199 lines
17 KiB
XML
199 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331155" approvalRequired="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="4" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="26" approvalRequired_for_treatments="42" checkinTime="1646522525642" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03ACCF40BF23FFDC7B9DF844FC9ADB55" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Canidae_0352.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pseudalopex sechurae" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="432" masterDocId="FF95B738BF37FFC97E1BFF90FFDBDD06" masterDocTitle="Canidae" masterLastPageNumber="446" masterPageNumber="352" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" updateTime="1646602171211" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Canidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>352</mods:start>
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<mods:end>446</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6331155</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACCF40BF23FFDC7B9DF844FC9ADB55" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACCF40BF23FFDC7B9DF844FC9ADB55" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="432" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<subSubSection box="[1414,1468,2004,2050]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1411,2251,2004,2128]" box="[1414,1468,2004,2050]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<heading box="[1414,1468,2004,2050]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<figureCitation box="[1414,1468,2004,2050]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="18.[139,169,3404,3425]" captionTargetBox="[14,2795,12,3635]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="On following pages: 16. South American Gray Fox (Pseudalopex griseus); 17. Pampas Fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus); 18. Sechuran Fox (Pseudalopex sechurae); 19. Hoary Fox (Pseudalopex vetulus); 20. Northern Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus); 21. Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331237/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">18.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1486,1774,2004,2050]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1411,2251,2004,2128]" box="[1486,1774,2004,2050]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<heading box="[1486,1774,2004,2050]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<vernacularName box="[1486,1774,2004,2050]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Sechuran Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1787,2187,2004,2050]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1411,2251,2004,2128]" box="[1787,2187,2004,2050]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<heading box="[1787,2187,2004,2050]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1787,2187,2004,2050]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Pseudalopex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sechurae">
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<emphasis box="[1787,2187,2004,2050]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Pseudalopex sechurae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1411,2251,2004,2128]" box="[1411,2251,2068,2089]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<heading box="[1411,2251,2068,2089]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<emphasis box="[1411,1488,2068,2089]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1498,1686,2068,2089]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Renard de Sechura</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1707,1798,2068,2089]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1808,1954,2068,2089]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Sechura-Fuchs</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1975,2066,2068,2089]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2075,2251,2068,2089]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Zorro del Sechura</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1411,2251,2004,2128]" box="[1411,2080,2107,2128]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<heading box="[1411,2080,2107,2128]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<emphasis box="[1411,1656,2107,2128]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1666,1865,2107,2128]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Sechura Desert Fox</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[1879,2080,2107,2128]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Peruvian Desert Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[2023,2612,2174,2600]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<emphasis box="[2024,2179,2174,2207]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1900" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[2198,2604,2174,2207]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sechurae">Canis sechurae Thomas, 1900</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation box="[2025,2158,2218,2247]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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NW
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<collectingCountry box="[2087,2154,2218,2247]" name="Peru" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Peru</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="20.[2023,2612,2174,2600]" box="[2025,2181,2257,2286]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331197" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331197" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331197/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" targetBox="[1408,1996,2186,2600]" targetPageId="20">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[2023,2612,2174,2600]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<emphasis box="[2024,2199,2292,2325]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Coastal zones of NW
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<collectingCountry box="[2544,2608,2292,2325]" name="Peru" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Peru</collectingCountry>
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and SW
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<collectingCountry box="[2145,2262,2331,2364]" name="Ecuador" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, between
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<geoCoordinate box="[2407,2462,2331,2364]" degrees="3" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" precision="55555" value="-3.0">3° S</geoCoordinate>
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and
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<geoCoordinate box="[2540,2609,2331,2364]" degrees="12" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" precision="55555" value="-12.0">12° S</geoCoordinate>
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latitude.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[2023,2612,2174,2600]" lastBlockId="20.[1408,2611,2606,3464]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<emphasis box="[2024,2279,2410,2443]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[2468,2608,2410,2443]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" unit="cm" value="64.0" valueMax="78.0" valueMin="50.0">50-78 cm</quantity>
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and tail
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<quantity box="[2145,2280,2454,2483]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" unit="cm" value="30.5" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="27.0">27-34 cm</quantity>
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for males; weight 2-6—4-
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<quantity box="[2049,2113,2488,2521]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" unit="kg" value="2.0">2 kg</quantity>
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for males. The smallest species of the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1856" box="[2175,2331,2528,2561]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Pseudalopex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudalopex</taxonomicName>
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. The head is small, with relatively long ears (about two thirds the length of the head) and a short muzzle. Face is gray, and there is a rufous-brown ring around the eyes. The ears may be reddish on the back; the dark muzzle may have paler hairs around the lips. The pelage consists of pale underfur with agouti guard hairs; the underparts are fawn or cream-colored. There is sometimes a dark stripe down the back. The forelimbs (up to the elbows) and the hindlimbs (up to the heels) are usually reddish in color. The tail is relatively long and densely furred, ending in a dark tip. The dental formulais13/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, M 2/3 = 42. The carnassials are slightly smaller, and the grinding teeth larger, than in allied forms; the canines are “fox-like”.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1408,2611,2606,3464]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<emphasis box="[1408,1519,2960,2993]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Occupies a variety of habitats ranging from sandy deserts with low plant density to agricultural lands and dry forests. Few details of habitat preferences are known.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="432" pageId="20" pageNumber="431" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1408,2611,2606,3464]" lastBlockId="21.[195,1404,293,1623]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="432" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">
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<emphasis box="[1408,1668,3039,3072]" pageId="20" pageNumber="431">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Sechuran Fox is a generalist omnivore that preferentially consumesvertebrate prey or carrion when available, but often depends predominantly on seeds or seed pods. Feces collected during late winter and early spring in the inland Sechuran Desert contained mainly the remnants of undigested seeds or seed pods of algarrobo (Prosopis juliflora), zapote (Capparis scabrida) and vizcacho (C. avicennifolia). The syrupy matrix surrounding the seeds may be the actual source of nourishment. In a germination experiment, seeds recovered from feces sprouted earlier than those gathered from the ground, suggesting that the foxes not only act as seed dispersers, but affect the ability of the seeds to germinate rapidly when sporadic rains occur. Fox droppings along the coast contained crabs and several bird species. Following El Nino rains, fox droppings revealed a dramatic dietary shift to grasshoppers and mice (Paralomys gerbillus) as these prey became more abundant. In central
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<collectingCountry box="[1113,1180,293,322]" name="Peru" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, the main summer foods were insects, scorpions (Carica candicans), fruits, and rodents. The lack of standing water in the inland desert habitat suggests that the foxes can survive without drinking. However, they may lick condensation from vegetation on foggy mornings. No food caching has been recorded.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="432" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[195,1404,293,1623]" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">
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<emphasis box="[196,427,485,518]" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Primarily nocturnal. Radio-telemetry tracking indicated that individuals emerged from their rocky daytime sleeping dens before sunset and remained active through most of the night before re-entering the dens at dawn. The phases of the moon did not influence this activity pattern, perhaps because the foxes were consuming seeds and seed pods rather than hunting. Occasionally, they are seen during the day.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="432" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[195,1404,293,1623]" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">
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<emphasis box="[197,910,681,714]" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Little known. Groups larger than three individuals are rare, and usually only observed where food sources are concentrated. The home range of a radio-tracked adult male adjoined that of
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<specimenCount box="[1218,1355,760,793]" pageId="21" pageNumber="432" type="adult">one adult</specimenCount>
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female accompanied by two almost full-grown juveniles. However, they each foraged separately during the night and occupied separate dens during the day.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="432" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[195,1404,293,1623]" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">
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<emphasis box="[198,331,878,911]" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Few details of breeding behavior known. Births are reported to occur primarily in October and November.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="432" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[195,1404,293,1623]" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">
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<emphasis box="[198,543,961,990]" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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CITES not listed. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. While the speciesis easily observed in rural areas and disturbed environments from the states of
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<collectingRegion box="[459,532,1035,1068]" country="Peru" name="Piura" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Piura</collectingRegion>
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to
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<collectingRegion box="[582,747,1035,1068]" country="Peru" name="La Libertad" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">La Libertad</collectingRegion>
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in
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<collectingCountry box="[798,864,1035,1068]" name="Peru" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, large population fluctuations due to disease and persecution are causes for concern. Footprint surveys in
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<collectingRegion box="[1156,1231,1083,1108]" country="Peru" name="Piura" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Piura</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1247,1314,1083,1108]" name="Peru" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, show an average of 12-6 foxes per km. The Sechuran Fox is uncommon in
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<collectingCountry box="[1155,1273,1114,1147]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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. In
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<collectingCountry box="[1325,1391,1114,1147]" name="Peru" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, hunting outside established areas and trade has been prohibited since 2000, but it has proven difficult to control trade in rural areas. The most important threats are the market for handicrafts and amulets that are made of Sechuran Fox parts, and persecution because of damage to livestock. In
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<collectingCountry box="[767,834,1280,1305]" name="Peru" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, the attitude of rural inhabitants to the species is antagonistic (68-3% of correspondents) or indifferent (317%). The stated reasons for favoring persecution were predation on domestic fowl and guinea pigs (65% of correspondents), the consumption of vegetables or stored goods (13:3%), and belief that goat predation occurs (10%). The Sechuran Fox also faces some pressure in agricultural zones and from urbanization and habitat degradation; habitat loss is considered the principle threatto this species in
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<collectingCountry box="[914,1032,1507,1540]" name="Ecuador" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="432" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[195,1404,293,1623]" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">
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<emphasis box="[199,350,1555,1580]" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Asa & Cossios (2004), Asa & Wallace (1990), Birdseye (1956), Cabrera (1931),
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<collectingRegion box="[1221,1292,1555,1580]" country="France" name="Centre" pageId="21" pageNumber="432">Centro</collectingRegion>
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de Datos para la Conservacion (1989), Huey (1969), Langguth (1975).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |