653 lines
93 KiB
XML
653 lines
93 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FD03CF3D3082BCDE9FB282B2D27105FD">The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03CC8790032E390DC5BA403F7AABA9A0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5041155" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183202799" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5041155" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CC8790032E390DC5BA403F7AABA9A0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790032E390DC5BA403F7AABA9A0" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="408" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
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<subSubSection id="C37F650D032E390EC5BA403F7D60AF17" box="[151,599,1374,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDA3686032E390EC5BA403F7D60AF17" blockId="4.[151,599,1374,1401]" box="[151,599,1374,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
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<heading id="D09281EA032E390EC5BA403F7D60AF17" bold="true" box="[151,599,1374,1401]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC5BA403F7D60AF17" ID-CoL="7NG2L" authority="Rowe, 1977" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,599,1374,1401]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC5BA403F7D60AF17" bold="true" box="[151,599,1374,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
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ASTERODISCIDIDAE
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032E390EC4EA403E7D60AF17" author="Rowe, F. W. E." box="[455,599,1374,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="187 - 233" refId="ref31297" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. (1977) A new family of Asteroidea (Echinodermata), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies of Asterodiscides. Records of the Australian Museum, 31 (5), 187 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.31.1977.209" type="journal article" year="1977">Rowe, 1977</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F650D032E390EC5BA40C57D8CAFD4" box="[151,699,1443,1467]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BDA3686032E390EC5BA40C57D8CAFD4" blockId="4.[151,699,1443,1467]" box="[151,699,1443,1467]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032E390EC5BA40C57E75AFD4" author="Rowe, F. W. E." box="[151,322,1443,1467]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="187 - 233" refId="ref31297" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. (1977) A new family of Asteroidea (Echinodermata), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies of Asterodiscides. Records of the Australian Museum, 31 (5), 187 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.31.1977.209" type="journal article" year="1977">Rowe 1977: 190</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032E390EC46140C27E82AFD4" author="Rowe, F. W. E." box="[332,437,1443,1467]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="531 - 577" refId="ref31360" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. (1985) Six new species of Asterodiscides A. M. Clark (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), with a discussion of the origin and distribution of the Asterodiscididae and other ' amphi-Pacific' Echinoderms. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle A, 7 (3), 531 - 577." type="journal article" year="1985">1985: 532</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032E390EC49240C57D80AFD4" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J." box="[447,695,1443,1467]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" refId="ref31421" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia 33. CSIRO, Melbourne, 510 pp." type="book" year="1995">Rowe & Gates 1995: 42</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F650D032E390EC5BA40887C8FAC23" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BDA3686032E390EC5BA40887C8FAC23" blockId="4.[151,1437,1513,2008]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
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<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC5BA40887E25AC6C" bold="true" box="[151,274,1513,1539]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Abactinal surface with conical spines with broad bases or tubercles. Superomarginal spines strongly convex to strongly arched, demonstrating a spine-like process in some genera. Intermarginal plates in all save
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC071436F7FF8AC24" authorityName="Blake & Portell" authorityYear="2011" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Kionaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC071436F7FF8AC24" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Kionaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Intermarginal papulae present in all but
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC7B043537C3AAC23" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[669,781,1586,1612]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC7B043537C3AAC23" box="[669,781,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Goniaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC66E43537C86AC24" authorityName="Blake & Portell" authorityYear="2011" box="[835,945,1586,1611]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Kionaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC66E43537C86AC24" box="[835,945,1586,1611]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Kionaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F650D032E390CC5EA43347EA6A8EA" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="407" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BDA3686032E390EC5EA43347E94AD04" blockId="4.[151,1437,1513,2008]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
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<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC5EA43347EFFAC00" bold="true" box="[199,456,1621,1647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC5D743347EF4AC00" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[250,451,1621,1647]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC4D343347D8DAC00" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[510,698,1621,1647]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
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was established by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032E390EC6BA43377B1EAC00" author="Rowe, F. W. E." box="[919,1065,1621,1648]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="187 - 233" refId="ref31297" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. (1977) A new family of Asteroidea (Echinodermata), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies of Asterodiscides. Records of the Australian Museum, 31 (5), 187 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.31.1977.209" type="journal article" year="1977">Rowe (1977)</bibRefCitation>
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to accommodate genera showing morphological affinities intermediate between the
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC7E243187C5CACFC" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[719,875,1657,1683]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
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and the
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC6E643187B6BACFC" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1911" box="[971,1116,1657,1683]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Oreasteridae</taxonomicName>
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. The group included genera, such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC5DA43FC7EAEACD8" authorityName="A. M. Clark" authorityYear="1974" box="[247,409,1693,1719]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Asterodiscides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC5DA43FC7EAEACD8" box="[247,409,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Asterodiscides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which was originally classified within the
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC6B743FC7B10ACD8" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1911" box="[922,1063,1693,1719]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Oreasteridae</taxonomicName>
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and others such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC03943FC7AA2ACD8" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" box="[1300,1429,1693,1719]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Amphiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC03943FC7AA2ACD8" box="[1300,1429,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Amphiaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which was originally placed with the
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC71B43A07DE2ACB4" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[566,725,1729,1755]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
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. The current
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC64943A07B17ACB4" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[868,1056,1729,1755]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
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includes four genera,
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC03B43A07F8BAC90" authorityName="A. M. Clark" authorityYear="1974" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Asterodiscides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC03B43A07F8BAC90" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Asterodiscides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which includes 18 species distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific, as well as two monotypic taxa,
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC03643847FD9AD4C" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Amphiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="insignis">
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<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC03643847FD9AD4C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Amphiaster insignis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingRegion id="49A1F864032E390EC41442687EDFAD4C" box="[313,488,1801,1827]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Baja California</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3727616032E390EC70942687D4BAD4C" box="[548,636,1801,1827]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC7A642687C01AD4C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[651,822,1801,1827]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Paulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="horrida">
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<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC7A642687C01AD4C" box="[651,822,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Paulia horrida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, known primarily from the Galapagos, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC01B42687FC0AD28" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1905" class="Bivalvia" family="Kelliellidae" genus="Pauliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aenigma">
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<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC01B42687FC0AD28" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Pauliella aenigma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the Cocos Islands (
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<collectingCountry id="F3727616032E390EC721424C7DBFAD27" box="[524,648,1837,1864]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032E390EC7B0424C7C0FAD27" author="Ludwig, H." box="[669,824,1837,1864]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="1 - 292" refId="ref29613" refString="Ludwig, H. (1905) Asteroidea. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, 32, vii - xii + 1 - 292, pls." type="journal article" year="1905">Ludwig 1905</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032E390EC666424C7B7FAD28" author="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W." box="[843,1096,1837,1863]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref26678" refString="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W. (2011) Kionaster petersonae, n. gen. and sp. (Asteroidea), the first fossil occurrence of the Asterodiscididae, from the Miocene of Florida. Swiss Journal of Paleontology, 130, 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 010 - 0005 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Blake & Portell (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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later added the Miocene fossil
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC5BA42337E32AD04" authorityName="Blake & Portell" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,261,1874,1899]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Kionaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC5BA42337E32AD04" box="[151,261,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Kionaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Florida.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDA3686032E390FC5EA42177CEDAABA" blockId="4.[151,1437,1513,2008]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="406" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032E390EC5EA42177E6AADE0" author="Rowe, F. W. E." box="[199,349,1909,1936]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="187 - 233" refId="ref31297" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. (1977) A new family of Asteroidea (Echinodermata), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies of Asterodiscides. Records of the Australian Museum, 31 (5), 187 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.31.1977.209" type="journal article" year="1977">Rowe (1977)</bibRefCitation>
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summarized and discussed consideration of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC64942147BE8ADFF" authority="Ludwig, 1905" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1905" box="[868,1247,1909,1936]" class="Bivalvia" family="Kelliellidae" genus="Pauliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aenigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC64942147B03ADE0" box="[868,1076,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Pauliella aenigma</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032E390EC11242147BE8ADFF" author="Ludwig, H." box="[1087,1247,1909,1936]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="1 - 292" refId="ref29613" refString="Ludwig, H. (1905) Asteroidea. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, 32, vii - xii + 1 - 292, pls." type="journal article" year="1905">Ludwig, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a juvenile of
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC5BA42F87FDEADDC" box="[151,233,1945,1971]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC5BA42F87FD2ADDC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,229,1945,1971]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Paulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Paulia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This account follows
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032E390EC4C342F87DAAADDB" author="Hendler, G." box="[494,669,1945,1972]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="319 - 338" refId="ref28776" refString="Hendler, G. (1996) Echinoderms collected at Rocas Alijos. In: Schmieder, R. W. (Ed.), Rocas Alijos. Kluwer Pub. Netherlands, pp. 319 - 338. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 2917 - 8 _ 27" type="book chapter" year="1996">Hendler (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who documented
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D63FD0F032E390EC65942FB7CD7ADDC" box="[884,992,1945,1972]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" type="adult">two adult</specimenCount>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC1A742F87A6CADDC" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1905" box="[1162,1371,1945,1971]" class="Bivalvia" family="Kelliellidae" genus="Pauliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aenigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC1A742F87A6CADDC" box="[1162,1371,1945,1971]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Pauliella aenigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Rocas Alijos and listed them as a distinct species rather than a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032E390EC6D842DC7B77ADB8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1013,1088,1981,2007]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Paulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032E390EC6D842DC7B77ADB8" box="[1013,1088,1981,2007]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Paulia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032E390EC16242DF7BD4ADB8" author="Rowe, F. W. E." box="[1103,1251,1981,2008]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="187 - 233" refId="ref31297" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. (1977) A new family of Asteroidea (Echinodermata), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies of Asterodiscides. Records of the Australian Museum, 31 (5), 187 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.31.1977.209" type="journal article" year="1977">Rowe (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
further outlined that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC5E545F67EE5AADE" authority="Ludwig, 1905" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1905" box="[200,466,150,177]" class="Bivalvia" family="Kelliellidae" genus="Pauliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC5E545F67E18AADE" box="[200,303,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Pauliella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC41845F67EE5AADE" author="Ludwig, H." box="[309,466,150,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="1 - 292" refId="ref29613" refString="Ludwig, H. (1905) Asteroidea. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, 32, vii - xii + 1 - 292, pls." type="journal article" year="1905">Ludwig, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was a homonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC79845F67B90AADD" authority="Munier-Chalmas, 1895" authorityName="Munier-Chalmas" authorityYear="1895" box="[693,1191,150,178]" class="Bivalvia" family="Kelliellidae" genus="Pauliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC79845F67C2BAADE" box="[693,796,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Pauliella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC60F45F67B12AADE" author="Munier-Chalmas, E. C. P. A." box="[802,1061,150,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="liii - lvi" refId="ref30727" refString="Munier-Chalmas, E. C. P. A. (1895) Deuxieme note preliminaire sur la charniere des mollusques acephales. Compte Rendu Sommaire des Seances Societe Geologique de France, Serie 3, 23 (6), liii - lvi." type="journal article" year="1895">Munier-Chalmas, 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Mollusca)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and would need to be reconciled should the genus be found to be valid. This is dealt with herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032F390FC5EA45BE7FDEABC2" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC5EA45BE7E7AAA96" author="Mah, C." box="[199,333,222,249]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refId="ref29845" refString="Mah, C. (2005) Cladistic Analysis of the Goniasteridae (Asteroidea: Valvatoidea): Phylogeny, Evolution and Biodiversity. PhD Dissertation, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, 378 pp." type="book" year="2005">Mah (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in an unpublished analysis of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC7FF45BE7C59AA96" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[722,878,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC69245BE7B93AA96" box="[959,1188,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tesselatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC69245BE7B93AA96" box="[959,1188,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster tesselatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recovered on the same clade as other asterodiscidid genera.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC75544627DDFAB72" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[632,744,259,285]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC75544627DDFAB72" box="[632,744,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not considered among asterodiscidid taxa as outlined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC5BA44467E11AB2E" author="Rowe, F. W. E." box="[151,294,295,321]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="187 - 233" refId="ref31297" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. (1977) A new family of Asteroidea (Echinodermata), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies of Asterodiscides. Records of the Australian Museum, 31 (5), 187 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.31.1977.209" type="journal article" year="1977">Rowe (1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC41E44477E58AB2E" author="Rowe, F. W. E." box="[307,367,294,321]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="531 - 577" refId="ref31360" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. (1985) Six new species of Asterodiscides A. M. Clark (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), with a discussion of the origin and distribution of the Asterodiscididae and other ' amphi-Pacific' Echinoderms. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle A, 7 (3), 531 - 577." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC4A844467D6EAB2D" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[389,601,295,322]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="1 - 420" refId="ref28237" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1911) Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosida. Bulletin of the US National Museum, 76, i - xiii + 1 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.76. i" type="journal article" year="1911">Fisher (1911: 168)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC62944467CB2AB2E" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" box="[772,901,295,321]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Amphiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC62944467CB2AB2E" box="[772,901,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Amphiaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC1F944467A73AB2E" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[1236,1348,295,321]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC1F944467A73AB2E" box="[1236,1348,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC5F5442A7E5EAB0A" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1911" box="[216,361,331,357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Oreasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC45E442A7D44AB0A" author="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W." box="[371,627,331,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref26678" refString="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W. (2011) Kionaster petersonae, n. gen. and sp. (Asteroidea), the first fossil occurrence of the Asterodiscididae, from the Miocene of Florida. Swiss Journal of Paleontology, 130, 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 010 - 0005 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Blake & Portell (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
ran a subsequent analysis including the newly described Miocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC071442A7E66ABE7" authorityName="Blake & Portell" authorityYear="2011" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Kionaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="petersonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC071442A7E66ABE7" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Kionaster petersonae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A1F864032F390FC4BB440E7ED0ABE6" box="[406,487,367,393]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
and also supported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC7E5440E7C0FABE6" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[712,824,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC7E5440E7C0FABE6" box="[712,824,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a closely related sister taxon to other asterodiscidid genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032F390FC5EA44D77FCDA932" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC5EA44D77CA1ABBF" bold="true" box="[199,918,438,465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
|
||
Character discussion for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC4D044D67D58ABBE" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[509,623,439,465]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC4D044D67D58ABBE" bold="true" box="[509,623,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC7E544D77CA6ABBF" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[712,913,438,464]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC17544D67A08ABBE" box="[1112,1343,439,465]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tesselatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC17544D67A08ABBE" box="[1112,1343,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster tesselatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been historically considered a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC7B344BA7C6AAB9A" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[670,861,475,501]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, save for the aforementioned work by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC03B44BA7AABAB9A" author="Mah, C." box="[1302,1436,474,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refId="ref29845" refString="Mah, C. (2005) Cladistic Analysis of the Goniasteridae (Asteroidea: Valvatoidea): Phylogeny, Evolution and Biodiversity. PhD Dissertation, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, 378 pp." type="book" year="2005">Mah (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC5E5449E7EF9A876" author="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W." box="[200,462,511,537]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref26678" refString="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W. (2011) Kionaster petersonae, n. gen. and sp. (Asteroidea), the first fossil occurrence of the Asterodiscididae, from the Miocene of Florida. Swiss Journal of Paleontology, 130, 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 010 - 0005 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Blake & Portell (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Several distinctive characters support the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC160449E7B8AA876" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[1101,1213,511,537]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC160449E7B8AA876" box="[1101,1213,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC005449E7FDCA852" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the strongly convex marginal plates (characters 2.11, 2.13) which vary from strongly arched (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC5F547267E79A80E" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2021" box="[216,334,583,609]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Pauliastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC5F547267E79A80E" box="[216,334,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Pauliastra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to having a spine-like process (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC7D047267C5AA80E" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[765,877,583,609]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC7D047267C5AA80E" box="[765,877,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC65047267CFFA80E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[893,968,583,609]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Paulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC65047267CFFA80E" box="[893,968,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Paulia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to round tubercles (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC1DC47267AA4A80E" authorityName="A. M. Clark" authorityYear="1974" box="[1265,1427,583,609]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Asterodiscides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC1DC47267AA4A80E" box="[1265,1427,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Asterodiscides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) especially those in the superomarginal series. Thus, “spines” (character 2.11-state 1) in asterodiscidids are essentially solid, conical to spine-like processes formed of the marginal plates. Thus, the tubercles present on the body of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC5BA47D27E0EA8A2" authorityName="A. M. Clark" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,313,691,717]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Asterodiscides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC5BA47D27E0EA8A2" box="[151,313,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Asterodiscides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears be an expression of the marginal plate rather than an accessory on the plate, as it is in other goniasterids. Proper spines in other goniasterids, such as on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC66947B67CFDA89F" authorityName="J E Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[836,970,727,752]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC66947B67CFDA89F" box="[836,970,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Hippasteria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC6DC47B67B56A89E" box="[1009,1121,727,753]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Calliaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC6DC47B67B56A89E" box="[1009,1121,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Calliaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are closely-articulated with the marginal, or corresponding basal plate. These latter, “goniasterid” spines, given dissolution of the connective tissue present, disarticulate from the underlying basal plate. This is reflected in character coding summarized in Appendix I.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032F390FC5EA46067A2AA982" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
|
||
Other characters placing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC4C546067D6FA9EE" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[488,600,871,897]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC4C546067D6FA9EE" box="[488,600,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC7CC46067CAAA9EE" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[737,925,871,897]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
include the presence of intermarginal plates (character 2.9), which are figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC71A46EA7C05A9CA" author="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W." box="[567,818,907,933]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref26678" refString="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W. (2011) Kionaster petersonae, n. gen. and sp. (Asteroidea), the first fossil occurrence of the Asterodiscididae, from the Miocene of Florida. Swiss Journal of Paleontology, 130, 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 010 - 0005 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Blake & Portell (2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A03032F390FC61146EA7CBAA9C9" box="[828,909,907,934]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[207,1379,186,1873]" captionTargetId="figure-30@10.[201,1386,181,1880]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Asterodiscides small specimens. MNHN IE-2007-6499 (New Caledonia): A. Abactinal. Scale bar equals 0.5 cm. B. Actinal surface. Scale bar equals 0.5 cm. MNHN IE-2013-7014 (New Caledonia). E. Abactinal. Scale bar equals 0.1 cm. F. Actinal surface. Scale bar equals 0.1 cm. Inset shows lateral view of specimen. Total length = 4.0 mm. Pauliastra sp. USNM 1020006 (Costa Rica): C. Abactinal. D. Actinal surface. Scale bar equals 0.5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4896899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4896899/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Fig. 4b</figureCitation>
|
||
) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC69546EA7B1FA9CA" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[952,1064,907,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC69546EA7B1FA9CA" box="[952,1064,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and present in all asterodiscidids but the Miocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC47B46CE7D70A9A7" authorityName="Blake & Portell" authorityYear="2011" box="[342,583,943,968]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Kionaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="petersonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC47B46CE7D70A9A7" box="[342,583,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Kionaster petersonae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The large conical spines present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC6CF46CE7B65A9A6" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[994,1106,943,969]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC6CF46CE7B65A9A6" box="[994,1106,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC00346CE7AABA9A7" authorityName="Blake & Portell" authorityYear="2011" box="[1326,1436,943,968]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Kionaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC00346CE7AABA9A7" box="[1326,1436,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Kionaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all of the Eastern Tropical Pacific genera, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC62246B27CA7A982" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" box="[783,912,979,1005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Amphiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC62246B27CA7A982" box="[783,912,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Amphiaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC6B346B27CDEA982" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[926,1001,979,1005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Paulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC6B346B27CDEA982" box="[926,1001,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Paulia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC6DB46B27B5BA982" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2021" box="[1014,1132,979,1005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Pauliastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC6DB46B27B5BA982" box="[1014,1132,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Pauliastra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC18E46B27A21A982" box="[1187,1302,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Uokeaster</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032F390FC5EA46967BDDAE86" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC5EA46967C44AE7F" bold="true" box="[199,883,1014,1041]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC5EA46967E0EAE7E" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[199,313,1015,1041]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC5EA46967E0EAE7E" bold="true" box="[199,313,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC48D46977D50AE7F" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[416,615,1014,1040]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC7E946977C59AE7F" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[708,878,1014,1040]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A full phylogenetic analysis and overview of the historical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC424417A7E92AE5A" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[265,421,1051,1077]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is beyond the scope of this treatment. However, as argued herein, distinctive characters on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC591415E7E1BAE36" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[188,300,1087,1113]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC591415E7E1BAE36" box="[188,300,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are argued as synapomorphies for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC7C7415E7C9DAE36" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[746,938,1087,1113]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC178415E7BF2AE36" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[1109,1221,1087,1113]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC178415E7BF2AE36" box="[1109,1221,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC065415E7E3EAE12" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is accompanied by two possible phylogenetic scenarios, which have been suggested by available data. Discussions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC46941E67E83AECE" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[324,436,1159,1185]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC46941E67E83AECE" box="[324,436,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being unaffiliated with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC7C141E67C9FAECE" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[748,936,1159,1185]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or being sister clade to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC1CD41E67AABAECE" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[1248,1436,1159,1185]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not addressed here. The scenarios herein are contingencies based on what I argue are conclusions from the data presented. This is presented to facilitate future research in this area as new data becomes available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032F390FC5EA41927A15AC42" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
|
||
The first possible phylogenetic scenario is the historical and current taxonomic classification presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC5BA40767E10AF5E" author="Rowe, F. W. E." box="[151,295,1303,1329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="187 - 233" refId="ref31297" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. (1977) A new family of Asteroidea (Echinodermata), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies of Asterodiscides. Records of the Australian Museum, 31 (5), 187 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.31.1977.209" type="journal article" year="1977">Rowe (1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC41840777E59AF5E" author="Rowe, F. W. E." box="[309,366,1302,1329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="531 - 577" refId="ref31360" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. (1985) Six new species of Asterodiscides A. M. Clark (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), with a discussion of the origin and distribution of the Asterodiscididae and other ' amphi-Pacific' Echinoderms. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle A, 7 (3), 531 - 577." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and summarized in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC74840767DC0AF5E" author="Clark, A. M." box="[613,759,1303,1329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="187 - 366" refId="ref27160" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea. Part 2: Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781003072553 - 4" type="journal article" year="1993">Clark (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC61E40767CFBAF5D" author="Mah, C. L." box="[819,972,1303,1330]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refId="ref30136" refString="Mah, C. L. (2018 b) World Asteroidea Database. Asterodiscides A. M. Clark, 1974. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / asteroidea / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 205848 (accessed 25 January 2020)" type="url" year="2018">Mah (2018b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which present the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC18340767A5DAF5E" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[1198,1386,1303,1329]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC5BA405A7E04AF3A" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,307,1339,1365]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as separate, nominally monophyletic groupings with no nested relationship, and assumes that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC059405A7E03AF16" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present within the Valvatacea, but distinct from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC6BA403E7B01AF16" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[919,1078,1375,1401]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If the nominotypical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC001403E7AABAF16" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[1324,1436,1375,1401]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC001403E7AABAF16" box="[1324,1436,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is placed within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC45640E27D00AFF2" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[379,567,1411,1437]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
within this context, then the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC6AF40E27B09AFF2" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[898,1086,1411,1437]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be synonymized within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC5E940C67E55AFAE" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[196,354,1447,1473]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, leaving the historical definition of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC61940C67CE7AFAE" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[820,976,1447,1473]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in need of a new designation. Possible names for this grouping suggest the oldest of possible groupings within the historical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC15C40AA7A38AF8A" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[1137,1295,1483,1509]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC5BA408E7EC9AC66" authority="Perrier, 1884" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,510,1519,1545]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pentagonasterinae">
|
||
Pentagonasterinae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC447408E7EC9AC66" author="Perrier, E." box="[362,510,1519,1545]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="127 - 276" refId="ref31062" refString="Perrier, E. (1884) Memoire sur les etoiles de mer recueillies dans la mer des Antilles et le golfe du Mexique: durant les expeditions de dragace faites sous la direction de M. Alexandre Agassiz. Archives (Museum national d'histoire naturelle, France), Serie 2, 6, 127 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82184" type="journal article" year="1884">Perrier, 1884</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but a comprehensive account would require identification of groupings within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC5BA43727E01AC42" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,310,1555,1581]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Other subfamilies within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC7AA43727C14AC42" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[647,803,1555,1581]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
could present other appropriate designations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032F390FC5EA43567C20AD46" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
|
||
The second possible phylogenetic scenario suggests that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC65843567B06AC3E" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[885,1073,1591,1617]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a subfamily within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC07643567FC9AC1A" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This was suggested by an unpublished phylogenetic analysis of both families, based on morphological data by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC5DC431E7E40ACF6" author="Mah, C." box="[241,375,1662,1689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refId="ref29845" refString="Mah, C. (2005) Cladistic Analysis of the Goniasteridae (Asteroidea: Valvatoidea): Phylogeny, Evolution and Biodiversity. PhD Dissertation, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, 378 pp." type="book" year="2005">Mah (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and was implied by data presented in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC605431E7B1AACF6" author="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W." box="[808,1069,1663,1689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref26678" refString="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W. (2011) Kionaster petersonae, n. gen. and sp. (Asteroidea), the first fossil occurrence of the Asterodiscididae, from the Miocene of Florida. Swiss Journal of Paleontology, 130, 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 010 - 0005 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Blake & Portell (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Also consistent with this notion was preliminary molecular phylogenetic data presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC60B43C27B28ACD2" author="Arai, M. & Fujita, T." box="[806,1055,1699,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refId="ref26368" refString="Arai, M. & Fujita, T. (2018) A new family of Valvatida from the Pacific Ocean. 16 th International Echinoderm Conference, Nagoya, Japan, 28 May - 1 June 2018, poster presentation." type="proceedings paper" year="2018">Arai and Fujita (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC1A743C27A1BACD2" authorityName="A. M. Clark" authorityYear="1974" box="[1162,1324,1699,1725]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Asterodiscides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC1A743C27A1BACD2" box="[1162,1324,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Asterodiscides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as lodged within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC42043A67E9BAC8E" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[269,428,1735,1761]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC4E343A67D09AC8E" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[462,574,1735,1761]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC4E343A67D09AC8E" box="[462,574,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is placed within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC63243A67CECAC8E" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[799,987,1735,1761]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subfamily of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC1E643A67A5EAC8E" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[1227,1385,1735,1761]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this would result in the “Asterodiscidinae” becoming the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC7D0438A7CA9AD6A" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[765,926,1771,1797]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Goniasterinae">Goniasterinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
” joining several other subfamilies within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC5BA426E7E02AD46" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,309,1807,1833]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as currently summarized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC753426E7C24AD46" author="Mah, C. L." box="[638,787,1807,1833]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref30084" refString="Mah, C. L. (2018 a) New genera, species and occurrence records of Goniasteridae (Asteroidea; Echinodermata) from the Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 4539 (1), 1 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4539.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Mah (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032F390CC5EA42537E92AB2E" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="407" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC5EA42537C01AD23" bold="true" box="[199,822,1842,1869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Phylogenetic analysis: Taxonomy and Biogeography</emphasis>
|
||
. A survey of asterodiscidid genera shows the group as monophyletic as supported by the presence of intermarginal papulae and intermarginal plates with smooth, pointed to rounded superomarginal plates. The tree generated herein is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A03032F390FC6E1421A7B39ADFA" box="[972,1038,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1769,1793]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,683,1731]" captionTargetId="figure-246@6.[151,1436,669,1746]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree for Asterodiscididae. Tree shows all known genera (n = 7) including Goniaster and Uokeaster n. gen. and two outgroup taxa. Analysis outlined in Methods section. Character matrix and morphological characters listed in Appendix I. OG = Outgroup." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4896893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4896893/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and is based partially on data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC5BA42FE7E2AADD6" author="Mah, C." box="[151,285,1950,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refId="ref29845" refString="Mah, C. (2005) Cladistic Analysis of the Goniasteridae (Asteroidea: Valvatoidea): Phylogeny, Evolution and Biodiversity. PhD Dissertation, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, 378 pp." type="book" year="2005">Mah (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but differs in that an additional taxon,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC7F842FE7C7FADD6" authority="Mah, 2021" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2021" box="[725,840,1951,1977]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Uokeaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC7F842FE7C7FADD6" box="[725,840,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Uokeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC67B42FE7C92ADD6" bold="true" box="[854,933,1951,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22257EF032F390FC67B42FE7C92ADD6" box="[854,933,1951,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is included. The tree presented in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A03032F390FC00742FE7A5BADD6" box="[1322,1388,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1769,1793]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,683,1731]" captionTargetId="figure-246@6.[151,1436,669,1746]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree for Asterodiscididae. Tree shows all known genera (n = 7) including Goniaster and Uokeaster n. gen. and two outgroup taxa. Analysis outlined in Methods section. Character matrix and morphological characters listed in Appendix I. OG = Outgroup." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4896893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4896893/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC59442A27E82ADB2" author="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W." box="[185,437,1987,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref26678" refString="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W. (2011) Kionaster petersonae, n. gen. and sp. (Asteroidea), the first fossil occurrence of the Asterodiscididae, from the Miocene of Florida. Swiss Journal of Paleontology, 130, 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 010 - 0005 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Blake & Portell (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
both support
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC76142A27D8BADB2" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[588,700,1987,2013]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032F390FC76142A27D8BADB2" box="[588,700,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032F390FC6BB42A27B61ADB2" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[918,1110,1987,2013]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032F390FC17242A27A6CADB2" author="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W." box="[1119,1371,1987,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref26678" refString="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W. (2011) Kionaster petersonae, n. gen. and sp. (Asteroidea), the first fossil occurrence of the Asterodiscididae, from the Miocene of Florida. Swiss Journal of Paleontology, 130, 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 010 - 0005 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Blake & Portell (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
show
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC5BA45F67E32AADF" authorityName="Blake & Portell" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,261,151,176]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Kionaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC5BA45F67E32AADF" box="[151,261,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Kionaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister clade to a second branch containing the other included genera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC15045F67A28AADE" authorityName="A. M. Clark" authorityYear="1974" box="[1149,1311,151,177]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Asterodiscides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC15045F67A28AADE" box="[1149,1311,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Asterodiscides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, etc.) with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC5BA45DA7E30AABA" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[151,263,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC5BA45DA7E30AABA" box="[151,263,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister group.
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A03032C390CC4CB45DA7D73AABA" box="[486,580,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1769,1793]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,683,1731]" captionTargetId="figure-246@6.[151,1436,669,1746]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree for Asterodiscididae. Tree shows all known genera (n = 7) including Goniaster and Uokeaster n. gen. and two outgroup taxa. Analysis outlined in Methods section. Character matrix and morphological characters listed in Appendix I. OG = Outgroup." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4896893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4896893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
shows
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC7B545DA7C3FAABA" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[664,776,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC7B545DA7C3FAABA" box="[664,776,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister clade to a branch with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC1B845DA7A34AABB" authorityName="Blake & Portell" authorityYear="2011" box="[1173,1283,187,212]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Kionaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC1B845DA7A34AABB" box="[1173,1283,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Kionaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other “asterodiscidid” genera. In this respect both datasets agree that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC64745BE7CEFAA97" authorityName="Blake & Portell" authorityYear="2011" box="[874,984,223,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Kionaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC64745BE7CEFAA97" box="[874,984,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Kionaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC13C45BE7BB6AA96" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[1041,1153,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC13C45BE7BB6AA96" box="[1041,1153,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occupy morphologically distant locations relative to the other “asterodiscidid” genera which occur on a single clade in both
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A03032C390CC1C944627A12AB72" box="[1252,1317,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1769,1793]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,683,1731]" captionTargetId="figure-246@6.[151,1436,669,1746]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree for Asterodiscididae. Tree shows all known genera (n = 7) including Goniaster and Uokeaster n. gen. and two outgroup taxa. Analysis outlined in Methods section. Character matrix and morphological characters listed in Appendix I. OG = Outgroup." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4896893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4896893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032C390CC07644627E55AB2E" author="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W." pageId="6" pageNumber="407" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref26678" refString="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W. (2011) Kionaster petersonae, n. gen. and sp. (Asteroidea), the first fossil occurrence of the Asterodiscididae, from the Miocene of Florida. Swiss Journal of Paleontology, 130, 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 010 - 0005 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Blake & Portell’s (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
trees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032C390CC5EA442A7EA6A8EA" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032C390CC5EA442A7EF8AB0A" author="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W." box="[199,463,331,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref26678" refString="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W. (2011) Kionaster petersonae, n. gen. and sp. (Asteroidea), the first fossil occurrence of the Asterodiscididae, from the Miocene of Florida. Swiss Journal of Paleontology, 130, 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 010 - 0005 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Blake & Portell (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
propose an east to west (Atlantic to Indo-Pacific) trend of diversification within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC5BA440E7E64ABE6" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,339,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with more taxa, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC744440E7DE0ABE7" authorityName="Blake & Portell" authorityYear="2011" box="[617,727,367,392]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Kionaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC744440E7DE0ABE7" box="[617,727,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Kionaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC623440E7C49ABE6" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[782,894,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC623440E7C49ABE6" box="[782,894,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with western Atlantic affinities as the basal taxa relative to the more derived
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC4F344F27DB7ABC2" authorityName="A. M. Clark" authorityYear="1974" box="[478,640,403,429]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Asterodiscides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC4F344F27DB7ABC2" box="[478,640,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Asterodiscides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Indo-Pacific. This is in contrast to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032C390CC14E44F27BCFABC2" author="Rowe, F. W. E." box="[1123,1272,402,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" pagination="531 - 577" refId="ref31360" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. (1985) Six new species of Asterodiscides A. M. Clark (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), with a discussion of the origin and distribution of the Asterodiscididae and other ' amphi-Pacific' Echinoderms. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle A, 7 (3), 531 - 577." type="journal article" year="1985">Rowe (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032C390CC01E44F27E1EABBE" author="Lane, D. J. & Rowe, F. W. E." pageId="6" pageNumber="407" pagination="419 - 429" refId="ref29111" refString="Lane, D. J. & Rowe, F. W. E. (2009) A new species of Asterodiscides (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Asterodiscididae) from the tropical southwest Pacific, and the biogeography of the genus revisited. Zoosystema, 31 (3), 419 - 429. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2009 n 3 a 2" type="journal article" year="2009">Lane and Rowe (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who posited origination of asterodiscidids in the central Pacific with subsequent spread to the Atlantic. Phylogenetic patterns inferred from data herein (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135E2A03032C390CC79644BA7DC8AB9A" box="[699,767,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1769,1793]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,683,1731]" captionTargetId="figure-246@6.[151,1436,669,1746]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree for Asterodiscididae. Tree shows all known genera (n = 7) including Goniaster and Uokeaster n. gen. and two outgroup taxa. Analysis outlined in Methods section. Character matrix and morphological characters listed in Appendix I. OG = Outgroup." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4896893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4896893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) agree broadly with those of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032C390CC16644BA7A7AAB9A" author="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W." box="[1099,1357,475,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref26678" refString="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W. (2011) Kionaster petersonae, n. gen. and sp. (Asteroidea), the first fossil occurrence of the Asterodiscididae, from the Miocene of Florida. Swiss Journal of Paleontology, 130, 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 010 - 0005 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Blake & Portell (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in that both basal taxa,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC464449E7E8EA876" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[329,441,511,537]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC464449E7E8EA876" box="[329,441,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC4C0449E7D6CA877" authorityName="Blake & Portell" authorityYear="2011" box="[493,603,511,536]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Kionaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC4C0449E7D6CA877" box="[493,603,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Kionaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show occurrence in the western Atlantic followed by westward diversification with subsequent diversification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC77F47427DC3A852" authorityName="A. M. Clark" authorityYear="1974" box="[594,756,547,573]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Asterodiscides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC77F47427DC3A852" box="[594,756,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Asterodiscides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
throughout the Indo-Pacific region.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC1BE47427A31A852" authority="Mah, 2021" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2021" box="[1171,1286,547,573]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Uokeaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC1BE47427A31A852" box="[1171,1286,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Uokeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC02347427A69A852" bold="true" box="[1294,1374,547,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22257EF032C390CC02347427A69A852" box="[1294,1374,547,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from Easter Island approximates the biogeographic boundary between more stemward asterodiscidids and the diversification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC5C5470A7EBDA8EA" authorityName="A. M. Clark" authorityYear="1974" box="[232,394,619,645]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Asterodiscides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC5C5470A7EBDA8EA" box="[232,394,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Asterodiscides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF1A660E032C390CC5BA43887E88AD25" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4896893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4896893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4896893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" startId="6.[151,250,1769,1793]" targetBox="[160,1427,683,1731]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032C390CC5BA43887E88AD25" blockId="6.[151,1436,1769,1866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC5BA43887D8FAD6E" bold="true" box="[151,696,1769,1794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
|
||
FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC4D343887D83AD6E" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[510,692,1769,1793]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Tree shows all known genera (n = 7) including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC1B3438B7A34AD6E" authorityName="L.Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[1182,1283,1770,1793]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC1B3438B7A34AD6E" box="[1182,1283,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Goniaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032C390CC01943887AABAD6E" authority="Mah, 2021" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2021" box="[1332,1436,1769,1793]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Uokeaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC01943887AABAD6E" box="[1332,1436,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Uokeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032C390CC5BA426F7FD7AD49" bold="true" box="[151,224,1806,1830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22257EF032C390CC5BA426F7FD7AD49" box="[151,224,1806,1830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and two outgroup taxa. Analysis outlined in Methods section. Character matrix and morphological characters listed in Appendix I. OG = Outgroup.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection id="E2EA2F6D032D390DC5BA45F67AABA9A0" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" type="key">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37F650D032D390DC5BA45F67ED6AADE" box="[151,481,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032D390DC5BA45F67ED6AADE" blockId="7.[151,481,151,177]" box="[151,481,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<heading id="D09281EA032D390DC5BA45F67ED6AADE" bold="true" box="[151,481,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032D390DC5BA45F67ED6AADE" bold="true" box="[151,481,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Key to Asterodiscidid taxa</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37F650D032D390DC5BA45BD7AABA9A0" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" type="key">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032D390DC5BA45BD7AABAB7F" blockId="7.[151,1437,220,975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">(0) Actinal plates with prominent spherical tubercles or conical spines. Superomarginal plate number <9 per interradius (arm tip to arm tip)............................................................................................ (2)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032D390DC5BA44767AABAB42" blockId="7.[151,1437,220,975]" box="[151,1436,279,301]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">(0) Actinal plates lacking tubercles or any primary ornamentation. Superomarginal number 10-18 per interradius........... (1)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032D390DC5BA44557AABABD0" blockId="7.[151,1437,220,975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
|
||
(1) Conical spines present on abactinal plates. Abactinal plate surfaces which are lacking spines are flat and covered by close-set granules. Secondary plates granular, quadrate, close-set interspersed between larger abactinal plates. Disk plates flat. Spine-like projections on all superomarginals, especially in larger specimens (R>1.0 cm). Superomarginals, quadrate in outline, numbering 8 at R=1.2 to 18 at R=9.5. Actinals in two to three full chevron-like series. Tropical Atlantic.............................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032D390DC10644CB7AABABD0" ID-CoL="3GVF4" authority="(Lamarck, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1067,1436,425,447]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tessellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032D390DC10644CB7BC2ABD1" box="[1067,1269,425,447]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Goniaster tessellatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032D390DC02C44C87AA2ABD0" author="Lamarck, J. - B. de" box="[1281,1429,425,447]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="522 - 568" refId="ref29081" refString="Lamarck, J. - B. de (1816) Ordre Second. Radiaires Echinodermes. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, 2, 522 - 568." type="journal article" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032D390DC5BA44A67AABA878" blockId="7.[151,1437,220,975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
|
||
(1’) Conical spines absent from abactinal surface. Primary plates smooth, enlarged with broad, flattened tops. Disk plates weakly convex. Paired spine-like projections on interradial and basal superomarginals. Actinals few,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9D9B63032D390DC14B44857B8CAB95" box="[1126,1211,484,506]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" metricValueMax="3.048" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" unit="in" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 in</quantity>
|
||
a single series. Known only from the Miocene of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A1F864032D390DC4F347607D10A878" box="[478,551,513,535]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
.......................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032D390DC6DB47637AABA878" ID-CoL="6NKQ8" authority="Blake & Portell, 2011" authorityName="Blake & Portell" authorityYear="2011" box="[1014,1436,513,535]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Kionaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="petersonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032D390DC6DB47637BF3A878" box="[1014,1220,514,535]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Kionaster petersonae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032D390DC1E747607AABA878" author="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W." box="[1226,1436,513,535]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref26678" refString="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W. (2011) Kionaster petersonae, n. gen. and sp. (Asteroidea), the first fossil occurrence of the Asterodiscididae, from the Miocene of Florida. Swiss Journal of Paleontology, 130, 25 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 010 - 0005 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Blake & Portell, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032D390DC5BA477E7AABA85A" blockId="7.[151,1437,220,975]" box="[151,1436,543,565]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">(2) Penultimate superomarginals not enlarged, superomarginals forming gradual series to terminus....................... (4)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032D390DC5BA475D7AABA83D" blockId="7.[151,1437,220,975]" box="[151,1436,572,594]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">(2’) Enlarged penultimate superomarginals................................................................... (3)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032D390DC5BA473B7AAAA8C5" blockId="7.[151,1437,220,975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
|
||
(3) Abactinal, marginal, actinal surface intermediate plate surfaces covered by large, round, spherical tubercles with body surface covered by coarse polygonal granules. Indo-Pacific (Hawaii, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3727616032D390DC6AA47167C89A8E3" box="[903,958,631,652]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3727616032D390DC6F147167B46A8E2" box="[988,1137,631,653]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and east to the Indian Ocean)......................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032D390DC1C947F57AAAA8C5" box="[1252,1437,660,682]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Asterodiscides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032D390DC1C947F57A58A8C6" box="[1252,1391,660,681]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Asterodiscides</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032D390DC5BA47D37AAAA88B" blockId="7.[151,1437,220,975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
|
||
(3’) Abactinal, marginal, actinal surface covered by prominent, conical spines, with body surface covered by a distinct dermal tissue. Rapa Nui (Easter Island).......................................................
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032D390DC1BD47AE7A20A88B" box="[1168,1303,719,740]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032D390DC1BD47AE7BC4A88B" ID-CoL="8KPZB" authority="Mah, 2021" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2021" box="[1168,1267,719,740]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Uokeaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Uokeaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
ahi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032D390DC03047AE7AAAA88B" bold="true" box="[1309,1437,719,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">n. gen. n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032D390DC5BA478D7AABA96D" blockId="7.[151,1437,220,975]" box="[151,1436,748,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">(4) Abactinal, marginal and actinal plates with prominent conical spines. Body stellate (R/r= 2.2–2.5).................... (5)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032D390DC5BA466B7AAAA935" blockId="7.[151,1437,220,975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
|
||
(4’) Abactinal plates with short, pointed tubercles. Marginal plates strongly tumid to arched.Actinal plates with short, bullet-shaped tubercles and coarse granulation. Body pentagonal (R/r=1.4). Cocos Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3727616032D390DC69146467B1FA952" box="[956,1064,807,829]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
..........................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032D390DC68346257BCBA935" authority="(Ludwig, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[942,1276,836,858]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Pauliastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="enigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032D390DC68346257B57A935" box="[942,1120,836,858]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Pauliastra enigma</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032D390DC14146257BC2A935" author="Ludwig, H." box="[1132,1269,836,858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 292" refId="ref29613" refString="Ludwig, H. (1905) Asteroidea. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, 32, vii - xii + 1 - 292, pls." type="journal article" year="1905">Ludwig, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
n. gen, n. comb.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032D390DC5BA46007AABA9FB" blockId="7.[151,1437,220,975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
|
||
(5) Superomarginal plate surface (non-spine) covered by coarse granules. Superomarginal plates lateral facing, boundaries indistinct, covered by granules. Subambulacral spines in a two series. Galapagos and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3727616032D390DC6C5461E7B20A9FB" box="[1000,1047,895,916]" name="Peru" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
............
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032D390DC1B1461E7AABA9FB" ID-CoL="6TTBN" authority="Gray, 1840" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1180,1436,895,916]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Paulia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="horrida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032D390DC1B1461E7A1CA9FB" box="[1180,1323,895,916]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Paulia horrida</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032D390DC01F461E7AABA9FB" author="Gray, J. E." box="[1330,1436,895,916]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="275 - 290" refId="ref28496" refString="Gray, J. E. (1840) XXXII. A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias, Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, 6 (37), 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296" type="journal article" year="1840">Gray, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDA3686032D390DC5BA46FD7AABA9A0" blockId="7.[151,1437,220,975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
|
||
(5’) Superomarginal plate surface (non-spine) smooth. Superomarginal plates form dorsal-facing frame. Subambulacral spines in a single series, but two in larger individuals. Coastal Baja California to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3727616032D390DC65246DB7CE7A9A0" box="[895,976,954,975]" name="Panama" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
.............
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05032D390DC17346D87AABA9A0" ID-CoL="66F8Z" authority="Verrill, 1868" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" box="[1118,1436,953,975]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" genus="Amphiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B911EA94032D390DC17346D87A29A9A0" box="[1118,1310,953,975]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Amphiaster insignis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77032D390DC00E46D87AABA9A0" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[1315,1436,953,975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="351 - 613" refId="ref31908" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1868) Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 4 Notice of the corals and Echinoderms collected by Prof. C. F. Hartt, at the Abrolhos Reefs, Province of Bahia, Brazil, 1867. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1 (2), 351 - 613." type="journal article" year="1868">Verrill, 1868</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |