574 lines
58 KiB
XML
574 lines
58 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331155" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="1" checkinTime="1646522525642" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03ACCF40BF29FFD67E8EFE80FAA9DF36" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Canidae_0352.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Vulpes vulpes Frisch 1775" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="442" masterDocId="FF95B738BF37FFC97E1BFF90FFDBDD06" masterDocTitle="Canidae" masterLastPageNumber="446" masterPageNumber="352" pageNumber="441" updateTime="1653592492572" updateUser="tatiana">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Canidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>352</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>446</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6331155</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACCF40BF29FFD67E8EFE80FAA9DF36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACCF40BF29FFD67E8EFE80FAA9DF36" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="442" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[149,206,272,322]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[146,781,272,400]" box="[149,206,272,322]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<heading box="[149,206,272,322]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[149,206,272,322]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="30.[143,173,3404,3429]" captionTargetBox="[12,2792,14,3638]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="On following pages: 28. Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac); 29. Tibetan Fox (Vulpes ferrilata); 30. Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis); 31. Pale Fox (Vulpes pallida); 32. Riippell's Fox (Vulpes rueppellii; 33. Cape Fox (Vulpes chamal); 34. Blanford’s Fox (Vulpes cana); 35. Fennec Fox (Vulpes zerda)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331241/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">27.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[223,396,272,322]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[146,781,272,400]" box="[223,396,272,322]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<heading box="[223,396,272,322]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<vernacularName box="[223,396,272,322]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Red Fox</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[415,661,272,322]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[146,781,272,400]" box="[415,661,272,322]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<heading box="[415,661,272,322]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Frisch" authorityYear="1775" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[415,661,272,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulpes">
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,661,272,322]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Vulpes vulpes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[146,781,272,400]" box="[148,780,339,360]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<heading box="[148,780,339,360]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis box="[148,225,339,360]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[235,355,339,360]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Renard roux</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis box="[375,466,339,360]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[477,564,339,360]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Rotfuchs</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis box="[585,676,339,360]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[685,780,339,360]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Zorro rojo</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[146,781,272,400]" box="[147,614,379,400]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<heading box="[147,614,379,400]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis box="[147,394,379,400]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[404,501,379,400]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Silver Fox</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName box="[515,614,379,400]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[515,571,379,400]" country="Nigeria" name="Cross River" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Cross</collectingRegion>
|
||
Fox
|
||
</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[763,1346,454,479]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[762,1348,454,872]" box="[763,1346,454,479]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis box="[763,917,454,479]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[939,1341,454,479]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulpes">Canis vulpes Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[764,877,489,518]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[762,1348,454,872]" box="[764,877,489,518]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<materialsCitation box="[764,877,489,518]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[764,873,489,518]" name="Sweden" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[762,1348,454,872]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
The North American Red Fox,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1820" box="[1238,1341,533,558]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" variety="fulva">V. fulva</taxonomicName>
|
||
, previously considered a separate species, is now considered conspecific with the Palaearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[928,1038,647,676]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" variety="vulpes">V. vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Forty-four subspecies were described on the basis of regional variation, but these have doubtful ecological significance as evidenced by successful introductions and re-introductions around the world.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331215" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331215" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331215/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" targetBox="[147,732,456,865]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[147,546,881,910]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis box="[147,546,881,910]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[151,894,921,950]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,512,921,950]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="vulpes" variety="vulpes">V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
|
||
— N Europe (Scandinavia).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[151,1173,961,990]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,551,961,990]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="abietorum" variety="abietorum">V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900</taxonomicName>
|
||
— SW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[641,746,961,990]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[768,873,961,990]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[914,1160,961,990]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[150,926,995,1028]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Sonnini, 1816" authorityName="Sonnini" authorityYear="1816" box="[150,558,995,1028]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="aegyptiacus" variety="aegyptiacus">V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[593,673,995,1028]" name="Egypt" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[689,766,995,1028]" name="Israel" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Lybia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[151,1295,1043,1068]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,549,1043,1068]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="alascensis" variety="alascensis">V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Alaska and NW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[807,913,1043,1068]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(NW Territories &
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1184,1281,1043,1068]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[150,740,1074,1107]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=": Satunin, 1906" authorityName="Satunin" authorityYear="1906" box="[150,541,1074,1107]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="alpheraky" variety="alpheraky">V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[576,736,1074,1107]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[150,669,1114,1147]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1920" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[150,535,1114,1147]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="anatolica" variety="anatolica">V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[569,665,1114,1147]" name="Turkey" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[150,808,1161,1186]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1902" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[150,510,1161,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="arabica" variety="arabica">V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Arabian peninsula.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[150,948,1196,1225]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Wagner, 1841" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1841" box="[150,519,1196,1225]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="atlantica" variety="atlantica">V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[555,657,1196,1225]" name="Algeria" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(forested Atlas Mts).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[150,876,1236,1265]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[150,507,1236,1265]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="bangsi" variety="bangsi">V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900</taxonomicName>
|
||
— NE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[596,702,1236,1265]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Labrador).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[150,888,1279,1304]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Shaw, 1800" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1800" box="[150,470,1279,1304]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="barbara" variety="barbara">V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800</taxonomicName>
|
||
— NW Africa (Barbary
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[793,875,1279,1304]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Coast</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[150,1150,1310,1343]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Middendorff, 1875" authorityName="Middendorff" authorityYear="1875" box="[150,621,1310,1343]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="beringiana" variety="beringiana">V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875</taxonomicName>
|
||
— NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[150,1327,1354,1383]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[150,548,1354,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="cascadensis" variety="cascadensis">V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900</taxonomicName>
|
||
— NW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[641,703,1354,1383]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Cascade Mountains,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1002,1106,1354,1383]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1146,1314,1354,1383]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[150,868,1393,1422]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dinnik, 1914" authorityName="Dinnik" authorityYear="1914" box="[150,522,1393,1422]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="caucasica" variety="caucasica">V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914</taxonomicName>
|
||
— SW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[610,697,1393,1422]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Caucasus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[150,1015,1428,1461]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Bechstein, 1789" authorityName="Bechstein" authorityYear="1789" box="[150,553,1428,1461]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="crucigera" variety="crucigera">V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Europe through N & C
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[922,1011,1428,1461]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[150,1103,1476,1501]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ognev, 1931" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1931" box="[150,487,1476,1501]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="daurica" variety="daurica">V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931</taxonomicName>
|
||
— E
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[553,640,1476,1501]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[662,743,1476,1501]" country="Russia" name="Amur" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Amur</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Siberia & Transbaikalia).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,923,1507,1540]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Bangs, 1898" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1898" box="[149,476,1507,1540]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="deletrix" variety="deletrix">V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898</taxonomicName>
|
||
— NE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[564,669,1507,1540]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Newfoundland).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,895,1550,1579]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ognev, 1926" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1926" box="[149,563,1550,1579]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="dolichocrania" variety="dolichocrania">V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926</taxonomicName>
|
||
— SE Siberia (S Ussuri).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,621,1589,1618]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1843" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[149,489,1589,1618]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="flavescens" variety="flavescens">V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843</taxonomicName>
|
||
— N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[557,617,1589,1618]" name="Iran" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,647,1625,1658]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Desmarest, 1820" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1820" box="[149,515,1625,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="fulva" variety="fulva">V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820</taxonomicName>
|
||
— E
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[578,643,1625,1658]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,907,1664,1697]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=": Blyth, 1854" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1854" box="[149,478,1664,1697]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="griffith" variety="griffith">V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[511,679,1664,1697]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[785,903,1664,1697]" name="Pakistan" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,841,1708,1737]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[149,555,1708,1737]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="harrimani" variety="harrimani">V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[588,679,1708,1737]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Kodiak I).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,918,1747,1776]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Swinhoe, 1870" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1870" box="[149,483,1747,1776]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="hoole" variety="hoole">V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870</taxonomicName>
|
||
— S
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[544,628,1747,1776]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[649,737,1747,1776]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Fujian</collectingRegion>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[785,904,1747,1776]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,899,1790,1815]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="G. S. Miller, 1907" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1907" box="[149,568,1790,1815]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="ichnusae" variety="ichnusae">V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[603,705,1790,1815]" name="France" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Corsica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Sardinia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,681,1825,1854]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="G. S. Miller, 1907" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1907" box="[149,543,1825,1854]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="induta" variety="induta">V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[578,677,1825,1854]" name="Cyprus" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,887,1865,1894]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ognev, 1923" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1923" box="[149,517,1865,1894]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="jakutensis" variety="jakutensis">V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923</taxonomicName>
|
||
— E Siberia (S of Yakutsk).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,592,1900,1933]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1868" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[149,472,1900,1933]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="japonica" variety="japonica">V. v. japonica Gray, 1868</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[501,588,1900,1933]" name="Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,1105,1940,1973]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Erxleben, 1777" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[149,536,1940,1973]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="karagan" variety="karagan">V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[571,706,1940,1973]" name="Mongolia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[723,883,1940,1973]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Kirgizstan.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,946,1983,2012]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[149,552,1983,2012]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="kenaiensis" variety="kenaiensis">V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[585,676,1983,2012]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Kenai Peninsula).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,950,2022,2051]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Satunin, 1906" authorityName="Satunin" authorityYear="1906" box="[149,569,2022,2051]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="kurdistanica" variety="kurdistanica">V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[602,725,2022,2051]" name="Armenia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Armenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and NE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[850,946,2022,2051]" name="Turkey" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[149,866,2061,2090]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Baird, 1852" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1852" box="[149,498,2061,2090]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="macroura" variety="macroura">V. v. macroura Baird, 1852</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[533,596,2061,2090]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Mountain States).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[148,1222,2097,2130]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Pearson, 1836" authorityName="Pearson" authorityYear="1836" box="[148,528,2097,2130]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="montana" variety="montana">V. v. montana Pearson, 1836</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Himalayas form
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[794,878,2097,2130]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[900,1010,2097,2130]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
) to C
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1100,1218,2097,2130]" name="Pakistan" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[148,995,2145,2170]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[148,514,2145,2170]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="mecator" variety="mecator">V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900</taxonomicName>
|
||
— SW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[604,667,2145,2170]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[688,829,2145,2170]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[871,981,2145,2170]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[148,1293,2184,2209]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ognev, 1926" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1926" box="[148,547,2184,2209]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="ochroxantha" variety="ochroxantha">V. v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926</taxonomicName>
|
||
— E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[148,878,2215,2248]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1920" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[148,545,2215,2248]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="palaestina" variety="palaestina">V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[586,672,2215,2248]" name="Jordan" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[746,874,2215,2248]" name="Lebanon" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[148,643,2263,2288]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kishida, 1924" authorityName="Kishida" authorityYear="1924" box="[148,520,2263,2288]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vulpes" subSpecies="peculiosa">V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[554,639,2263,2288]" name="South Korea" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[148,738,2294,2327]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Blyth, 1854" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1854" box="[148,460,2294,2327]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="pusilla" variety="pusilla">V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854</taxonomicName>
|
||
— NW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[557,630,2294,2327]" name="India" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[676,734,2294,2327]" name="Iraq" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Irak</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[148,1033,2333,2366]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[148,503,2333,2366]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="regalis" variety="regalis">V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900</taxonomicName>
|
||
— N Great Plains of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[787,893,2333,2366]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[965,1030,2333,2366]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[148,674,2381,2406]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Bangs, 1898" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1898" box="[148,500,2381,2406]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="rubricosa" variety="rubricosa">V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898</taxonomicName>
|
||
— E
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[563,670,2381,2406]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[148,1217,2416,2445]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kishida, 1924" authorityName="Kishida" authorityYear="1924" box="[148,518,2416,2445]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="schrencki" variety="schrencki">V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924</taxonomicName>
|
||
— N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[580,664,2416,2445]" name="Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[686,828,2416,2445]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
|
||
) and NE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[967,1054,2416,2445]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1076,1204,2416,2445]" country="Russia" name="Sakhalin" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Sakhalin</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[148,828,2455,2484]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="G. S. Miller, 1907" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1907" box="[148,539,2455,2484]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="silacea" variety="silacea">V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Iberian Peninsula.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[148,997,2494,2523]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kishida, 1924" authorityName="Kishida" authorityYear="1924" box="[148,589,2494,2523]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="splendidissima" variety="splendidissima">V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924</taxonomicName>
|
||
— E
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[652,739,2494,2523]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(N & C Kurile Is).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[148,821,2530,2563]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Brauner, 1914" authorityName="Brauner" authorityYear="1914" box="[148,521,2530,2563]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="stepensis" variety="stepensis">V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914</taxonomicName>
|
||
— steppes of S
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[728,817,2530,2563]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[147,970,2573,2602]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ognev, 1926" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1926" box="[147,485,2573,2602]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="tobolica" variety="tobolica">V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[519,606,2573,2602]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(lower basin of Ob River)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" box="[148,737,2612,2641]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Matschie, 1907" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1907" box="[148,559,2612,2641]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" subSpecies="tschiliensis" variety="tschiliensis">V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907</taxonomicName>
|
||
— NE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[647,733,2612,2641]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
Foxes of European origin were introduced into E
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[838,901,2652,2681]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[971,1076,2652,2681]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1020,1144,2687,2720]" name="Australia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1800s, and the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[198,424,2730,2759]" name="Falkland Islands" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Falkland Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[446,576,2730,2759]" name="Falkland Islands" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Malvinas</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[143,1344,881,3349]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis box="[143,388,2774,2799]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity box="[560,691,2774,2799]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.45" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.9" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" unit="cm" value="74.5" valueMax="90.0" valueMin="59.0">59-90 cm</quantity>
|
||
for males and
|
||
<quantity box="[899,1030,2774,2799]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.65" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" unit="cm" value="56.5" valueMax="68.0" valueMin="45.0">45-68 cm</quantity>
|
||
for females, tail
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" unit="cm" value="40.0" valueMax="44.0" valueMin="36.0">36-44 cm</quantity>
|
||
for males and
|
||
<quantity box="[404,538,2805,2838]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.85" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" unit="cm" value="38.5" valueMax="49.0" valueMin="28.0">28-49 cm</quantity>
|
||
for females; weight
|
||
<quantity box="[828,938,2805,2838]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" unit="kg" value="9.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="4.0">4-14 kg</quantity>
|
||
for males and
|
||
<quantity box="[1156,1249,2805,2838]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" unit="kg" value="5.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="3.0">3-7 kg</quantity>
|
||
for females. The largest fox in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Frisch" authorityYear="1775" box="[664,742,2844,2877]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with an enormous geographical variation in size. Males generally larger than females. The species is substantially smaller in the Middle East deserts than in Europe. Smaller also in North America. Muzzle slender and pointed, white on upper lip. Ears large, pointed, erect and black-backed. Pelage is reddish-brown but may vary from brown to russet red to yellowish-gray. Three main color morphs: red,silver, and cross (grayish-brown with long black guard hairs down back and across shoulders). Throat and/or chest may have white markings. Legs long and slender. Lower legs black. Tail long, thick, and bushy, sometimes with white tip. Red Foxes in North America are comparatively light weight, rather long for their mass, and with considerable sexual dimorphism. British foxes are heavier but relatively short. European foxes are closer to the general average among populations. Body mass and length are positively related to latitude (i.e. Bergmann’s Rule), but this is a smaller effect than that related to geographical origin. Dental formula 13/3, C 1/1, PM 3/4, M 3/3 = 42.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1414,2622,298,3361]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1420,1530,299,324]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Red Foxes recorded in habitats as diverse as tundra, desert, grassland, and forest, as well as in cities. Natural habitat is dry, mixed landscape, with mosaics of scrub, woodland and farmland. They are also abundant on moorlands, mountains, deserts, sand dunes and farmland from sea level to
|
||
<quantity box="[2022,2125,408,441]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" unit="m" value="4500.0">4500 m</quantity>
|
||
. Red Foxes flourish in urban areas, where they are most common in low-density residential suburbs and less common in areas dominated by industry or commerce. In many habitats, foxes appear to be closely associated with humans, even thriving in intensive agricultural areas. Also in large cities, including
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1615,1840,566,599]" country="United States of America" name="District of Columbia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Washington DC</collectingRegion>
|
||
, London, Paris, and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2133,2286,566,599]" country="Sweden" name="Stockholm" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Stockholm</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1414,2622,298,3361]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1419,1682,605,638]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Adaptable and opportunistic omnivores, with a diet ranging from invertebrates (e.g. earthworms and beetles) to mammals, birds, fruit, and carrion. As predators, foxes typically kill birds and mammals up to about
|
||
<quantity box="[2285,2371,683,716]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" unit="kg" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3-5 kg</quantity>
|
||
. They cache food that is in excess of their requirements and have a highly developed memory for locations of hoards. They scavenge in rural areas (e.g. on deer and sheep carcasses in Europe and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1597,1704,801,834]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which may be the major food source in upland areas in winter), and in urban areas (on bird-feeding tables, compost heaps, and refuse). They are independent and thus generally solitary foragers, although individuals may forage in close proximity where resources are clumped.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1414,2622,298,3361]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1417,1653,959,992]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Foraging is mainly nocturnal and crepuscular, although more diurnal where undisturbed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1414,2622,298,3361]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1418,2127,1042,1071]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The basic social unit is a pair, but groups with up to six members (usually
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1992,2128,1077,1110]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="adult">one adult</specimenCount>
|
||
male and 2-5 probably related females) may share a territory, depending on habitat. Range size is habitat-dependent and can vary from less than
|
||
<quantity box="[1816,1910,1160,1189]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" unit="km" value="2.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="0.0">0-4 km</quantity>
|
||
? to over
|
||
<quantity box="[2040,2119,1160,1189]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
|
||
®. There are reports of overlapping home ranges in some urban and rural environments, and of drifting territories in other urban settings. Mating behavior is highly variable, either monogamous pairs, a single male with two breeding females that may or may not share a communal den, or a single breeding female with several non-breeding female helpers. There is always only one breeding male in the group, although additional matings do occur outside the group. Territorial males make frequent excursions beyond their territories during the mating season, during which itinerant males also make incursions into territories. There is socially-mediated suppression of reproduction amongst females, with lowest productivity tending to occur where fox density is high or food supply poor. Where food is not limited, social status itself can suppress reproduction, with only the dominant female breeding. Behavioral mechanisms by which this occurs include harassment of subordinates, infanticide and cannibalism of subordinate vixens’ pups. A hormonal mechanism whereby stress leads to lowered productivity through fetal reabsorption has also been identified. In populations where productivity is low, reproductive performance is suppressed consistently at all stages of pregnancy from conception to birth. Juveniles may disperse between six and twelve months of age, mostly between October and January. All or most males disperse, but the proportion of each sex dispersing varies among habitats and may depend on extent of mortality (e.g. due to rabies or control). Males typically disperse farther than females. Dispersal distances generally range from less than
|
||
<quantity box="[1845,1911,1946,1975]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
to more than
|
||
<quantity box="[2111,2197,1946,1975]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
|
||
, but distances of up to
|
||
<quantity box="[2517,2617,1946,1975]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.94" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" unit="km" value="394.0">394 km</quantity>
|
||
have been recorded in the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1804,1869,1990,2015]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Red Foxes communicate with facial expressions, vocalizations, and scent marking. Scent marking involves urine and feces, anal sac secretions, the violet or supracaudal gland (more active in males during breeding season), and glands around thelips, in the angle of the jaw, and between pads of the feet. Some 28 different categories of vocalization have been described, used to communicate over long distances and at close quarters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1414,2622,298,3361]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1416,1550,2222,2251]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Males are seasonally fecund. Mating occurs between December and February (June to October in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1753,1884,2257,2290]" name="Australia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
); the onset of breeding is correlated with day length and so starts earlier at more southerly latitudes. Following a gestation period of 49-55 days, births occur from March to May. Lactation lasts for four weeks, and the pups are fully weaned at 6-8 weeks. Sexual maturity is reached at 9-10 months. The proportion of breeding females in the group, andlitter size (3-12 young perlitter), varies with food availability. Fox populations that are dense relative to food resources are generally less productive than those that are less dense. A single litter per year is the norm. In high-density populations where interactions with the dominant female are high, subordinate females do not usually breed. The male provides food to the lactating female, who is generally confined to the den prior to weaning. Food is provided for the pups by both parents. Non-breeding females may also feed, groom, and tend pups and have been known to adopt orphaned pups. If
|
||
<specimenCount box="[2134,2298,2689,2722]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
|
||
breed within a group, they may share a den and litters may be communally suckled.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="442" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1414,2622,298,3361]" lastBlockId="31.[194,1396,291,565]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="442" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1416,1768,2768,2801]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES notlisted. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Widely regarded as a pest and unprotected.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2161,2315,2811,2840]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" variety="necator">V. v. necator</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Sierra
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2504,2609,2811,2840]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1416,1555,2846,2879]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1578,1644,2846,2879]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
) is rare, possibly declining. The subspecies griffithi, montana, and pusilla (= leucopus) are listed as CITES Appendix III (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2111,2190,2886,2919]" name="India" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Most countries and/or states where trapping or hunting occurs have regulated closed versus open seasons and restrictions on methods of capture. In the EU,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2081,2188,2973,2998]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2334,2609,2973,2998]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Russian Federation</collectingCountry>
|
||
, trapping methods are regulated. Red Fox density is highly variable, ranging within the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1469,1516,3047,3076]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
from 0-025 individuals/km? in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1957,2078,3047,3076]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
to 30/km? in some urban areas where food is superabundant. Density in mountainous rural areas of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2313,2474,3082,3115]" name="Switzerland" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
is 3/km?. In northern boreal forests and Arctic tundra, the foxes occur at densities of 0-1/km?, and in southern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1653,1765,3169,3194]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1782,1888,3169,3194]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
at 1/km? Threats include habitat degradation and fragmentation, exploitation and persecution, and government policies. Other threats come from local, national, or international socio-economic and political factors, such as increasing human population and thus increasing development. The Red fox’s versatility and eclectic diet are likely to ensure its persistence despite changes in landscape and prey base. There are currently bounties in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[859,974,291,324]" name="Pakistan" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
to protect game birds such as houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331241" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331241/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" startId="30.[143,173,3404,3429]" targetBox="[12,2792,14,3638]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[142,2532,3404,3471]" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">
|
||
On following pages: 28.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Fox" authorityName="Fox" box="[412,533,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corsac">Corsac Fox</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[549,700,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corsac">Vulpes corsac</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 29. Tibetan Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1842" box="[903,1066,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrilata">Vulpes ferrilata</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 30. Indian Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1800" box="[1256,1465,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bengalensis">Vulpes bengalensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 31. Pale Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Frisch" authorityYear="1775" baseAuthorityName="Cretzschmar" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[1637,1785,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallida">Vulpes pallida</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 32. Riippell's Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Frisch" authorityYear="1775" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[2009,2195,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rueppellii">Vulpes rueppellii</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 33.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2250,2304,3404,3429]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="30" pageNumber="441">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Frisch" authorityYear="1775" box="[2368,2440,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
chamal); 34. Blanford’s Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1877" box="[355,485,3441,3466]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cana">Vulpes cana</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 35. Fennec Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[690,830,3441,3466]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zerda">Vulpes zerda</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[194,1396,291,565]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
|
||
<emphasis box="[195,346,377,402]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ables (1975), Baker & Harris (2004), Cavallini (1995),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[950,1059,377,402]" country="United Kingdom" name="Doncaster" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Doncaster</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Macdonald (1991), Englund (1970), Harris (1977, 1989), Harris & Rayner (1986), Harris & Smith (1987), Hatting (1956), Heydon & Reynolds (2000), Johnson & Hersteinsson (1993), Lariviere & Pasitschniak-Arts (1996), Macdonald (1976, 1977a, 1977b, 1979b, 1980a, 1980b, 1987), Macdonald & Bacon (1982), Macdonald & Newdick (1982), Macdonald & Reynolds (2004), Macdonald et al. (1999), McIntosh (1963), Meia (1994), Meia & Weber (1996), Voigt & Macdonald (1984).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |