243 lines
22 KiB
XML
243 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331155" approvalRequired="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="4" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="26" approvalRequired_for_treatments="42" checkinTime="1646522525642" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03ACCF40BF23FFDD7E94FACCF89DDA8D" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Canidae_0352.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pseudalopex gymnocercus Burmeister 1856" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="431" masterDocId="FF95B738BF37FFC97E1BFF90FFDBDD06" masterDocTitle="Canidae" masterLastPageNumber="446" masterPageNumber="352" pageNumber="431" updateTime="1653508776756" updateUser="tatiana">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Canidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>352</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>446</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6331155</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335041" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6335041" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACCF40BF23FFDD7E94FACCF89DDA8D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACCF40BF23FFDD7E94FACCF89DDA8D" lastPageNumber="431" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[143,197,1372,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[138,951,1372,1497]" box="[143,197,1372,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<heading box="[143,197,1372,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[143,197,1372,1418]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="18.[139,169,3404,3425]" captionTargetBox="[14,2795,12,3635]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="On following pages: 16. South American Gray Fox (Pseudalopex griseus); 17. Pampas Fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus); 18. Sechuran Fox (Pseudalopex sechurae); 19. Hoary Fox (Pseudalopex vetulus); 20. Northern Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus); 21. Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331237/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">17.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[215,465,1372,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[138,951,1372,1497]" box="[215,465,1372,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<heading box="[215,465,1372,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<vernacularName box="[215,465,1372,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Pampas Fox</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[479,950,1372,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[138,951,1372,1497]" box="[479,950,1372,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<heading box="[479,950,1372,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1856" baseAuthorityName="G. Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" box="[479,950,1372,1418]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Pseudalopex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gymnocercus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[479,950,1372,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Pseudalopex gymnocercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[138,951,1372,1497]" box="[140,940,1435,1456]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<heading box="[140,940,1435,1456]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,217,1435,1456]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[227,375,1435,1456]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Renard d'Azara</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis box="[397,488,1435,1456]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[499,632,1435,1456]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Pampasfuchs</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis box="[653,744,1435,1456]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[753,940,1435,1456]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
Zorro de
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[845,940,1435,1456]" country="Argentina" name="La Pampa" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">La Pampa</collectingRegion>
|
||
</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[138,951,1372,1497]" box="[140,507,1475,1496]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<heading box="[140,507,1475,1496]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,386,1475,1496]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[395,507,1475,1496]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Azara's Fox</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[754,1340,1547,1969]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis box="[754,909,1547,1576]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Procyon gymnocercus Fischer, 1814,
|
||
<materialsCitation box="[839,969,1586,1615]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[839,965,1586,1615]" name="Paraguay" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[754,1340,1547,1969]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Three subspecies have been proposed. Their geographic limits are not precise and it has been suggested that along their borders they could coexist and interbreed.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331195" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331195" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331195/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" targetBox="[139,726,1554,1964]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[754,1340,1547,1969]" box="[754,1153,1822,1851]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis box="[754,1153,1822,1851]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[754,1340,1547,1969]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Fischer, 1814" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1814" box="[754,1175,1862,1891]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Pseudalopex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gymnocercus" subSpecies="gymnocercus">P. g. gymnocercus Fischer, 1814</taxonomicName>
|
||
— subtropical grasslands of NE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1045,1188,1896,1929]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, SE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1252,1333,1896,1929]" name="Brazil" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[754,879,1936,1969]" name="Paraguay" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[958,1078,1936,1969]" name="Uruguay" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[135,1341,1975,3461]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ameghino, 1889" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1889" box="[138,580,1975,2008]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Pseudalopex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gymnocercus" subSpecies="antiquus">P.g. antiquus Ameghino, 1889</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Pampas grasslands, monte scrublands, and open woodlands of C
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[363,506,2013,2046]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[135,1341,1975,3461]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Massoia, 1982" authorityName="Massoia" authorityYear="1982" box="[139,475,2053,2086]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Pseudalopex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gymnocercus" subSpecies="lordi">P. g. lordi Massoia, 1982</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Chaco-montane tropical forest ecotone in NW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1197,1338,2053,2086]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[151,218,2096,2125]" country="Argentina" name="Salta" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Salta</collectingRegion>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[255,330,2096,2125]" country="Argentina" name="Jujuy" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Jujuy</collectingRegion>
|
||
Provinces).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[135,1341,1975,3461]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
The subspecific status of the Pampas Fox from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[772,1042,2132,2165]" country="Argentina" name="Entre Rios" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Entre Rios Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1082,1222,2132,2165]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
remains unclear, and there are no data regarding the taxonomic position of Bolivian foxes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[135,1341,1975,3461]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis box="[138,387,2211,2244]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 59-
|
||
<quantity box="[611,727,2211,2244]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="7.4" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" unit="cm" value="40.5" valueMax="74.0" valueMin="7.0">7-74 cm</quantity>
|
||
for males and 50-
|
||
<quantity box="[991,1107,2211,2244]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.85" metricValueMax="7.2" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" unit="cm" value="38.5" valueMax="72.0" valueMin="5.0">5-72 cm</quantity>
|
||
for females, tail
|
||
<quantity box="[139,272,2250,2283]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" unit="cm" value="33.0" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="28.0">28-38 cm</quantity>
|
||
for males and
|
||
<quantity box="[489,623,2250,2283]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" unit="cm" value="33.0" valueMax="41.0" valueMin="25.0">25-41 cm</quantity>
|
||
for females; weight
|
||
<quantity box="[912,1004,2250,2283]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" unit="kg" value="6.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="4.0">4-8 kg</quantity>
|
||
for males and 3-5-
|
||
<quantity box="[1276,1339,2250,2283]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" unit="kg" value="7.0">7 kg</quantity>
|
||
for females. Medium-sized, smaller than Culpeo. The head, somewhat triangular in shape, is reddish with a pale gray to white ventral surface. Ears triangular, broad and relatively large, reddish on the outer surface and white on the inner surface. The rostrum is narrow, ventrally pale, black in the chin and reddish to black dorsally. The eyes are oblique in appearance. The body, back, and sides are gray, like the outer surface of the hindlimbs, which have a characteristic black spot on the lower rear side. There is a dark, almost black band along the back and tail. Thetail is relatively long, bushy, and gray, with a black tip. The outer surface of the front limbs and the distal surface of the hindlimbs are reddish. Smaller size and lack of interparietal crest distinguish its skull from that of the Culpeo. Dental formulais13/3,C1/1,PM 4/4, M 2/3 = 42.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[135,1341,1975,3461]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis box="[136,247,2682,2715]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
The Pampas Fox is a typical inhabitant of the pampas grasslands of South America’s Southern Cone. It prefers open habitats, tall grass plains and sub-humid to dry habitats, but is also common in ridges, dry scrublands and open woodlands. In drier habitats in the southerly and easterly parts of its range, the speciesis replaced by the South American Gray Fox. Where its range overlaps with that of the Crab-eating Fox, the Pampas Fox selects more open areas. Apparently it has been able to adapt to the habitat alterations caused by extensive cattle breeding and agricultural activities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[135,1341,1975,3461]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis box="[136,397,2962,2991]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Like most other medium-sized foxes, the Pampas Fox is a generalist and adaptable carnivore. Its diet shows great geographic variation and may include both wild and domestic vertebrates (particularly rodents and birds), fruit, insects, carrion, and garbage. Based on stomach contents, wild mammals and sheep appeared to be the two most common food items in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[777,897,3114,3147]" name="Uruguay" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, while in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1048,1330,3114,3147]" country="Argentina" name="La Pampa" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">La Pampa Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[135,278,3162,3187]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, European Hares and rodents were the most common food items, followed by birds and carrion. In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[474,789,3193,3226]" country="Argentina" name="Buenos Aires" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Buenos Aires Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[803,946,3193,3226]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, there was a high frequency of rodents and birds, but also of insects, fruits, and crabs. Seasonal and local variations in diet are likely connected to variations in food availability. The Pampas Fox is a solitary and opportunistic carnivore. Large, highly concentrated food resources (i.e. large mammal carcasses) may cause several individuals to gather, possibly beyond the borders of normal home ranges. Food caching behavior has been observed, apparently related to an increase in the availability of rodents.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[1410,2618,286,1936]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1412,1647,286,319]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Forages both day and night, although activity is mainly nocturnal in areas with severe hunting pressure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[1410,2618,286,1936]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1414,2113,365,398]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Pampas Foxes are thought to form monogamous pairs, but they are solitary most of the time: 88% of observations in the Paraguayan
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1586,1674,444,477]" country="Argentina" name="Chaco" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Chaco</collectingRegion>
|
||
and 93% in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1855,1996,444,477]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Argentine</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2007,2277,444,477]" country="Argentina" name="La Pampa" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">La Pampa Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
were of single individuals. Pairs are frequently observed from the time of mating until pups leave the natal den. In a Sierra grassland area, the respective home ranges of
|
||
<specimenCount box="[2314,2446,527,556]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="adult">two adult</specimenCount>
|
||
males were estimated at 0-4 and
|
||
<quantity box="[1702,1813,562,595]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" unit="km" value="22.5" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="0.0">0-45 km</quantity>
|
||
*. Defecation-site features suggest that droppings are used in intraspecific communication. Long-distance calls, which peak in frequency during the breeding period, may serve to maintain contact between pair members, as well as play a role in territorial behavior. When pairs are raising pups, both adult foxes have been observed using a brief and repeated alarm call if they detect a potential threat to the young.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[1410,2618,286,1936]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1413,1546,797,830]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In central
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1706,1849,797,830]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, pups are born from October to December. Gestation lasts 55-60 days, and litter sizes range from 3-5. Dens may be located in a variety of shelters, such as a hole at the base of a tree trunk, an armadillo (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[2349,2529,876,909]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dasypodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.) den, or among rocks. Pups are frequently moved to a new location. The young stay at the den for the first three months. Both pair mates have been observed to guard the den, and males provide food to pups and females at the den. Females may breed at 8-12 months of age.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[1410,2618,286,1936]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1413,1757,1077,1106]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List and the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1650,1792,1116,1145]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
Red List of Mammals. Abundant or common in most areas. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1515,1656,1151,1184]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
trade was prohibited in 1987. However,it continues to be hunted. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1457,1578,1191,1224]" name="Uruguay" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1659,1786,1191,1224]" name="Paraguay" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
the species is protected by law. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2305,2446,1191,1224]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1470,1548,1234,1263]" name="Brazil" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
the Pampas Fox was considered an important predator of sheep and goats, and was consequently persecuted by livestock ranchers. The Pampas Fox is currently threatened by the official implementation of control measures (promoted by ranchers) and the use of non-selective methods of capture. Fox control by government agencies involves the use of bounty systems without any thorough studies on population abundance or the real damage thatthis species may cause. In rural areas, direct persecution is also common, even where hunting is illegal. Most of the species’ range in the Pampas region has suffered massive habitat alteration due to extensive cattle ranching and agriculture. Although apparently able to withstand hunting pressure and habitat loss, the sum of these threats may nevertheless eventually cause the depletion of fox populations. Rural residents have traditionally hunted the Pampas Fox forits fur, an important source of income. Hunting pressure has resulted in diminished populations in north-west
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1600,1743,1702,1735]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1797,1917,1702,1735]" name="Uruguay" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, illegal trade is still widespread. Pampas Foxes are also frequently struck by cars in some areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[1410,2618,286,1936]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1412,1562,1788,1813]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Barquez et al. (1991), Branch (1994), Brooks (1992), Cabrera (1958), Cajal (1986), Chebez (1994), Cravino et al. (1997), Crespo (1971), Diaz & Ojeda (2000), Farias, A.A. (2000), Garcia, J. (1991), Garcia, V.B. (2001), Lucherini et al. (2004), Massoia (1982), Novaro & Funes (1994), Redford & Eisenberg (1992), Vuillermoz & Sapoznikow (1998), Zunino et al. (1995).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |