ZFMK 53775 in (h) lateral and (i) ventral view. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614097/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 7</figureCitation>
|
||
C–7F).
|
||
<collectionCode box="[866,918,208,232]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
265/2018 additionally has broad burnt umber crossband on its thighs and shanks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,710,277,301]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bioacoustics.</emphasis>
|
||
Calls recorded from
|
||
<collectionCode box="[935,987,277,301]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
265/2018 by S. Hyde Roberts (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1314,1382,277,301]" captionStart="Fig 4" captionStartId="9.[533,561,1275,1294]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig 4. Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Manombo Special Reserve. (a-c) ZSM 861/2014, holotype, in (a) anterolateral view on a thumbnail, (b) dorsolateral view on a leaf, (c) ventral view. (d, e) ZSM 862/2014, paratype, in (d) ventral view, and (e) lateral view on a thumbnail. (f, g) ZMB 83194, paratype, in (f) dorsolateral view, and (g) ventral view. (h) ZMB 81993, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (i) ZMA 20172 in posterodorsolateral view. (j) Habitat of the new species in Manombo Special Reserve. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614091/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1393,1471,277,301]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[533,583,194,213]" captionTargetBox="[533,1512,335,774]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[533,1536,323,778]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Bioacoustic parameters of new species of miniaturised cophyline microhylids. Data on S. miery from Rakotoarison et al. [14], provided for comparison with the sympatric A. eximia. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, with range in brackets. na = not applicable. In all species except R. proportionalis calls consist of a single note according to the definition herein, and in these species call duration is therefore synonymous with note duration." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" tableUuid="DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
) on
|
||
<date pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2018-11-08">8 November 2018</date>
|
||
at 10h16, at an air temperature of 30.4˚C. The individual was found in forest habitat (parcel S9 at 24.7606˚S, 47.1732˚E,
|
||
<quantity box="[986,1039,346,370]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="28.0">28 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.), ca.
|
||
<quantity box="[1146,1187,346,370]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
||
from a lentic stream, with an estimated canopy height of
|
||
<quantity box="[825,878,381,405]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="11.0">11 m</quantity>
|
||
and canopy cover of ~70% after a night of heavy rain. Call details (n =
|
||
<quantity box="[658,712,416,440]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2953999999999999" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="in" value="51.0">51 in</quantity>
|
||
all cases except inter-call intervals, where n = 30): Calls consisted of a single note and were emitted at regular intervals without defined call series. Calls were not or only very slightly frequency modulated. For detailed call parameters, see
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1249,1327,485,509]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[533,583,194,213]" captionTargetBox="[533,1512,335,774]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[533,1536,323,778]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Bioacoustic parameters of new species of miniaturised cophyline microhylids. Data on S. miery from Rakotoarison et al. [14], provided for comparison with the sympatric A. eximia. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, with range in brackets. na = not applicable. In all species except R. proportionalis calls consist of a single note according to the definition herein, and in these species call duration is therefore synonymous with note duration." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" tableUuid="DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[533,1536,208,1896]" box="[565,1509,520,544]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,762,520,544]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Osteology (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[692,746,520,544]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="19.[115,143,1159,1178]" captionTargetBox="[115,1536,195,1137]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[115,1536,195,1137]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 8. Osteology of Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 5943/2005). (a, b) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral view. (c-f) Skull in (c) lateral, (d) ventral, (e) anterior, and (f) dorsal view. (g) Foot in ventral view. (h) Hand in ventral view. For abbreviations, see Fig 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614099/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Based on
|
||
<collectionCode box="[870,922,520,544]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5942/2005 (not figured) and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1233,1285,520,544]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5943/2005 (figured).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,811,554,578]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Cranium (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[681,734,554,578]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="19.[115,143,1159,1178]" captionTargetBox="[115,1536,195,1137]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[115,1536,195,1137]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 8. Osteology of Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 5943/2005). (a, b) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral view. (c-f) Skull in (c) lateral, (d) ventral, (e) anterior, and (f) dorsal view. (g) Foot in ventral view. (h) Hand in ventral view. For abbreviations, see Fig 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614099/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C–8F).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Shape and proportions. Skull narrow, longer than wide, widest at the level of the dorsal end of the squamosal and the anterior edge of the otic capsule. Braincase proportionally broad, with a short rostrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,736,658,682]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Neurocranium.</emphasis>
|
||
Ossification varies: highly ossified in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1134,1186,658,682]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5942/2005 with ossified otic capsules, less ossified in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[790,842,693,717]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5943/2005, without otic capsule ossification. Only the anterior cone of the sphenethmoid is ossified and contacts the frontoparietal dorsally but is not in contact with any other bones. Prootic in dorsal contact with lateral flange of frontoparietal, ventral contact with parasphenoid alae, not approaching contralateral ventrally. Septomaxilla miniscule, very tightly curled, with a long and thin posterior ramus. Columella (stapes) well ossified, pars media plectra (stylus) long and nearly straight, posteriorly and dorsally oriented toward the elongated pars interna plectra (baseplate). Nasal narrow and cultriform, laterally displaced, curved downward laterally, the acuminate maxillary process not closely approaching maxillary pars facialis, broadly separated from contralateral. Frontoparietal with rounded anterior edge, laterally rather straight-edged, with short lateral flange covering prootic, posteriorly strongly (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[540,594,1040,1064]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5942/2005) or weakly (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[841,895,1040,1064]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5943/2005) connected to exoccipital, anteroventrally contacting sphenethmoid, lacking any dorsal process, separated from contralateral by a narrow gap, with a clear, rhomboid facet at the level of the prootics, which may represent a pineal foramen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Parasphenoid with narrow, rather straight-edged cultriform process and slightly broader posterior-curved alae, considerably shorter than frontoparietals, in contact with exoccipitals posterodorsally, prootics dorsally along the edges of the alae, anteroventrally in contact with postchoanal vomer and not in contact with neopalatine; posteromedial process not participating in foramen magnum. Vomer divided into pre- and postchoanal portions; prechoanal portion narrow, simple, curved, with a suggestion of a lateral ramus; postchoanal portion spatulate and edentate, narrowly separated from its contralateral on the midline, in dorsal contact with the parasphenoid proximally and the neopalatine distally, lacking an anterior projection. Neopalatine simple, straight, weakly distinguishable from lateral postchoanal portion of vomer, laterally broadly separated from the maxilla, not exceeding the lateral-most point of the postchoanal vomer.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[533,1536,208,1896]" lastBlockId="22.[533,1535,208,1896]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Maxillary arcade gracile, maxilla and premaxilla bearing numerous small teeth, anterior extension of maxilla exceeding lateral extent of premaxilla but not in contact with it. Premaxilla with a narrow acuminate dorsal alary process rising laterally, pars palatina shallowly divided into a narrow palatine process and broad lateral process. Maxilla with a low triangular pars facialis and a narrow pars palatina, its posterior tip acuminate and barely contacting the quadratojugal, the lingual surface of the pars palatina in contact with the anterior ramus of the pterygoid. Pterygoid with an exceptionally short medial ramus, long anterior ramus, and broad posterior ramus, posteriorly calcified to the quadratojugal complex. Quadratojugal weakly bowed laterally, broadly connected to the ventral ramus of the squamosal, bearing a small posteroventral knob, weakly anteriorly connected to the maxilla; the articulation of the mandible is apparently fortified by the mineralisation of the posterior ramus of the pterygoid +squamosal+quadratojugal posteroventral knob. Squamosal with a slender, sigmoid ventral ramus, broadened otic ramus, and short, thick zygomatic ramus, the otic ramus oriented dorsally and posteriorly, the zygomatic ramus horizontal.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Mandible slim and edentate, largely unremarkable, with a moderately raised coronoid process on the angulosplenial. Mentomeckelians separated from the dentary, with slightly bulbous, almost hooked ventrolateral projections sometimes present (present in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1350,1402,416,440]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5942/2005, absent in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[635,687,450,474]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5943/2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[533,1535,208,1896]" box="[565,1425,485,509]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Posteromedial processes of hyoid proximally rounded with a broad medial crista.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,1068,520,544]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Postcranial skeleton (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[804,1052,520,544]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="19.[115,143,1159,1178]" captionTargetBox="[115,1536,195,1137]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[115,1536,195,1137]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 8. Osteology of Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 5943/2005). (a, b) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral view. (c-f) Skull in (c) lateral, (d) ventral, (e) anterior, and (f) dorsal view. (g) Foot in ventral view. (h) Hand in ventral view. For abbreviations, see Fig 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614099/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig 8A, 8B, 8G and 8H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Eight procoelous presacrals, with some differentiation errors in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[761,813,554,578]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5942/2005 leading to a transverse process forming on the head of the urostyle; all presacrals much broader than long, lacking neural spines, with round posterior articular processes, presacral I with a more or less complete neural arch, presacrals II–IV with thicker and longer transverse processes than V–VIII. Sacrum with expanded diapophyses, the leading and trailing edges roughly equally angled, the articulation
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1232,1277,693,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
|
||
IIB
|
||
<emphasis box="[1322,1379,694,717]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Emerson [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Emerson SB" box="[1495,1520,693,717]" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="153 - 68" part="11" refId="ref25518" refString="42. Emerson SB. The ilio-sacral articulation in frogs: form and function. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1979; 11: 153 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1979. tb 00032. x" title="The ilio-sacral articulation in frogs: form and function" type="journal article" year="1979">42</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. Urostyle bicondylar, long, not broadening posteriorly, with a somewhat flared head in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1449,1501,728,752]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5943/2005 and with a low dorsal ridge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Pectoral girdle without ossified prezonal or postzonal elements, with ossified clavicles, badly fractured in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[728,780,832,856]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5942/2005. Clavicle thin and weakly curved, with a simple lateral junction, shorter than the coracoid. Coracoid fairly narrow, not flared laterally, strongly flared medially with a curved medial articular surface with the contralateral. Scapula slender, with a thin pars acromialis, the cleithral border straight. Cleithrum ossified for two thirds the width of the scapular border, thickened anteriorly. Suprascapula unossified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Arms and legs described only from
|
||
<collectionCode box="[942,994,1005,1029]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5943/2005, as the limbs of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1281,1333,1005,1029]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5942/2005 were removed for DNA sequencing. Humerus with a well-developed crista ventralis and no medial or lateral cristae. Radioulna slender with a distinct sulcus intermedius. Carpals poorly ossified, composed of radiale, ulnare, element Y, and large post-axial element formed by carpals 3–5. Carpal 2 has either been lost or fused to the latter element. Finger phalangeal formula is reduced (0-2-3-2), and the terminal phalanges of the second and fourth fingers are small, round elements. Prepollex absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Pubis unossified in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[773,825,1248,1272]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5943/2005 and fully ossified in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1160,1212,1248,1272]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
5942/2005; iliac shafts passing ventral to and beyond sacrum, oblong in cross-section, with a weak dorsal crest and without a dorsal prominence and with a shallow oblique groove. Femur weakly sigmoid, lacking a posterior crest. Tibiofibula equal to femur in length, with a sulcus intermedius. Tibiale and fibulare fused proximally and distally. T1 and T2+3 tarsals present, T1 considerably smaller than T2+3. Centrale present, slightly smaller than T2+3. Prehallux diminutive. Phalangeal formula reduced (1-2-3-4-3). Terminal phalanges of toes 3 and 4 with knobs, those of other toes small, round elements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,1165,1525,1549]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is known only from Sainte Luce, southeast
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[773,900,1560,1584]" name="Madagascar" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[915,968,1560,1584]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="11.[96,124,1263,1282]" captionTargetBox="[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig 6. Osteology of Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 861/2014). (a-c) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) ventral view. (d-g) Skull in (d) lateral, (e) ventral, (f) anterior, and (g) dorsal view. (h) Foot in ventral view. (i) Hand in ventral view. Abbreviations for all osteological figures: angspl, angulosplenial; col.pip, pars interna plectra of columella; col.pmp, pars media plectra of columella; cpl(s), carpal(s); den, dentary; exoc, exoccipital; exoc.occ, occipital condyle of exoccipital; fpar, frontoparietal; max, maxilla; max.fp, facial process of maxilla; mmk, mentomeckelian; n, nasal; n.mp, maxillary process of nasal; npl, neopalatine; oc, otic capsule; prsph. ap, parasphenoid alary process; prsph.cp, parasphenoid cultriform process; prsph.pmp, parasphenoid posteromedial process; pmx, premaxilla; pmx.ap, premaxilla ascending process; pmx.lp, premaxilla lateral process; pmx.pp, premaxilla palatine process; povom, postchoanal portion of vomer; pro, prootic; prvom, prechoanal portion of vomer; pt.ar, pterygoid anterior ramus; pt.mr, pterygoid medial ramus; pt.vr, pterygoid ventral ramus; qj, quadratojugal; smx, septomaxilla; spheth, sphenethmoid; sq. or, squamosal otic ramus; sq.vr, squamosal ventral ramus; sq.zr, squamosal zygomatic ramus; tsl(s), tarsals; vt, vomerine teeth. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614095/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Records of ‘
|
||
<emphasis box="[1114,1323,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1114,1217,1560,1584]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stumpffia</taxonomicName>
|
||
tridactyla
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
’ from Mandena [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ramanamanjato J-B." box="[542,567,1594,1618]" editor="Ganzhorn JU" journalOrPublisher="Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="167 - 79" refId="ref25761" refString="47. Ramanamanjato J-B. Reptile and amphibian communities along the humidity gradient and fragmentation effects in the littoral forests of southeastern Madagascar. In: Ganzhorn JU, Goodman SM, Vincelette M, editors. Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of Littoral Ecosystems in Southeastern Madagascar, Tolagnaro (Fort Dauphin). SI / MAB Series. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution; 2007. p. 167 - 79." title="Reptile and amphibian communities along the humidity gradient and fragmentation effects in the littoral forests of southeastern Madagascar" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of Littoral Ecosystems in Southeastern Madagascar, Tolagnaro (Fort Dauphin). SI / MAB Series" year="2007">47</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], and Vohimena mountains and the southern Anosy mountain chain [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Madagascar Minerals S. A." box="[1319,1344,1594,1618]" journalOrPublisher="Part I: Natural environment. Appendix IV: Faunal Study: QIT" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref25837" refString="48. Lewis Environmental Consultants. Madagascar Mineral Project. Environmental impact assessment study. Part I: Natural environment. Appendix IV: Faunal Study: QIT Madagascar Minerals S. A.; 1992." title="Lewis Environmental Consultants. Madagascar Mineral Project. Environmental impact assessment study" type="book" year="1992">48</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], and of ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. aff.
|
||
<emphasis box="[641,766,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">tetradactyla</emphasis>
|
||
“Southeast”‘ from Tsitongambarika [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ramanamanjato J-B & Soanary CH" box="[1163,1188,1629,1653]" editor="Cambridge, UK" journalOrPublisher="BirdLife International" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="34 - 41" refId="ref25874" refString="49. Ramanamanjato J-B, Soanary CH. The herpetofauna of Tsitongambarika Forest. In: International B, editor. Tsitongambarika Forest, Madagascar-Biological and socio-economic surveys, with conservation recommendations. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International; 2011. p. 34 - 41." title="The herpetofauna of Tsitongambarika Forest" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="International B" year="2011">49</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] may refer to this species but require verification. A specimen from Nahampoana (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1096,1170,1664,1688]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="Museum">ZFMK</collectionCode>
|
||
53775) resembles this species, but due to the lack of genetic data, we cannot confirm its identity. Calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1276,1379,1699,1723]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1276,1379,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like frogs from Nahampoana were described in Glaw and Vences [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Glaw F & Vences M." bookContentInfo="478 p." box="[1133,1158,1733,1757]" journalOrPublisher="Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlags GbR" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref25922" refString="50. Glaw F, Vences M. A Fieldguide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. Second Edition. Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlags GbR; 1994. 478 p." title="A Fieldguide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. Second Edition" type="book" year="1994">50</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], but these were lower in dominant frequency (ca. 5 kHz), and longer in call duration (ca. 250 ms) than those recorded in Sainte Luce that are here assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[852,937,1802,1827]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scule" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[852,875,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[887,937,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">scule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[943,1026,1802,1826]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Two separate ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1184,1287,1803,1827]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1184,1287,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ calls from Nahampoana were included in Vences et al. [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vences M & Glaw F & Marquez R" box="[934,959,1837,1861]" journalOrPublisher="Madrid, Spain: Foneteca Zoologica" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref25958" refString="51. Vences M, Glaw F, Marquez R, editors. The Calls of the Frogs of Madagascar. 3 Audio CD's and booklet. Madrid, Spain: Foneteca Zoologica; 2006." title="The Calls of the Frogs of Madagascar. 3 Audio CD's and booklet" type="book" year="2006">51</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], one as Track 51, ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1164,1267,1837,1861]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1164,1267,1837,1861]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (Nahampoana)’, and a second as Cut 2 of Track 37, ‘
|
||
<emphasis box="[861,1094,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[861,964,1872,1896]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stumpffia</taxonomicName>
|
||
tetradactyla
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[533,1533,208,717]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
This species appears restricted to areas of deep leaf litter concomitant with semi-permanent water bodies such as shallow and slow-moving forest streams. Individuals call from concealed positions on adjacent stream banks during the day. Sainte Luce consists of 17 forest fragments (numbered S1–S17), covering approximately 1600 Ha of littoral forest. At present we assume that this species is microendemic to these forest fragments, and we have directly observed it in fragments S7, S8, and S9, but it appears to be absent from S1 and S2. It may also occur in other parcels of lowland forest nearby. Based on its current estimated Extent of Occurrence (= Area of Occupancy) of
|
||
<emphasis box="[722,743,451,474]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24"><</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity box="[749,815,450,474]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity box="[815,852,445,474]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[815,824,445,461]" fontSize="7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
forest that is threatened and declining in quality despite protection status, we recommend this species be listed as Critically Endangered according to the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[533,599,520,544]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
Red List Criterion CR B1ab(iii) [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" box="[951,976,520,544]" journalOrPublisher="Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref25616" refString="44. IUCN. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd Edition ed. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN; 2012." title="IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd Edition ed" type="book" year="2012">44</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. So far, no other described amphibian species are known to be restricted to Sainte Luce.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[533,1533,208,717]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,692,589,613]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
We use the specific epithet ‘scule’ as an arbitrary combination of letters, in order to form a pun on ‘miniscule’ from the name in apposition, in reference to the fact that it is among the smallest known frogs from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[964,1091,658,682]" name="Madagascar" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and in the world. It is to be regarded as an invariable noun.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |