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<mods:title id="8DAF3C9C5BB9A38EF61F2164EECE1DF9">Review of Brazilian jawfishes of the genus Opistognathus with descriptions of two new species (Teleostei, Opistognathidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2F80171174F8F121BC6C43A81273188A">Tornabene, Luke</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7894110E6303472DF8E779A0CE804334">Macieira, Raphael M.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="2ED495FB4EEDE4B3DC44403446341CF6" ID-GBIF-Taxon="149052385" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2ED495FB4EEDE4B3DC44403446341CF6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2ED495FB4EEDE4B3DC44403446341CF6" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">
<subSubSection id="EA138AD74D95BC39970E8708CD547F59" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="122E380973DF007E88C3A180F1F02CE2" ID-CoL="6T2GW" authority="Jordan &amp; Thompson, 1905" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Thompson" authorityYear="1905" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus aurifrons" order="Perciformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurifrons">
<pageBreakToken id="62FB1C17C1F6A45B5E1234C6D992F3DA" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" start="start">Opistognathus</pageBreakToken>
aff. aurifrons Jordan &amp; Thompson, 1905
</taxonomicName>
Figures 4D, 5D, 18, 19, 20, 21; Tables 1, 2
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC4476032644CB8DB1A0624A86068221" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="D95B56244790CD511DBD5B79CDBF21F9" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName id="4039DDB3859D134BD0057B18412EFEE4" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus aurifrons" order="Perciformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurifrons">
<pageBreakToken id="5E4F41CDC65BAF9A95904908D77161E9" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" start="start">Opistognathus</pageBreakToken>
aurifrons
</taxonomicName>
Jordan &amp; Thompson, 1905: 252, fig. 4 (original description; Garden key, Dry Tortugas, Florida);
<bibRefCitation id="94E3EBD1704614CD4C94F805B680630A" author="Moura, de RL" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Zoologia" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="513 - 530" title="New records and range extensions of reef fishes in the western south Atlantic, with comments on reef fish distribution along the Brazilian coast." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751999000200017" volume="16" year="1999">Moura et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 517 (Brazilian occurrence);
<bibRefCitation id="961D631FA3B39CE7FEA6A511BF37CD22" author="Pereira-Filho, GH" journalOrPublisher="Marine Ecology Progress Series" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="65 - 73" title="Effects of the sand tilefish Malacanthusplumieri on the structure and dynamics of a rhodolith bed in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, tropical West Atlantic." url="https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11569" volume="541" year="2015">Pereira-Filho et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
: 69-70 (Listed, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago);
<bibRefCitation id="BBED273E42A3D719999724B1370769E1" author="Stocco, LB" journalOrPublisher="Bioinformatics" pageId="30" pageNumber="125" url="https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590" year="2015">Stocco and Joyeux 2015</bibRefCitation>
: 6 (ichthyoplankton, Trindade Island).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B858DE45D6FB4A73FEE6A4EEEF6713D" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName id="E93B7157B20BCCFCBCCB7B723BC5D376" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus" order="Perciformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Opistognathus</taxonomicName>
sp.
<bibRefCitation id="C9A955F55B4BAEAC1887A47765AA54EA" author="Rocha, LA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Fish Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="985 - 998" title="Baseline assessment of reef fish assemblages of Parcel Manuel Luiz Marine State Park, Maranhao, north-east Brazil." volume="58" year="2001">Rocha and Rosa 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 990 (listed; Manuel Luiz Marine State Park, Brazil);
<bibRefCitation id="1B9D16903AF14E759463D0C29097702A" author="Gasparini, JL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="123" pagination="1639 - 1656" title="The shore fishes of Trindade Island, western South Atlantic." volume="35" year="2001">Gasparini and Floeter 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 1644 (listed; Trindade Island);
<bibRefCitation id="1F5D7948EB38B2797CC4FCC85CF0FB1C" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">Rocha 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 477, unnumbered color fig. (Parcel Manuel Luiz, Brazil);
<bibRefCitation id="2969C08E3599B982D19C038AD070A1E8" author="Menezes, NA" journalOrPublisher="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" title="Catalogo das especies de peixes marinhos do Brasil." year="2003">Menezes et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 78;
<bibRefCitation id="E5014EA9FB8EA640B7919C4BAF31475A" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">Moura and Sazima 2000</bibRefCitation>
: 482 (listed);
<bibRefCitation id="294A4DE1EBDF7BE9C33D1DFC9FBEB662" author="Sampaio, CLS" journalOrPublisher="Ibama, Brasilia" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" title="Guia para identificacao de peixes ornamentais: especies marinhas." year="2008">Sampaio and Nottingham 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 171 (abbreviated description).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95FBFC5F64C405CEEA9428D1C286E903" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName id="04ABF0C35FDB2EE8C9522B12399329B4" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus" order="Perciformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Opistognathus</taxonomicName>
sp. 1
<bibRefCitation id="8F6C106DC08E4DB0E112D89D9D82BAED" author="Carvalho-Filho, A" journalOrPublisher="Melro, Sao Paulo" pageId="27" pageNumber="122" title="Peixes: costa brasileira." year="1999">Carvalho-Filho 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 193, color fig. 185;
<bibRefCitation id="DF9A8A4EFB8DCEB2C58FF2F244DF7584" author="Pinheiro, HT" journalOrPublisher="Diversity and Distributions:" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="951 - 965" title="South-western Atlantic reef fishes: Zoogeographical patterns and ecological drivers reveal a secondary biodiversity centre in the Atlantic Ocean." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12729" volume="24" year="2018">Pinheiro et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
, Southwestern Atlantic (SWA) Endemic reef fishes - Annotated Checklist: 29-30, color fig. 19 (Fernando de Noronha Archipelago).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C9B0D60D038B44DD6DABAD3A7401E3C" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName id="82C9ADDC5A75351A19FFE31B6C70C283" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus" order="Perciformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Opistognathus</taxonomicName>
sp. 2
<bibRefCitation id="B9D632FE4B9C1945CD8766733F63E78E" author="Smith-Vaniz, WF" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="1074 - 1128" title="Descriptions of five new species of jawfishes (Opistognathus: Opistognathidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean." volume="60" year="1997">Smith-Vaniz 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 1096 (in identification key);
<bibRefCitation id="C5BB944F3EC45201E887DE3D48262D63" author="Simon, T" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Fish Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="2113 - 2127" title="The shore fishes of the Trindade-Martin Vaz insular complex: an update." volume="82" year="2013 a">Simon et al. 2013a</bibRefCitation>
: 2120 (listed);
<bibRefCitation id="CE403E7EABFA43F394D54CF47BC9D266" author="Pinheiro, HT" journalOrPublisher="Diversity and Distributions:" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="951 - 965" title="South-western Atlantic reef fishes: Zoogeographical patterns and ecological drivers reveal a secondary biodiversity centre in the Atlantic Ocean." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12729" volume="24" year="2018">Pinheiro et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
, Southwestern Atlantic (SWA) Endemic reef fishes - Annotated Checklist: 30-31, color fig. 20.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C43A9A52818EF1B5B0A7DDA55DB564A9" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName id="449FAFD11B627355A207B7BA23CCD9DF" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus aurifrons" order="Perciformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurifrons">Opistognathus aff. aurifrons</taxonomicName>
Jordan &amp; Thompson:
<bibRefCitation id="797CCCDD06FBA999E19D958D4D63604E" author="Feitoza, BM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="28" pageNumber="123" pagination="725 - 742" title="Ecology and zoogeography of deep-reef fishes in northeastern Brazil." volume="76" year="2005">Feitoza et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 732 (Brazilian Province in 35-54 m);
<bibRefCitation id="0F94DEECE61FD3B6B09A1C3F833EF413" author="Simon, T" journalOrPublisher="Marine Environmental Research" pageId="29" pageNumber="124" pagination="55 - 65" title="Fish assemblages on shipwrecks and natural rocky reefs strongly differ in trophic structure." volume="90" year="2013 b">Simon et al. 2013b</bibRefCitation>
: 63 (listed);
<bibRefCitation id="46B452F505C075BFC0B53FECC7B15537" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">Pinheiro et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
: 15, color fig. S.37 (Trinidade Island and Dogaressa Seamount).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C508FD83EA213C910FDC1A9B196E3559" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" type="description">
<paragraph id="E2C812326B6BC4F58910BA4E14446CFF" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">Abbreviated description (Brazilian specimens only).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="610C9050B0358C3BB067BFE4C972C813" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
A species of
<taxonomicName id="C638613812DA79C99321B225894815C3" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus" order="Perciformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Opistognathus</taxonomicName>
with the following combination of characters: anterior nostril a short tube without a cirrus on posterior rim; posterior end of maxilla rigid, not produced as a thin flexible lamina; supramaxilla present; dorsal-fin spines thin, flexible, usually curved distally, and tips without pale, slightly swollen tabs; subopercle without a broad, fan-like flap; most of nape without sensory pores (Figure 4D); dorsal fin XI, 14-15, with 6-11 anterior rays unbranched distally; anal fin III, 14-15, with 7-10 anterior rays unbranched; outermost segmented pelvic-fin ray tightly bound to adjacent ray and interradial membrane not incised distally; scales in longitudinal series 66-76; vertebrae 10+17; supraneurals absent; gill rakers 15
<normalizedToken id="F4E979BC0A4D521D68F2F8F41884FCBB" originalValue="–20+26–32=41–">-20+26-32=41-</normalizedToken>
51; dentary with large lateral canines (Figure 5D). Life color of adults of the two different color morphs as in Figs 18-20 and discussed below in Remarks.
</paragraph>
<caption id="92F4AD1691DF47B792A6BD43209E75AF" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
<paragraph id="F3B4B9F2518AE098E5A50BCDA1669A24" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
Figure 18.
<taxonomicName id="BD9F2607FC21228C6D2515EAFBF79DA5" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus aurifrons" order="Perciformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurifrons">Opistognathus aff. aurifrons</taxonomicName>
, CIUFES 0795-1, 61.8 mm SL, female, Ilhas Escalvada, Guarapari,
<normalizedToken id="C5A5E126C301FBECDC73A94D09BC8563" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo, Brazil. Photograph by Raphael M. Macieira.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="9713F7D39A1B17502BDB5227F81E19CC" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
<paragraph id="039534AF3F565B79BBB681D0CA2D3A56" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
Figure 19.
<taxonomicName id="45950A39A9D91B3E2444B2B3EE438350" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus aurifrons" order="Perciformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurifrons">Opistognathus aff. aurifrons</taxonomicName>
, adult, Bellucia shipwreck, Guarapari,
<normalizedToken id="AF54D3FFD2A7A0C011F112E8508350AB" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo, Brazil. Photograph by Raphael M. Macieira.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="46971459CFC776F8AD89FF51FD7F54D7" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
<paragraph id="276CAEBF58A48147641461F01231A5B8" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
Figure 20.
<taxonomicName id="030A9B17F2DF93EFDD1840EE9A856366" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus aurifrons" order="Perciformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurifrons">Opistognathus aff. aurifrons</taxonomicName>
, CIUFES 2551, 69.2 mm SL, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. Photograph by Raphael M. Macieira.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="19E9B427DD1E9411D8E3E64AF77A9B39" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2264784952DCF83060EF16C3D54BE3F8" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="179662280E638E04EBE661DDCCC44D36" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
As provisionally recognized, this species is known only from the Brazilian Province including continental localities from the State of
<normalizedToken id="5D9BF57F21EF3B390BCF9E688C9845C1" originalValue="Maranhão">Maranhao</normalizedToken>
(
<geoCoordinate id="D786D69A741A1F3DEFA0C484B23E75F5" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-0.8833333">0°53'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="3E9DE9415E9C974444CC9E2FFCF301F0" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-44.283333">44°17'W</geoCoordinate>
) south to
<normalizedToken id="E15E8AA50587207B557CE959EB752351" originalValue="Armação">Armacao</normalizedToken>
de
<normalizedToken id="4D3252365926E09418E89FCFDF41FD6E" originalValue="Búzios">Buzios</normalizedToken>
(
<geoCoordinate id="3CA5DC0E02397F22C99F96A0DCB78DE8" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-22.75">22°45'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="258527BA3C87FD9B5A8E637C947DE391" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-41.983334">41°59'W</geoCoordinate>
) in the State of Rio de Janeiro and oceanic sites of the
<normalizedToken id="DF04525CC626334F43D926C531B0D8B4" originalValue="Vitória-Trindade">Vitoria-Trindade</normalizedToken>
Seamounts Chain and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Figure 6). It is common in coastal regions, in depths of 10-30 meters, and in oceanic sites of 10-65 meters, associated with rubble and sand bottoms, near coral reefs and rocky areas. Its behavior and life history are similar of that of the Caribbean
<taxonomicName id="F33C8F337AC1B86DF78D4E4757B3DCD3" lsidName="O. aurifrons" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="aurifrons">O. aurifrons</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B91F9AE94A62F9FF595C46385B5A6255" author="Colin, PL" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="28" pageNumber="123" pagination="469 - 473" title="Interspecific relationships of the Yellowhead Jawfish, Opistognathusaurifrons (Pisces, Opistognathidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1442443" volume="1971" year="1971">Colin 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9FC80659CB2E5CEC9E7979EBEB10BC55" author="Colin, PL" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="28" pageNumber="123" pagination="84 - 90" url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1442361" volume="1973" year="1973">Colin 1973</bibRefCitation>
). In this species the burrows are constructed on sandy or rubble bottoms, near reefs, using small stones, shell or coral fragments. They feed on zooplankton while hovering at a small distance over the substrate during quick incursions and generally retreat tail first into the burrow.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="086E98E3A1C60F5E06AD92702A9E0BA8" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="58F8F2BF17C0EB4757E7BDE48F22B57C" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB51CC7D8AD3BD962D3EFDD69E611E71" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
33 specimens (30.4-73.7 mm SL) all from Brazilian Province. Mainland localities: ANSP 188905 (2, 35.4-63.8 C&amp;S),
<normalizedToken id="3C346894E88FFCED555EB5AE227F1EC7" originalValue="Naufrágio">Naufragio</normalizedToken>
Bellucia (shipwreck), off Guarapari,
<normalizedToken id="78819EFBCB96A6D11FF476EF0FFD8A11" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo,
<geoCoordinate id="E5A49EC32C697BC251AB481F67320F52" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.666666">20°40'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F9A6B2D91041AF1F250F5AC89D386BC5" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.35">40°21'W</geoCoordinate>
, 24.6 m, 29 August 2008, A. Carvalho-Filho, R.M. Macieira and C.R. Pimental; CAS 238006 (3, 53.2-57.5), Ilha Escalvada, Guarapari,
<normalizedToken id="C6E0F0B77AD8AA573387BA205AC649FE" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo,
<geoCoordinate id="1EC6370B51F2B7C5BC60A8F41E38CBA8" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.7">20°42'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="08C53399DDBC37626A636FF35C3E4746" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.4">40°24'W</geoCoordinate>
, 30 March 2012, L.A. Rocha; CAS 238007 (4, 58.8-70.3), Ilha Escalvada, Guarapari,
<normalizedToken id="18B030D683330BF076646E2F796D9393" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo,
<geoCoordinate id="AA65A07F20E68642B7A9DEAE8D397252" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.7">20°42'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="DD7E1BBC4D416B416B4A15A16FBEFF39" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.4">40°24'W</geoCoordinate>
, 15 February 2012, L.A. Rocha; CIUFES 0795 (4, 24.0-66.9),
<normalizedToken id="3D9D4A08F40537A56667B8CD8D8972CC" originalValue="Naufrágio">Naufragio</normalizedToken>
Bellucia (shipwreck), off Guarapari,
<normalizedToken id="D95DDE0E303D6DBF631B20BFD234611D" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo,
<geoCoordinate id="77AAF040BE7BFBB67EB95A07182914DE" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.666666">20°40'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="187B02989E4A884FE9A9B1408314DBDB" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.35">40°21'W</geoCoordinate>
, 27.0 m, 11 March 2008, J.-C. Joyeux, R.M. Macieira and V.C. Brilhante; CIUFES 1450 (2, 57.1-73.7 C&amp;S), Ilhas Rasas, Guarapari,
<normalizedToken id="1D3FE5A04C99F30FFA0AAD3D7EE50FC8" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo,
<geoCoordinate id="3E4F78472465BBE473065965EA170825" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.666666">20°40'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="6EB12EDC0F59513BF405D41417E7642D" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.366665">40°22'W</geoCoordinate>
, 15 m, 14 August 1999, J.L. Gasparini; MZUSP 44937 (1, 52.4), Ilhas Rasas, Guarapari,
<normalizedToken id="7DDB8E7B7DCC188309A5D92D723F477D" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo,
<geoCoordinate id="7F5357AF332E04C2BA44786C38C6A275" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.666666">20°40'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4C97CD5F3AD9A73EF5FFC142E442FA97" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.35">40°21'W</geoCoordinate>
, January 1992, J.L. Gasparini; MZUSP 46191 (1, 67.5), male, Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro,
<geoCoordinate id="6AB3F7FBF9937668615CCC855D4D56BF" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-22.883333">22°53'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9E6054E5E8F020868DC7C0D945AB169A" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-42.0">42°00'W</geoCoordinate>
, March 1991, A. Carval
<pageBreakToken id="CD7568B0BC6637F1BCCF835FC7B3B572" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" start="start">ho-Filho</pageBreakToken>
; MZUSP 46541 (1, 61.8), gravid female,
<normalizedToken id="E099F4026D10FAF8A04D675B658DB593" originalValue="Vitória">Vitoria</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="A9940086D650EDF91757CE1FEF167151" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo,
<geoCoordinate id="2A28F763B0DC17F284680E6641ABACBB" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.316668">20°19'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="3D3A96ECD65D1B99A6A1BFDB493F9B72" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.35">40°21'W</geoCoordinate>
, December 1990, A. Carvalho-Filho; MZUSP 52271 (2, 35.0-42.8), Ilha Sueste, Abrolhos Archipelago,
<geoCoordinate id="10E10020EE37196DFBAF50A0A3629617" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-17.966667">17°58'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="8182FD78F054CFC85854BD48C8CFCBC8" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-38.683334">38°41'W</geoCoordinate>
, 11 January 1997, I. Sazima, C. Sazima, J.L. Gasparini and R.L. Moura; MZUSP 52453 (1, 46.9) and UF 191039 (3, 30.4-51.6), Ilhas Rasas, Guarapari,
<normalizedToken id="AB3DF8F4DE8E41C06D65689EA5D84342" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo,
<geoCoordinate id="30380CAF8911D2C60D9AC326AB14A09F" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.666666">20°40'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="7A0075D68552DA930BAA84281CF35A57" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.366665">40°22'W</geoCoordinate>
, 22 April 1992, D.A.
<normalizedToken id="EE3340349287783F6557F2CAD06D5A69" originalValue="Jório">Jorio</normalizedToken>
; ZUEC 3105 (1, 72.6), Ilhas Rasas, Guarapari,
<normalizedToken id="7B823EE33969B8788F4A04BB0D83F30A" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo,
<geoCoordinate id="D1739923B6717FACA5B303D8591A8568" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.666666">20°40'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4821886FEAFECA1463EA3297E42B1796" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.366665">40°22'W</geoCoordinate>
, 18 m, 1 June 1996, D.A.
<normalizedToken id="54098CE90DFCE85656EE0719D113C912" originalValue="Jório">Jorio</normalizedToken>
; ZUEC 2739 (1, 61.6), gravid female, Ilha
<pageBreakToken id="A7559FACBE0BCE826849F884E8FDF3F5" pageId="22" pageNumber="117" start="start">Escalvada</pageBreakToken>
, Guarapari,
<normalizedToken id="83AB77F645B9344EB792647D676C4311" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo,
<geoCoordinate id="5476416BD952387F909C7C0C472094F7" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.7">20°42'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="21341D8918FC246B6D510DC95EF6BC65" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.4">40°24'W</geoCoordinate>
, 16 m, July 1995, D.A.
<normalizedToken id="CF05485C13EF9FF65E7F4C08CDA3622E" originalValue="Jório">Jorio</normalizedToken>
and J.L. Gasparini; UFPB 4047 (5, 52.4-67.5),
<normalizedToken id="56335EF36AAA50786EFECFCE9395771C" originalValue="Três">Tres</normalizedToken>
Ilhas Archipelago, Guarapari,
<normalizedToken id="004B5EC262AB62B3BB6D73404FA2B3EA" originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo,
<geoCoordinate id="F3864C9A87FBA8383D094B1C3EBC806F" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-20.6">20°36'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="749F6F1AB8CF6C26908A231CE0EA51B4" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.366665">40°22'W</geoCoordinate>
, 1 December 1997, J.L. Gasparini. Fernando de Noronha Archipelago: CIUFES 2550 (1, 58.4) and CIUFES 2551 (1, 69.2),
<normalizedToken id="83144AD5202A8D38F3270FE47C52A9E0" originalValue="Cabeço">Cabeco</normalizedToken>
Submarino,
<geoCoordinate id="EBFAA537465DFF5581BD3DE9250EFFB9" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.8666668">03°52'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="B71CA78A2AAAA1ACCB2A361BD6D2B52F" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-32.416668">32°25'W</geoCoordinate>
, 19.6 m, 8 April 2013, R.M. Macieira and T. Simon.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9116DE4083658491714675D2805F89E4" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="22" pageNumber="117" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="F25B2503B536AE369838AF155F712E46" pageId="22" pageNumber="117">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="259379A6D1138B58A9EF75594345F4A2" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="22" pageNumber="117">
Brazilian specimens of
<taxonomicName id="2BFC16BC05520E875A9235439BE23FF4" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus aurifrons" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurifrons">Opistognathus aff. aurifrons</taxonomicName>
(n=28) differ from Caribbean
<taxonomicName id="A3467228390DE84AE44484C5C1E0065B" lsidName="O. aurifrons" pageId="22" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="aurifrons">O. aurifrons</taxonomicName>
(n=292) in consistently having 17 vs. 16 caudal vertebrae. Bra
<pageBreakToken id="CF2C83826AEC4D97D203E3A0DCCEAA2A" pageId="23" pageNumber="118" start="start">zilian</pageBreakToken>
fish are represented by two allopatric and slightly different genetic populations (see discussion below in &quot;Phylogenetic relationships of western Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="70961054692FE32C04D98D64A6AA47E4" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Opistognathus</taxonomicName>
&quot;). Mainland and
<normalizedToken id="AAC816FACFD9681B543E86BAD8132FFD" originalValue="Vitória-Trindade">Vitoria-Trindade</normalizedToken>
Seamounts Chain specimens have long pelvic fins that when depressed extend at least to the anal-fin origin (25.7-38.2% SL, mean 30.4%, in 22 specimens 30.4-74.8 mm SL) and in fresh adult specimens the top of the head is yellow, bordered posteriorly by a narrow blue band extending from slightly behind the eye to upper jaw and across the nape; remainder of the head and body greenish-yellow to bluish-yellow (Figures 18-19). Populations from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago differ in having short pelvic fins that do not extend to the anal-fin origin (20.1-20.7% SL in 2 specimens 58.4-69.2 mm SL) and in fresh adults the head is pale tan-yellow, the body is pale grey-blue, and both are uniformly colored (Figure 20). To further complicate the situation, uncollected juveniles from Fernando de Noronha (Figure 21) and Bonaire (Figure 22) have identical life coloration consisting primarily of a white head crossed by diagonal brown-orange stripe about width of pupil extending from chin, through eye and across nape; body and fins pale grey. In preservation, adults from Tobago (USNM 317005) have the same head color pattern and long pelvic fins as those of the Brazilian mainland population but differ in having 16 caudal vertebrae. Unfortunately, life coloration was unrecorded and tissue samples were not obtained. A color photograph taken by Les Wilkes of a &quot;Bluebar jawfish&quot; from St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles (
<geoCoordinate id="8BFCBE817568A3C0E87F536BBB52D4AE" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="13.25">13°15'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="52F2AD81FF53C1A6AD2D7B8DE1C6BAE6" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-61.2">61°12'W</geoCoordinate>
) also looks like mainland Brazilian adults. Overall, there are morphological characters that collectively differentiate the two Brazilian clades from the Caribbean haplotypes (i.e., vertebral counts) and from each other (i.e., pelvic fin length, but note the low sample size), but we know of no consistent phenotypic characters that differentiate the two Caribbean haplotypes from each other. The type locality for
<taxonomicName id="5CC7F7F8312365BE5A5E436B026514E2" lsidName="O. aurifrons" pageId="23" pageNumber="118" rank="species" species="aurifrons">O. aurifrons</taxonomicName>
is Dry Tortugas, Florida, making it likely that if the main groups here do indeed represent distinct species, the group containing specimens from Florida (green in Figure 24) represents the true
<taxonomicName id="78C0CC2140DF8BC19D04F7E8F6D836C9" lsidName="O. aurifrons" pageId="23" pageNumber="118" rank="species" species="aurifrons">O. aurifrons</taxonomicName>
and the others new species. However, we refrain from making taxonomic changes pending a more thorough analysis comparing multiple genetic loci, and live coloration/morphology of vouchered specimens.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D213AB29146DE2B04FACB45BBFA8FDB3" pageId="23" pageNumber="118">
<paragraph id="A1AF32F2B82CD85A6BE6A50B06A91C4A" pageId="23" pageNumber="118">
Figure 21.
<taxonomicName id="5575A41875A9D087BD3EF9B7BC5CAA2F" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus aurifrons" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurifrons">Opistognathus aff. aurifrons</taxonomicName>
, juvenile, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. Photograph by
<normalizedToken id="1BE565382BF5EBB266C18A76A8D47A5B" originalValue="João">Joao</normalizedToken>
P. Krajewski.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="63103F4B1C004739F460E60ADBEF56B9" pageId="23" pageNumber="118">
<paragraph id="19A156E3ED6732F5654C857D0EFC17A1" pageId="23" pageNumber="118">
Figure 22.
<taxonomicName id="C832DC6EBA4C41277D4419287CFB8F86" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus aurifrons" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurifrons">Opistognathus aurifrons</taxonomicName>
, juvenile, Bonaire. Photograph by Scott Michael.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="FC49F4D4D00E44BCCF1CCDC26A951EE7" pageId="23" pageNumber="118">
Depending on the locality, adults of Caribbean
<taxonomicName id="B3BE8135E28816FD3731F5528E195B40" family="Opistognathidae" genus="Opistognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opistognathus aurifrons" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurifrons">Opistognathus aurifrons</taxonomicName>
may have relatively short or long pelvic fins, color patterns not found in Brazilian populations or that duplicate them.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3E8273E86883E1281E3A6259CC41E63B" pageId="23" pageNumber="118" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="18FF7ECB75F9055FE92202F8F5A02D7E" pageId="23" pageNumber="118">Conservation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="950C8764217BDD442ACCE46ACFB5B87E" pageId="23" pageNumber="118">
The conservation status of Brazilian populations of this species has been assessed by the
<normalizedToken id="E6D6593D111C3510D85B013446C62309" originalValue="Ministério">Ministerio</normalizedToken>
do Meio Ambiente/Instituto Chico Mendes de
<normalizedToken id="856178DC10C3EF1B67A3DA9249C68E51" originalValue="Conservação">Conservacao</normalizedToken>
de Biodiversidade (MMA/ICMBio - Brazil) and listed as Least Concern.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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