295 lines
43 KiB
XML
295 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="79EE92951CD52EE8E0135EBD3A44254D" ID-CLB-Dataset="3575" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9b8d33b9-c9df-4f9d-abeb-de1c7b84f3e0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5681899" ID-ZooBank="AF3DF45F-B248-4BDD-904F-F55D735DC867" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1636616939909" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Karunarathne, Krishan D. & Croos, M. D. S. T. De" docDate="2021" docId="03CC87DB057FFFEAFF6CAAB1FED5FAA3" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5067.3.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5067 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pyrostremma spinosum Present" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="358" masterDocId="FFF5FFA30579FFECFFFBAB22FFE3FFF9" masterDocTitle="Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist" masterLastPageNumber="376" masterPageNumber="352" pageNumber="358" updateTime="1699468210174" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="0983B2207D0C655D19ADC40130905151">Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="86AB5C394EFC0FD1C639279AEAB01F2A">Karunarathne, Krishan D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E99CE738614BA988DFE5329B97D01B4E">Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila, 60170, Sri Lanka. & krishankarunarathne @ gmail. com; krishan. dk @ wyb. ac. lk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1780 - 9749</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="16B3DEB5A69FAE3467830550C14CE665">Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila, 60170, Sri Lanka. & dileepa _ dc @ yahoo. com; dileepad @ wyb. ac. lk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4449 - 6573</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="A730905E697EB41A67F8117727173816">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CA249C3A5DC60AA590EB4A5442E8CEF1">2021</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E057FFFEAFF6CAAB1FD73FE54" ID-CoL="6WQ4Z" authority="(Herdman, 1888)" authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Herdman" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[151,656,403,429]" class="Thaliacea" family="Pyrosomatidae" genus="Pyrostremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pyrosomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosum">
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<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFF6CAAB1FD73FE54" bold="true" box="[151,656,403,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">
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<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFF6CAAB1FE57FE54" bold="true" box="[151,436,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Pyrostremma spinosum</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFE38AAB1FD6BFE54" author="Herdman, W. A." box="[451,648,403,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 166" refId="ref21125" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1888) Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger', during the years 1873 - 1876. Part 3. Zoology, 27 (76), 1 - 166." type="journal article" year="1888">Herdman, 1888</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C37F6546057FFFEAFF6CAAFAFC23FD70" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" type="reference_group">
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E057FFFEAFF6CAAFAFDCBFE09" ID-CoL="4QVDV" authority="Herdman 1888: 29" authorityName="Herdman" authorityPageNumber="29" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,552,472,496]" class="Thaliacea" family="Pyrosomatidae" genus="Pyrosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pyrosomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosum">
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<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFF6CAAFAFE80FE16" box="[151,355,472,495]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Pyrosoma spinosum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFE92AAFAFDCBFE09" author="Herdman, W. A." box="[361,552,472,496]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 166" refId="ref21125" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1888) Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger', during the years 1873 - 1876. Part 3. Zoology, 27 (76), 1 - 166." type="journal article" year="1888">Herdman 1888: 29</bibRefCitation>
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, Pl. 2 Figs. 9–15.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC410DC057FFFEAFD26AAFAFC5CFE09" author="Smith, E. A. & Bell, F. J. & Kirkpatrick, R." box="[733,959,472,496]" page="100" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" year="1901">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFD26AAFAFC5CFE09" author="Smith, E. A. & Bell, F. J. & Kirkpatrick, R." box="[733,959,472,496]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" refId="ref23744" refString="Smith, E. A., Bell, F. J. & Kirkpatrick, R. (1901) A Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries (Mollusca, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, Tunicata, Echinoderma, and Worms). Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History), London, 130 pp." type="book" year="1901">
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Smith
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<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFCE4AAFAFCA8FE09" box="[799,843,472,496]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">et al</emphasis>
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. 1901: 100
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</bibRefCitation>
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, Fig. 20.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC410DC057FFFEAFBE6AAFAFB0EFE09" author="Neumann, G." box="[1053,1261,472,496]" page="380" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" year="1913">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFBE6AAFAFB0EFE09" author="Neumann, G." box="[1053,1261,472,496]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="291 - 422" refId="ref23040" refString="Neumann, G. (1913) Die Pyrosomen der Deutsehen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse Deustchen Tiefsee-Expedition ' Valdivia' 1898 - 1899, 12 (2), 291 - 422." type="journal article" year="1913">Neumann 1913: 380</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, Pl. 42
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<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFAC3AAFAFA74FE09" box="[1336,1431,472,496]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1898,1922]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" captionStartId-2="9.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox-0="[200,1390,631,1865]" captionTargetBox-1="[171,1418,286,1751]" captionTargetBox-2="[315,1273,598,1782]" captionTargetId-0="figure-190@3.[187,1400,615,1875]" captionTargetId-1="figure-77@7.[161,1427,273,1762]" captionTargetId-2="figure-240@9.[314,1274,597,1785]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Sampling localities of pelagic tunicates within the three regions of Sri Lankan Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) denoted by BBR (Bay of Bengal Region), LSR (Laccadive Sea Region) and IOR (Indian Ocean Region). Source of the map: Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase, Flanders Marine Institute (https://www.marineregions.org/). Remarks of each sampling station (St.) indicated by open circles are in Table 1" captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” (A–F): a live colony of Pyrostremma spinosum near to the sea surface (A & B), and an illustration of its blastozooid (C); Thalia sibogae solitary zooid in preserved form (D), ventral view of medioventral projections (E), and an illustration of its posterior part (F). a—anus; ap—atrial palp; dmp— dorsal medioventral projection; e—endostyle; es—excurrent/buccal siphon; g—ganglion; is—incurrent/atrial siphon; lp—lateral projection; n—nucleus; o—ovary; pb—pharyngeal basket; pp—posterior projection; sl—stolon; sm—stomach; t—testis; vmp—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A & B = 0.4 m. Images A & B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka" captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Re-reported salp, Pegea confoederata, to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” in preserved form (A–D): a colony of zooids (A); embryo (B); aggregate zooid (C); solitary zooid (D). E—endostyle; G—gill; N—nucleus; S—stolon. Scales: B = 5 mm; C & D = 8 mm; A = 20 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681903" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681909" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5681903/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5681909/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
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, Text-figs. 12, 13.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC410DC057FFFEAFE86AAD4FD57FDF7" author="Metcalf, M. M. & Hopkins, H. S." box="[381,692,502,526]" page="219" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" year="1919">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFE86AAD4FD57FDF7" author="Metcalf, M. M. & Hopkins, H. S." box="[381,692,502,526]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="195 - 272" refId="ref22790" refString="Metcalf, M. M. & Hopkins, H. S. (1919) Pyrosoma - A Taxonomic Study, based upon the collections of The United States Bureau of Fisheries and The United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100 (2), 195 - 272." type="journal article" year="1919">Metcalf & Hopkins 1919: 219</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, Pls. 19–21.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC410DC057FFFEAFCC2AAD4FC01FDF7" author="Sewell, R. B. S." box="[825,994,502,526]" page="60" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" year="1953">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFCC2AAD4FC01FDF7" author="Sewell, R. B. S." box="[825,994,502,526]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref23711" refString="Sewell, R. B. S. (1953) The pelagic Tunicata. Scientific Reports John Murray Expedition 1933 - 1934, 10 (1), 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="1953">Sewell 1953: 60</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, Figs. 18–20.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC410DC057FFFEAFB89AAD4FAD5FDF7" author="Tokioka, T." box="[1138,1334,502,526]" page="399" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" year="1960">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFB89AAD4FAD5FDF7" author="Tokioka, T." box="[1138,1334,502,526]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="351 - 443" refId="ref24047" refString="Tokioka, T. (1960) Studies on the distribution of appendicularians and some thaliaceans of the North Pacific, with some morphological notes. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 8 (2), 351 - 443. https: // doi. org / 10.5134 / 174644" type="journal article" year="1960">Tokioka 1960: 399</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC410DC057FFFEAFABAAAD4FECCFDD4" author="Godeaux, J." page="270" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" year="1972">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFABAAAD4FECCFDD4" author="Godeaux, J." pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="263 - 292" refId="ref20782" refString="Godeaux, J. (1972) Tuniciers pelagiques de l'ocean Indien. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 14 (1), 263 - 292." type="journal article" year="1972">Godeaux 1972: 270</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 271; 1979: 118; 1987: 201,
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<tableCitation id="C6E70376057FFFEAFDA9A937FD7CFDD4" box="[594,671,533,557]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,239,458,484]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Annotated checklist of pelagic tunicates recorded within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Sri Lanka. Explanation of abbreviations (BBR, IOR and LSR) in “distribution” column, and sampling stations (St.) are corresponding to Fig. 1 and Table 1, while the bracketed abbreviations in the same “distribution” column, i.e., NEM (northeast monsoon), FIM (first inter-monsoon), SWM (southwest monsoon), and SIM (second inter-monsoon) have been further described in the introduction part. Underlining of citations indicates works, which are not original studies from Sri Lanka." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1A66450573FFE6FF6CAAE8FCDBFDA9" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" tableUuid="DF1A66450573FFE6FF6CAAE8FCDBFDA9">Table 2</tableCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDA36CD057FFFEAFF6CA916FCFFFDB5" blockId="6.[151,1437,471,649]" box="[151,796,564,588]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7511E3057FFFEAFF6CA916FCFFFDB5" box="[151,796,564,588]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC410DC057FFFEAFF6CA916FD5AFDB5" author="Baker, A. N." box="[151,697,564,588]" page="109" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" year="1971">
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E057FFFEAFF6CA916FD5AFDB5" ID-CoL="4QVDV" authority=": Baker 1971: 109" authorityName="Baker" authorityPageNumber="109" authorityYear="1971" box="[151,697,564,588]" class="Thaliacea" family="Pyrosomatidae" genus="Pyrosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pyrosomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosum" subGenus="Pyrostremma">
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<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFF6CA916FF1EFDB2" box="[151,253,564,587]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Pyrosoma</emphasis>
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(
|
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<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFEF7A916FE70FDB2" box="[268,403,564,587]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Pyrostremma</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFE5AA916FDE2FDB2" box="[417,513,564,587]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">spinosum</emphasis>
|
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFDF5A916FD5AFDB5" author="Baker, A. N." box="[526,697,564,588]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="107 - 117" refId="ref19382" refString="Baker, A. N. (1971) Pyrosoma spinosum Herdman, a giant pelagic tunicate new to New Zealand waters. Records of the Dominion Museum, 7 (12), 107 - 117." type="journal article" year="1971">Baker 1971: 109</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, Pls. 1–4.
|
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDA36CD057FFFEAFF6CA971FC23FD70" blockId="6.[151,1437,471,649]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7511E3057FFFEAFF6CA971FC23FD70" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC410DC057FFFEAFF6CA971FD82FD93" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[151,609,594,618]" page="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" year="1974">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E057FFFEAFF6CA971FD82FD93" ID-CoL="6WQ4Z" authority=": Van Soest 1974 b: 25" authorityName=": Van Soest" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,609,594,618]" class="Thaliacea" family="Pyrosomatidae" genus="Pyrostremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pyrosomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFF6CA971FE67FD93" box="[151,388,595,618]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Pyrostremma spinosum</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFE6BA971FD82FD93" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[400,609,594,618]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="23 - 31" refId="ref24228" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1974 b) Juvenile colonies of the genus Pyrostremma Garstang, 1929 (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Bulletin Zoologisch Museum University of Amsterdam, 4 (4), 23 - 31." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Soest 1974b: 25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFD97A970FD00FD93" box="[620,739,594,618]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1898,1922]" captionTargetBox="[200,1390,631,1865]" captionTargetId="figure-190@3.[187,1400,615,1875]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Sampling localities of pelagic tunicates within the three regions of Sri Lankan Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) denoted by BBR (Bay of Bengal Region), LSR (Laccadive Sea Region) and IOR (Indian Ocean Region). Source of the map: Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase, Flanders Marine Institute (https://www.marineregions.org/). Remarks of each sampling station (St.) indicated by open circles are in Table 1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681903/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Figs. 1A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFD17A970FCEEFD93" box="[748,781,594,618]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,286,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-77@7.[161,1427,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” (A–F): a live colony of Pyrostremma spinosum near to the sea surface (A & B), and an illustration of its blastozooid (C); Thalia sibogae solitary zooid in preserved form (D), ventral view of medioventral projections (E), and an illustration of its posterior part (F). a—anus; ap—atrial palp; dmp— dorsal medioventral projection; e—endostyle; es—excurrent/buccal siphon; g—ganglion; is—incurrent/atrial siphon; lp—lateral projection; n—nucleus; o—ovary; pb—pharyngeal basket; pp—posterior projection; sl—stolon; sm—stomach; t—testis; vmp—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A & B = 0.4 m. Images A & B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFCECA970FCC0FD93" box="[791,803,594,618]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[315,1273,598,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-240@9.[314,1274,597,1785]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Re-reported salp, Pegea confoederata, to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” in preserved form (A–D): a colony of zooids (A); embryo (B); aggregate zooid (C); solitary zooid (D). E—endostyle; G—gill; N—nucleus; S—stolon. Scales: B = 5 mm; C & D = 8 mm; A = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681909" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681909/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">3</figureCitation>
|
||
–5; 1981: 607–609,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFC14A970FBD6FD93" box="[1007,1077,594,618]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,286,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-77@7.[161,1427,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” (A–F): a live colony of Pyrostremma spinosum near to the sea surface (A & B), and an illustration of its blastozooid (C); Thalia sibogae solitary zooid in preserved form (D), ventral view of medioventral projections (E), and an illustration of its posterior part (F). a—anus; ap—atrial palp; dmp— dorsal medioventral projection; e—endostyle; es—excurrent/buccal siphon; g—ganglion; is—incurrent/atrial siphon; lp—lateral projection; n—nucleus; o—ovary; pb—pharyngeal basket; pp—posterior projection; sl—stolon; sm—stomach; t—testis; vmp—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A & B = 0.4 m. Images A & B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFBBBA970FBACFD93" box="[1088,1103,594,618]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[315,1273,598,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-240@9.[314,1274,597,1785]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Re-reported salp, Pegea confoederata, to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” in preserved form (A–D): a colony of zooids (A); embryo (B); aggregate zooid (C); solitary zooid (D). E—endostyle; G—gill; N—nucleus; S—stolon. Scales: B = 5 mm; C & D = 8 mm; A = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681909" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681909/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">3</figureCitation>
|
||
; 1998: 236, Table 14.1.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC410DC057FFFEAFABAA970FECCFD70" author="Godeaux, J." page="278" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" year="1998">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFABAA970FECCFD70" author="Godeaux, J." pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="273 - 294" refId="ref20979" refString="Godeaux, J. (1998) The relationships and systematics of the Thaliacea, with keys for identification. In: Bone, Q. (Ed.), The biology of pelagic tunicates. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 273 - 294." type="book chapter" year="1998">Godeaux 1998: 278</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 17.4.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC410DC057FFFEAFE5AA953FD7CFD70" author="Gershwin, L-A. & Lewis, M. & Gowlett-Holmes, K. & Kloser, R." box="[417,671,625,649]" page="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" year="2014">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFE5AA953FD7CFD70" author="Gershwin, L-A. & Lewis, M. & Gowlett-Holmes, K. & Kloser, R." box="[417,671,625,649]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref20725" refString="Gershwin, L-A., Lewis, M., Gowlett-Holmes, K. & Kloser, R. (2014) The Pelagic Tunicates. In: Pelagic Invertebrates of South- Eastern Australia: A field reference guide. Version 1.1. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, pp. 1 - 31." type="book chapter" year="2014">
|
||
Gershwin
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFDF1A950FDD4FD70" box="[522,567,625,649]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014: 10
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFD52A953FC5FFD70" author="Purushothaman, J. & Hansda, S. & Dey, J. & Mohan, S. & Basi, A. & Venkataraman, K." box="[681,956,625,649]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref23290" refString="Purushothaman, J., Hansda, S., Dey, J., Mohan, S., Basi, A. & Venkataraman, K. (2017) An annotated checklist of Thaliaceans (Chordata: Tunicates). Marine Biodiversity, 2017, 1 - 28. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0698 - z" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Purushothaman
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFCB6A950FC99FD70" box="[845,890,625,649]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37F6546057FFFEAFF6CA995FC4EFD0C" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36CD057FFFEAFF6CA995FC4EFD0C" blockId="6.[151,1437,695,1370]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFF6CA995FE63FD28" bold="true" box="[151,384,695,721]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B0D3C90057FFFEAFE7EA995FC4AFD0C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3400752312" collectingDate="2017-03" collectingDateMax="2017-04" collectingDateMin="2017-03" collectionCode="MDAFWU" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" specimenCode="MDAFWU 2017" specimenCount="1">
|
||
A piece of ascidiozooid colony (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBC39EB6057FFFEAFD16A995FC4CFD28" box="[749,943,695,721]" collectionCode="MDAFWU" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">MDAFWU 2017</specimenCode>
|
||
/470),
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFC0DA995FBEFFD28" box="[1014,1036,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">St</emphasis>
|
||
.133,
|
||
<date id="FFDB100D057FFFEAFBB1A995FB3BFD28" box="[1098,1240,695,721]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" value="2017-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF9FE9E5057FFFEAFBB1A995FB3BFD28" box="[1098,1240,695,721]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" value="2017-03">March 2017</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
., a piece of ascidiozooid colony (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBC39EB6057FFFEAFEB6A9F9FDF3FD0C" box="[333,528,731,757]" collectionCode="MDAFWU" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">MDAFWU 2017</specimenCode>
|
||
/471),
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFDADA9F9FD8FFD0C" box="[598,620,731,757]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">St</emphasis>
|
||
.62,
|
||
<date id="FFDB100D057FFFEAFD67A9F9FCF5FD0C" box="[668,790,731,757]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" value="2017-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF9FE9E5057FFFEAFD67A9F9FCF5FD0C" box="[668,790,731,757]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" value="2017-04">April 2017</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFCDEA9F9FC42FD0C" box="[805,929,731,757]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,286,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-77@7.[161,1427,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” (A–F): a live colony of Pyrostremma spinosum near to the sea surface (A & B), and an illustration of its blastozooid (C); Thalia sibogae solitary zooid in preserved form (D), ventral view of medioventral projections (E), and an illustration of its posterior part (F). a—anus; ap—atrial palp; dmp— dorsal medioventral projection; e—endostyle; es—excurrent/buccal siphon; g—ganglion; is—incurrent/atrial siphon; lp—lateral projection; n—nucleus; o—ovary; pb—pharyngeal basket; pp—posterior projection; sl—stolon; sm—stomach; t—testis; vmp—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A & B = 0.4 m. Images A & B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Fig. 2A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37F6546057FFFEAFF3CA9DDFAE4FBEC" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36CD057FFFEAFF3CA9DDFEE6FC34" blockId="6.[151,1437,695,1370]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFF3CA9DDFEBAFCE0" bold="true" box="[199,345,767,793]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Free-swimming tubular colony with a soft, semitransparent, reddish test; size up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B28057FFFEAFB03A9DDFAD5FCE3" box="[1272,1334,767,794]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" unit="m" value="6.5">6.5 m</quantity>
|
||
long and about
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B28057FFFEAFF27A801FEFFFCC7" box="[220,284,803,830]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" unit="m" value="0.4">0.4 m</quantity>
|
||
in diameter; broadening from the narrow closed (anterior) end to the wide-open (posterior) end, which provides a single whip-like process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFDC3A865FD57FC9B" box="[568,692,839,866]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,286,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-77@7.[161,1427,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” (A–F): a live colony of Pyrostremma spinosum near to the sea surface (A & B), and an illustration of its blastozooid (C); Thalia sibogae solitary zooid in preserved form (D), ventral view of medioventral projections (E), and an illustration of its posterior part (F). a—anus; ap—atrial palp; dmp— dorsal medioventral projection; e—endostyle; es—excurrent/buccal siphon; g—ganglion; is—incurrent/atrial siphon; lp—lateral projection; n—nucleus; o—ovary; pb—pharyngeal basket; pp—posterior projection; sl—stolon; sm—stomach; t—testis; vmp—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A & B = 0.4 m. Images A & B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The sexual individuals (blastozooids / ascidiozooids) are longer than high, with angular endostyle; arranged in thousands in neat oblique rows with their incurrent siphons to the outside of the tube, and excurrent siphons to the inside. Excurrent siphons with silt-like opening and short appendix (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A48057FFFEAFF5BA891FF1BFC34" box="[160,248,947,973]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1786,1810]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,286,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-77@7.[161,1427,273,1762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Firstly reported pelagic tunicates to Sri Lanka in “Waya-jel-Survey” (A–F): a live colony of Pyrostremma spinosum near to the sea surface (A & B), and an illustration of its blastozooid (C); Thalia sibogae solitary zooid in preserved form (D), ventral view of medioventral projections (E), and an illustration of its posterior part (F). a—anus; ap—atrial palp; dmp— dorsal medioventral projection; e—endostyle; es—excurrent/buccal siphon; g—ganglion; is—incurrent/atrial siphon; lp—lateral projection; n—nucleus; o—ovary; pb—pharyngeal basket; pp—posterior projection; sl—stolon; sm—stomach; t—testis; vmp—ventral medioventral projection. Scales: E = 0.5 mm; C, D, F = 1 mm; A & B = 0.4 m. Images A & B by Franco Banfi from off Mirissa, Sri Lanka" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5681905/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36CD057FFFEAFF3CA8F5FAE4FBEC" blockId="6.[151,1437,695,1370]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFF3CA8F5FE50FC08" bold="true" box="[199,435,983,1009]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Global distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and the western Pacific (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFBB0A8F5FB1CFC08" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[1099,1279,983,1009]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="231 - 249" refId="ref24490" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1998) The cladistic biogeography of salps and pyrosomas. In: Bone, Q. (Ed.), The Biology of pelagic tunicates. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 231 - 249." type="book chapter" year="1998">Van Soest 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); the Mediterranean Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFEDBA8D9FDE2FBEC" author="Costello, M. J. & Emblow, C. & White, R. J." box="[288,513,1019,1046]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" refId="ref19968" refString="Costello, M. J., Emblow, C. & White, R. J. (Ed.) (2001) European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle: Paris, 463 pp." type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Costello
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFE7DA8DEFE54FBEC" box="[390,439,1019,1045]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F372765D057FFFEAFDEEA8DEFD48FBEC" box="[533,683,1019,1046]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFCF1A8D9FC46FBEC" author="Gordon, D. P." box="[778,933,1019,1045]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" refId="ref21028" refString="Gordon, D. P. (Ed.) (2009) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press: Christchurch, 566 pp." type="book" year="2009">Gordon 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DE886F057FFFEAFC4CA8DEFC0CFBEF" box="[951,1007,1020,1046]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Atlantic Ocean.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37F6546057FFFEAFF3CAF3DFED5FAA3" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36CD057FFFEAFF3CAF3DFC83FB14" blockId="6.[151,1437,695,1370]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFF3CAF3DFED8FBC0" bold="true" box="[199,315,1055,1081]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
In most of the cases, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E057FFFEAFDABAF02FD37FBC0" authorityName=": Van Soest" authorityYear="1974" box="[592,724,1056,1081]" class="Thaliacea" family="Pyrosomatidae" genus="Pyrostremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pyrosomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFDABAF02FD37FBC0" box="[592,724,1056,1081]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">P. spinosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies are found as fragments (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFBBCAF3DFB35FBC3" author="Sewell, R. B. S." box="[1095,1238,1055,1082]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref23711" refString="Sewell, R. B. S. (1953) The pelagic Tunicata. Scientific Reports John Murray Expedition 1933 - 1934, 10 (1), 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="1953">Sewell 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFB1BAF02FA73FBC0" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[1248,1424,1055,1082]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="603 - 631" refId="ref24440" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1981) A monograph of the order Pyrosomatida (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Journal of Plankton Research, 3 (4), 603 - 631. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / plankt / 3.4.603" type="journal article" year="1981">Van Soest 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some specimens collected from the tropical waters (Central Arabian Sea) were reported to be
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B28057FFFEAFB5AAF61FB06FBA7" box="[1185,1253,1091,1118]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" unit="cm" value="80.0">80 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B28057FFFEAFA7BAF61FF5AFB7B" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" unit="cm" value="16.0">16 cm</quantity>
|
||
in width, while the lengthiest individual was approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B28057FFFEAFC9DAF45FC71FB7B" box="[870,914,1127,1154]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFC5AAF45FB8CFB7B" author="Gauns, M. & Mochemadkar, S. & Pratihary, A. & Roy, R. & Naqvi, S. W. A." box="[929,1135,1127,1154]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref20623" refString="Gauns, M., Mochemadkar, S., Pratihary, A., Roy, R. & Naqvi, S. W. A. (2015) Biogeochemistry and ecology of Pyrosoma spinosum from the Central Arabian Sea. Zoological Studies, 54 (3), 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 40555 - 014 - 0075 - 6" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Gauns
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFC0AAF4AFBC0FB78" box="[1009,1059,1127,1153]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). But
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E057FFFEAFB49AF4AFADBFB78" authorityName=": Van Soest" authorityYear="1974" box="[1202,1336,1128,1153]" class="Thaliacea" family="Pyrosomatidae" genus="Pyrostremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pyrosomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFB49AF4AFADBFB78" box="[1202,1336,1128,1153]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">P. spinosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported from temperate waters (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F372765D057FFFEAFE64AFA9FDDBFB5F" box="[415,568,1163,1190]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
) was size over
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B28057FFFEAFD1BAFA9FCFAFB5F" box="[736,793,1163,1190]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B28057FFFEAFC7EAFA9FC27FB5F" box="[901,964,1163,1190]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" unit="m" value="1.2">1.2 m</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFBAEAFA9FB3FFB5C" author="Baker, A. N." box="[1109,1244,1163,1189]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="107 - 117" refId="ref19382" refString="Baker, A. N. (1971) Pyrosoma spinosum Herdman, a giant pelagic tunicate new to New Zealand waters. Records of the Dominion Museum, 7 (12), 107 - 117." type="journal article" year="1971">Baker 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Of the only two species in the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E057FFFEAFE7DAF92FC74FB33" authority="(Ritter & Byxbee, 1905)" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Ritter & Byxbee" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[390,919,1199,1226]" class="Thaliacea" family="Pyrosomatidae" genus="Pyrostremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pyrosomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFE7DAF92FD9FFB30" box="[390,636,1200,1225]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Pyrostremma agassizi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFD70AF8DFC6CFB33" author="Ritter, W. E. & Byxbee, E. S." box="[651,911,1199,1226]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="195 - 214" refId="ref23532" refString="Ritter, W. E. & Byxbee, E. S. (1905) Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the tropical Pacific in the Albatross. VIII. The pelagic Tunicata. Memoirs of the Museum for Comparative Zoology Harvard, 26 (5), 195 - 214." type="journal article" year="1905">Ritter & Byxbee, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms smaller colonies with length and width up to only about
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B28057FFFEAFEAEAFF1FE76FB17" box="[341,405,1235,1262]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B28057FFFEAFE30AFF1FDE1FB17" box="[459,514,1235,1262]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
|
||
respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B3C057FFFEAFD64AFF1FCB0FB14" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[671,851,1235,1261]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" pagination="603 - 631" refId="ref24440" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1981) A monograph of the order Pyrosomatida (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Journal of Plankton Research, 3 (4), 603 - 631. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / plankt / 3.4.603" type="journal article" year="1981">Van Soest 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36CD057FFFEAFF3CAFD5FC16FAEB" blockId="6.[151,1437,695,1370]" box="[199,1013,1271,1298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">
|
||
Local names:
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFE9FAFD5FDE4FAE8" box="[356,519,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Saari Gaduwa</emphasis>
|
||
(in Sinhalese);
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFD4CAFD5FC95FAE8" box="[695,886,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">Welladei Soriyan</emphasis>
|
||
(in Tamil).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA36CD057FFFEAFF3CAE39FED5FAA3" blockId="6.[151,1437,695,1370]" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">
|
||
Local importance: Ecologically important, because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D4E057FFFEAFCECAE3EFC43FACC" authorityName=": Van Soest" authorityYear="1974" box="[791,928,1308,1333]" class="Thaliacea" family="Pyrosomatidae" genus="Pyrostremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pyrosomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EADF057FFFEAFCECAE3EFC43FACC" box="[791,928,1308,1333]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="358">P. spinosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is predated by Leatherback turtles (authors’ observations).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |