289 lines
33 KiB
XML
289 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="48098EBB79D6333845FC46C3DD05C3A1">A survey of East Palaearctic Gnaphosidae (Araneae). 5. On Synaphosus from Central Asia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E4FC8E1D8E64EDA106A3C2DF61F7E335">Marusik, Yuri M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="36366820572DA765801A21B686BF4FBD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1DAB3B61FD9EFCD5" ID-CoL="7QZW" ID-ENA="1812150" authority="Platnick & Shadab, 1980" authorityName="Platnick & Shadab" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,615,797,823]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1DAB3B61FD9EFCD5" bold="true" box="[151,615,797,823]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
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<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1DAB3B61FED1FCD5" bold="true" box="[151,296,797,823]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Synaphosus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B1C133B61FD9EFCD5" author="Platnick" box="[303,615,797,823]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Platnick, N. I. & Shadab, M. U. (1980) A revision of the North American spider genera Nodocion, Litopyllus, and Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). American Museum Novitates, 2691, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1980">Platnick & Shadab, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C3119954FFF32B6B1DAB3B18FA92FC98" blockId="1.[151,1387,868,890]" box="[151,1387,868,890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
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<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1DAB3B18FDC2FC98" ID-CoL="7QZW" authority="Platnick & Shadab, 1980: 21" authorityName="Platnick & Shadab" authorityPageNumber="21" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,571,868,890]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1DAB3B18FEF6FC98" box="[151,271,868,890]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Synaphosus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="420FBF45FFF32B6B1C283B18FDC2FC98" author="Platnick" box="[276,571,868,890]" page="21" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" year="1980">
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<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B1C283B18FDECFC98" author="Platnick" box="[276,533,868,890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Platnick, N. I. & Shadab, M. U. (1980) A revision of the North American spider genera Nodocion, Litopyllus, and Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). American Museum Novitates, 2691, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1980">Platnick & Shadab, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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: 21
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="420FBF45FFF32B6B1F7A3B18FCACFC98" author="Ovtsharenko" box="[582,853,868,890]" page="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" year="1994">
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<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B1F7A3B18FCC5FC98" author="Ovtsharenko" box="[582,828,868,890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Ovtsharenko, V. I., Levy, G. & Platnick, N. I. (1994) A review of the ground spider genus Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). American Museum Novitates, 3095, 1 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1994">
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Ovtsharenko
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<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1FF13B19FD03FC98" box="[717,762,868,890]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">et al</emphasis>
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. 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 2
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="420FBF45FFF32B6B1E5C3B18FB62FC98" author="Deeleman-Reinhold" box="[864,1179,868,890]" page="535" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" year="2001">
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<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B1E5C3B18FB91FC98" author="Deeleman-Reinhold" box="[864,1128,868,890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L. (2001) Forest spiders of South East Asia: with a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanterriidae [sic]). Brill, Leiden, 591 pp." type="book" year="2001">Deeleman-Reinhold 2001</bibRefCitation>
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: 535
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="420FBF45FFF32B6B199A3B18FA9EFC98" author="Murphy" box="[1190,1383,868,890]" page="378" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" year="2007">
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<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B199A3B18FACDFC98" author="Murphy" box="[1190,1332,868,890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Murphy, J. (2007) Gnaphosid genera of the world. Vol. 2. British Arachnological Society, St Neots, Cambs, 513 pp. [pp. 93 - 605]" type="book chapter" year="2007">Murphy 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 378
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8BB4CADFFFF32B6B1DAB3BDAFCFAFC5D" box="[151,771,934,959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C3119954FFF32B6B1DAB3BDAFCFAFC5D" blockId="1.[151,1437,934,2013]" box="[151,771,934,959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
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<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1DAB3BDAFED2FC5D" bold="true" box="[151,299,934,959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Type species</emphasis>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1C063BDAFD06FC5D" authority="Chamberlin, 1924" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1924" box="[314,767,934,959]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Nodocion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheticus">
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<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1C063BDAFDD3FC5C" box="[314,554,934,958]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Nodocion syntheticus</emphasis>
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Chamberlin, 1924
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8BB4CADFFFF32B6B1DFB3BB6FEA1FB91" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C3119954FFF32B6B1DFB3BB6FEA1FB91" blockId="1.[151,1437,934,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
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<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1DFB3BB6FEC3FC01" bold="true" box="[199,314,970,995]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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||
.
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<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1C7B3BB7FE32FC01" box="[327,459,971,995]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1C7B3BB7FE32FC01" box="[327,459,971,995]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Synaphosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
species found in Central Asia can be distinguished from other gnaphosids known in the region by the combined presence of preening brush (but not comb) on metatarsi III, lack of median apophysis, long circular embolus originated retrolaterally or at least from six o'clock position (
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<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B191A3C6FFB2DFBC9" box="[1062,1236,1043,1067]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovtsharenkoi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B191A3C6FFB2DFBC9" box="[1062,1236,1043,1067]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">S. ovtsharenkoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="EAE9F83DFFF32B6B19E33C6EFAD8FBC9" box="[1247,1313,1042,1067]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" rank="species">
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||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B19E33C6EFAD8FBC9" bold="true" box="[1247,1313,1042,1067]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">sp. n.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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), complex conductor with 2 arms, sharply pointed tibial apophysis, presence of epigynal pocket and long, highly twisted copulatory ducts.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8BB4CADFFFF32B681DFB3C02FC6AFF30" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="430" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C3119954FFF32B6B1DFB3C02FCDBFB75" blockId="1.[151,1437,934,2013]" box="[199,802,1150,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
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<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1DFB3C02FEA8FB75" bold="true" box="[199,337,1150,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Description</emphasis>
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||
. Described by
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<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B1CC73C02FCE4FB75" box="[507,797,1150,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Ovtsharenko, V. I., Levy, G. & Platnick, N. I. (1994) A review of the ground spider genus Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). American Museum Novitates, 3095, 1 - 27." type="book chapter">
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Ovtsharenko
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<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1FAD3C03FD3BFB74" box="[657,706,1150,1174]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">et al</emphasis>
|
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. (1994)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C3119954FFF32B6B1DFB3CDEFABAFAE1" blockId="1.[151,1437,934,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
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<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1DFB3CDEFE90FB59" bold="true" box="[199,361,1186,1211]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Relationships</emphasis>
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||
.
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||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1C4B3CDFFE02FB59" box="[375,507,1187,1211]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1C4B3CDFFE02FB59" box="[375,507,1187,1211]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Synaphosus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
was not assigned to any subfamily by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B1E8D3CDEFB2FFB59" author="Platnick" box="[945,1238,1186,1211]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Platnick, N. I. & Shadab, M. U. (1980) A revision of the North American spider genera Nodocion, Litopyllus, and Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). American Museum Novitates, 2691, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1980">Platnick & Shadab (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B18313CDEFED0FB3D" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Ovtsharenko, V. I., Levy, G. & Platnick, N. I. (1994) A review of the ground spider genus Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). American Museum Novitates, 3095, 1 - 27." type="book chapter">
|
||
Ovtsharenko
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||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1DAB3CBBFF2BFB3C" box="[151,210,1222,1246]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B1C0B3CBAFDD0FB3D" author="Ubick" box="[311,553,1222,1247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Ubick, D. (2005) Gnaphosidae. In: Ubick, D., Paquin, P., Cushing, P. E. & Roth, V. (Eds.), Spiders of North America: an illustration manual. American Arachnological Society, Keene, New Hampshire, pp. 106 - 111." type="book chapter" year="2005" yearSuffix="p">Ubick (2005, p. 107)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed genus among "Drassodinae" a polyphyletic taxon, in which he placed genera with unclear position.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B1CDF3C96FD76FAE1" author="Murphy" box="[483,655,1258,1283]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Murphy, J. (2007) Gnaphosid genera of the world. Vol. 2. British Arachnological Society, St Neots, Cambs, 513 pp. [pp. 93 - 605]" type="book chapter" year="2007">Murphy (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1FDA3C97FC93FAE1" box="[742,874,1259,1283]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1FDA3C97FC93FAE1" box="[742,874,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Synaphosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into the formal
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||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B19223C97FB7AFAE1" box="[1054,1155,1259,1283]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Echemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B19223C97FB7AFAE1" box="[1054,1155,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Echemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
group of genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C3119954FFF32B6B1DFB3D72FC41F989" blockId="1.[151,1437,934,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1DFB3D72FE8EFAC5" bold="true" box="[199,375,1294,1319]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Species groups</emphasis>
|
||
. Three species groups were recognized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B1E673D72FB82FAC5" box="[859,1147,1294,1319]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Ovtsharenko, V. I., Levy, G. & Platnick, N. I. (1994) A review of the ground spider genus Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). American Museum Novitates, 3095, 1 - 27." type="book chapter">
|
||
Ovtsharenko
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1ECD3D73FBDBFAC4" box="[1009,1058,1294,1318]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B18243D72FA6DFAC4" box="[1304,1428,1294,1318]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Nodocion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B18243D72FA6DFAC4" box="[1304,1428,1294,1318]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">syntheticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1DAB3D4FFEEEFAA9" box="[151,279,1331,1355]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracillimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1DAB3D4FFEEEFAA9" box="[151,279,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">gracillimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1C6B3D4FFE31FAA9" box="[343,456,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">kakamega</emphasis>
|
||
. Judging from the shape of copulatory organs in five species recently described from Southeast Asia, they belongs at least to two other species groups. One group that should be called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B19D73D2BFAA8FA8D" box="[1259,1361,1367,1391]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femininis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B19D73D2BFAA8FA8D" box="[1259,1361,1367,1391]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">femininis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
unites
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1DAB3D07FD87FA71" authority="Yang, Yang & Zhang, 2013" authorityName="Yang, Yang & Zhang" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,638,1402,1427]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cangshanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1DAB3D07FEC0FA71" box="[151,313,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">S. cangshanus</emphasis>
|
||
Yang, Yang & Zhang, 2013
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(♂♀) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1FC23D07FB4FFA71" authority="Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001" authorityName="Deeleman-Reinhold" authorityYear="2001" box="[766,1206,1402,1427]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femininis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1FC23D07FC7AFA71" box="[766,899,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">S. femininis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B1EB03D06FB4FFA71" author="Deeleman-Reinhold" box="[908,1206,1402,1427]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L. (2001) Forest spiders of South East Asia: with a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanterriidae [sic]). Brill, Leiden, 591 pp." type="book" year="2001">Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(♂♀). Both species have a very long tibial apophysis, and a characteristic epigyne with numerous coils of copulatory ducts small in diameter and placed on top of each other, and a wrinkled anterior part of epigynal plate. Three other species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B18BB3DBFFDE7FA1D" authority="Yin, Bao & Peng, 2002" authorityName="Yin, Bao & Peng" authorityYear="2002" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daweiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B18BB3DBFFEEBFA1C" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">S. daweiensis</emphasis>
|
||
Yin, Bao & Peng, 2002
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(♂♀),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1F533D9BFC1DFA1D" authority="Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001" authorityName="Deeleman-Reinhold" authorityYear="2001" box="[623,996,1510,1535]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kris">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1F533D9BFD4FFA1C" box="[623,694,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">S. kris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B1F803D9AFC1DFA1D" author="Deeleman-Reinhold" box="[700,996,1510,1535]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L. (2001) Forest spiders of South East Asia: with a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanterriidae [sic]). Brill, Leiden, 591 pp." type="book" year="2001">Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(♂) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B19753D9BFF36F9C1" authority="Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001" authorityName="Deeleman-Reinhold" authorityYear="2001" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raveni">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B19753D9BFB55FA1C" box="[1097,1196,1511,1534]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">S. raveni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B19883D9AFF36F9C1" author="Deeleman-Reinhold" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L. (2001) Forest spiders of South East Asia: with a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanterriidae [sic]). Brill, Leiden, 591 pp." type="book" year="2001">Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(♂) have male palps very different from each other and from all other species by having either no tibial apophysis (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1C203E53FE9EF9A4" box="[284,359,1582,1606]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kris">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1C203E53FE9EF9A4" box="[284,359,1582,1606]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">S. kris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or 2 tibial apophyses (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1FB43E53FD09F9A4" box="[648,752,1583,1606]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raveni">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1FB43E53FD09F9A4" box="[648,752,1583,1606]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">S. raveni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or complex tibial apophyses and modified cymbium (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B18BB3E53FEEBF989" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daweiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B18BB3E53FEEBF989" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">S. daweiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Three former species are possibly misplaced in this genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C3119954FFF32B681DFB3E0AFC6AFF30" blockId="1.[151,1437,934,2013]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,210]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="430" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1DFB3E0AFF06F96D" bold="true" box="[199,255,1654,1679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Note</emphasis>
|
||
. Bulbal sclerites in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1CC83E0AFD81F96C" box="[500,632,1654,1678]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1CC83E0AFD81F96C" box="[500,632,1654,1678]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Synaphosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not homologized in literature.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B190F3E0AFA9EF96D" author="Platnick" box="[1075,1383,1654,1679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Platnick, N. I. & Shadab, M. U. (1980) A revision of the North American spider genera Nodocion, Litopyllus, and Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). American Museum Novitates, 2691, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1980">Platnick & Shadab (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A73FE4A5FFF32B6B1DAB3EEBFE34F952" box="[151,461,1687,1712]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" refString="Ovtsharenko, V. I., Levy, G. & Platnick, N. I. (1994) A review of the ground spider genus Synaphosus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). American Museum Novitates, 3095, 1 - 27." type="book chapter">
|
||
Ovtsharenko
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1C083EE5FE94F952" box="[308,365,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned three sclerites: embolus, conductor (with groove) and folded median apophysis, but none of the sclerites were indicated on the figures. Judging from the structure of the bulb,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1DAB3EA7FEE2F911" box="[151,283,1755,1779]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1DAB3EA7FEE2F911" box="[151,283,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Synaphosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks a median (=tegular) apophysis, homologous to that in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B19103EA6FB47F911" box="[1068,1214,1754,1779]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gnaphosidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B18153EA7FEC6F8F6" authority="Latreille, 1804" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Gnaphosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B18153EA7FA65F911" box="[1321,1436,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Gnaphosa</emphasis>
|
||
Latreille, 1804
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1C763E80FD43F8F6" authority="Chamberlin, 1922" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1922" box="[330,698,1788,1813]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Haplodrassus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1C763E80FE1FF8F6" box="[330,486,1788,1812]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Haplodrassus</emphasis>
|
||
Chamberlin, 1922
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1FFA3E80FC09F8F7" authority="Westring, 1851" authorityName="Westring" authorityYear="1851" box="[710,1008,1788,1813]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Drassodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1FFA3E80FCC5F8F6" box="[710,828,1788,1812]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Drassodes</emphasis>
|
||
Westring, 1851
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B19103E81FAC2F8F7" authority="Westring, 1851" authorityName="Westring" authorityYear="1851" box="[1068,1339,1788,1813]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Micaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B19103E81FB7EF8F6" box="[1068,1159,1789,1812]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Micaria</emphasis>
|
||
Westring, 1851
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Median (tegular) apophysis in abovementioned genera is a hook-like, heavily sclerotized apophysis flexibly attached to the tegulum by a membranous insertion. Members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1E223F42FC63F8B4" box="[798,922,1854,1878]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Nodocion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syntheticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1E223F42FC63F8B4" box="[798,922,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">syntheticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B192B3F42FB62F8B4" box="[1047,1179,1854,1878]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B192B3F42FB62F8B4" box="[1047,1179,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Synaphosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have two apophyses. Judging from the SEM figures (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5B9585D1FFF32B6B1F3C3F23FD52F89A" box="[512,683,1887,1912]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 ‒ 18" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1426,1449]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1405]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1405]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 ‒ 18. SEM microphotographs of copulatory organs of Synaphosus ovtsharenkoi sp. n. 13 ‒ 15 male palp, ventral, retrolateral and ventro-retrolateral; 16 epigyne; 17 endogyne; 18 bulb, ventral. Abbreviations: Cd copulatory ducts, Cg accessorial glands, Co copulatory openings, Ho hoods of the pocket, Pc prolateral arm of the conductor, Po pocket, Rc retrolateral arm of the conductor, Re receptacles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272513/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Figs 13‒15, 18</figureCitation>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1FE73F1CFC71F89A" box="[731,904,1888,1912]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovtsharenkoi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1FE73F1CFC71F89A" box="[731,904,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">S. ovtsharenkoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EAE9F83DFFF32B6B1EAC3F23FC29F89A" box="[912,976,1887,1912]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1EAC3F23FC29F89A" bold="true" box="[912,976,1887,1912]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">sp. n.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, two apophyses originate from the same sclerite, and we consider them the arms of a subdivided conductor. The prolateral one (
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B19433FFEFB65F87B" box="[1151,1180,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Pc</emphasis>
|
||
) appears to serve as a "functional" conductor and has a groove guiding the embolus. The other one is the membranous retrolateral arm (
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1D9C3FB9FF44F83E" box="[160,189,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Rc</emphasis>
|
||
). Members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04AEE2D7FFF32B6B1CA93FB8FDECF83E" box="[405,533,1988,2012]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Synaphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracillimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1DA4546FFF32B6B1CA93FB8FDECF83E" box="[405,533,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">gracillimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group have only one distinct apophysis, unless one counts the embolus. It is a greatly enlarged conductor that covers whole tegulum; its tip serves as functional conductor and seems homologous to the prolateral arm of the conductor (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5B9585D1FFF02B681FE638C5FC7FFF30" box="[730,902,185,210]" captionStart="FIGURES 43 ‒ 50" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1730,1753]" captionTargetBox="[187,1436,197,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1709]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 43 ‒ 50. Male palp and habitus of Synaphosus turanicus. 43, 46 whole palp, retrolateral; 44 ‒ 45 palp, ventral and prolateral; 47 ‒ 48 patella and tibia dorsal and retrolateral; 49 ‒ 50 male habitus, dorsal. 43 – 45, 47 – 49 from East Kazakhstan; 46, 50 from Tajikistan. Scale = 0.2 mm if not otherwise indicated." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272517/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Figs 43‒44, 46</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |