treatments-xml/data/03/EC/35/03EC3527716CFFD0FCA0FA6FFA76F660.xml

<document id="297DBAF24A3DBC4F4D3DEB1B6DE78879" ID-CLB-Dataset="298660" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.12168227" ID-GBIF-Dataset="178ed053-7081-4927-96dd-277fa0d92e5e" ID-ISSN="0870-3876" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168227" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1718800477084" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Heemstra, P. C." docDate="1991" docId="03EC3527716CFFD0FCA0FA6FFA76F660" docLanguage="en" docName="BolMusMunFunchal.43.226.5-71.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal 43 (226)" docTitle="Epinephelus haifensis BEN-TUVIA 1953" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="FFD54D5F7170FFCDFFA6FFE7FFCCFFEA" masterDocTitle="A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae)" masterLastPageNumber="71" masterPageNumber="5" pageNumber="33" updateTime="1718813564701" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="83812FA8860583F7CB15D8AA74635DEA">A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6D1DBADAF88D98B98549D79D1137C787">Heemstra, P. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="DB31467C6BDE3B5D418AA27EFA37B2A9">Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="26245DFA6A56A696F5ED196057C10B62">1991</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA716CFFD1FCA0FA6FFB12FA71" box="[774,1246,1415,1443]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716CFFD1FCA0FA6FFB12FA71" blockId="28.[774,1246,1415,1477]" box="[774,1246,1415,1443]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">
<heading id="D0B2335D716CFFD1FCA0FA6FFB12FA71" bold="true" box="[774,1246,1415,1443]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="11" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716CFFD1FCA0FA6FFB12FA71" ID-CoL="6FTPD" authority="BEN-TUVIA, 1953" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[774,1246,1415,1443]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B9315823716CFFD1FCA0FA6FFBCFFA48" bold="true" box="[774,1027,1416,1443]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">Epinephelus haifensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716CFFD1FBA8FA60FB12FA71" author="BEN-TUVIA" bookContentInfo="20 figs." box="[1038,1246,1415,1440]" firstAuthor="BEN-TUVIA" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Sea Fish. Res. Stn. Israel" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 40" part="8" refId="ref26783" refString="BEN-TUVIA, A: 1953. Mediterranean fishes of Israel. Bull. Sea Fish. Res. Stn. Israel, (8): 1 - 40, 20 figs." title="Mediterranean fishes of Israel" type="book chapter" year="1953">BEN-TUVIA, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA716CFFD1FC6FFA4DFBD2FA54" box="[969,1054,1450,1477]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716CFFD1FC6FFA4DFBD2FA54" blockId="28.[774,1246,1415,1477]" box="[969,1054,1450,1477]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">
<figureCitation id="137E98B4716CFFD1FC6FFA4DFBD2FA54" box="[969,1054,1450,1477]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[676,708,2337,2361]" captionTargetBox="[542,1490,1789,2314]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 10 - Epinephelus haifensis, 31 cm. SL, Angola, from POLL, 1954." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168255" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168255/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA716CFFD1FDB5FA09FB7CF998" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716CFFD1FDB5FA09FAA0F9EE" blockId="28.[528,1495,1516,1657]" box="[531,1388,1516,1541]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">
? 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716CFFD1FDBBFA09FCAFFA14" authority="BRUNNICII, 1768: 65" authorityName="BRUNNICII" authorityPageNumber="65" authorityYear="1768" box="[541,867,1517,1541]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B9315823716CFFD1FDBBFA09FD47F9EF" box="[541,651,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">Perca gigas</emphasis>
BRUNNICII, 1768: 65
</taxonomicName>
(type locality, Marseille; holotype not preserved)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716CFFD1FDB5F9EDFAFEF9F5" blockId="28.[528,1495,1516,1657]" box="[531,1330,1544,1568]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">
? 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716CFFD1FDBBF9EDFC5FF9F0" authority="DODERLEIN, 1882: 250" authorityName="DODERLEIN" authorityPageNumber="250" authorityYear="1882" box="[541,915,1545,1567]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cerna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sicana">
<emphasis id="B9315823716CFFD1FDBBF9EDFD6DF9F1" box="[541,673,1545,1563]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">Cerna sicana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716CFFD1FD0BF9EEFC5FF9F0" author="DODERLEIN, P." bookContentInfo="5 pls." box="[685,915,1545,1567]" journalOrPublisher="G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" pagination="168 - 259" part="15" refId="ref28335" refString="DODERLEIN, P.: 1882. Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia. G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo, 15: 168 - 259, 5 pls." title="Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia" type="book chapter" year="1882">DODERLEIN, 1882: 250</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Palermo, Sicily; holotype at MZUSP).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716CFFD1FDB6F9C2FC36F9B2" blockId="28.[528,1495,1516,1657]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716CFFD1FDB6F9C2FC77F9DC" authority="BEN-TUVIA, 1953: 21" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityPageNumber="21" authorityYear="1953" box="[528,955,1573,1597]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B9315823716CFFD1FDB6F9C2FD2BF9D7" box="[528,743,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">Epinephelus haifensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716CFFD1FD48F9C2FC77F9DC" author="BEN-TUVIA" bookContentInfo="20 figs." box="[750,955,1573,1594]" firstAuthor="BEN-TUVIA" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Sea Fish. Res. Stn. Israel" page="21" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 40" part="8" refId="ref26783" refString="BEN-TUVIA, A: 1953. Mediterranean fishes of Israel. Bull. Sea Fish. Res. Stn. Israel, (8): 1 - 40, 20 figs." title="Mediterranean fishes of Israel" type="book chapter" year="1953">BEN-TUVIA, 1953: 21</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Fig. 14 (Mediterranean coast of Israel, off Caesarea, 120 fms.; holotype SFRS M411 (320 mm.)).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716CFFD1FDB6F986FB7CF998" blockId="28.[528,1495,1516,1657]" box="[528,1200,1632,1657]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716CFFD1FDB6F986FD08F993" box="[528,708,1633,1657]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B9315823716CFFD1FDB6F986FD08F993" box="[528,708,1633,1657]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">Epinephelus gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716CFFD1FD7BF985FCB3F999" author="POLL, M." bookContentInfo="Res. Sci. Exped. oceauogr. belg. Eaux cot. afr. Atlan. Sud. (1948 - 49). Inst R. Sci. Nat. Belge, 4 (3 A): 1 - 390, 107 figs., 9 pls" box="[733,895,1633,1655]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" refId="ref31149" refString="1954. Poissons IV. Teleosteens Acanthopterygiens (Premiere Partie). Res. Sci. Exped. oceauogr. belg. Eaux cot. afr. Atlan. Sud. (1948 - 49). Inst R. Sci. Nat. Belge, 4 (3 A): 1 - 390, 107 figs., 9 pls." title="Poissons IV. Teleosteens Acanthopterygiens (Premiere Partie)" type="book" year="1954">POLL, 1954: 62</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 17, Pl. 3, Figs. 3,7 &amp; 8.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA716CFFD1FD97F944FB35F6B2" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716CFFD1FD97F944FA09F74F" blockId="28.[497,1528,1696,2392]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B9315823716CFFD1FD97F944FD65F956" bold="true" box="[561,681,1699,1724]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">Diagnosis</emphasis>
: Dorsal fin XL, 14- 15; anal fin III,9; pectoral fin rays 18 -21; lateral-line scales 64-75; lateral scale series 104- 112; gill-rakers 7- 10 + 13- 15, including 2- 6 rudiments on each limb. Body deep, the greatest depth contained 2.4-2.8 times in SL (for fish 10-39 cm. SL); head large, the length contained 2.2-2.5 times in SL; pectoral fins length 1.4- 1.9 times in head length; pelvic fins subequal to pectorals, reaching to or beyond anus in fish of 10-30 cm. Caudal fin rounded; dorsal fin with the third or fourth spine longest, but distinctly shorter than the longest rays; interspinous membranes of dorsal fin deeply incised. Interorbital area convex; eye diameter greater than interorbital width in fish less than 30 cm. SL and distinctly less than interorbital width in a fish of 39 cm. SL. Preopercle with enlarged serrae at the angle, and 1 -6 small serrae (usually covered by skin) on ventral edge; opercular spines distinct; upper edge of operculum convex. Maxilla naked, usually not reaching past vertical at rear edge of eye; no step on ventral edge of maxilla; midlateral part of lower jaw with 2 rows of teeth, the inner teeth about twice as long as the outer ones. Rear nostrils 2 or 3 times larger than front ones. Lateral body scales ctenoid; no auxiliary scales. Pyloric caeca very numerous, forming a large dendritic mass.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716CFFD1FD97F754FAC4F6C5" blockId="28.[497,1528,1696,2392]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B9315823716CFFD1FD97F754FD4AF722" bold="true" box="[561,646,2227,2248]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">Colour</emphasis>
: Head and body dark brown; soft dorsal, caudal and anal fins blackish distally (where there are no scales), the basal (scaly) part of these fins not so dark; soft dorsal, caudal, anal and pectoral fins usually with white edge; pelvic fins blackish; prominent black streak on cheek at upper edge of maxilla.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716CFFD1FD97F6DBFB35F6B2" blockId="28.[497,1528,1696,2392]" box="[561,1273,2363,2392]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33">
Maximum size, 110 cm. total length, 25 kg. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716CFFD1FBF8F6DBFB27F6B2" author="POLL, M." bookContentInfo="Res. Sci. Exped. oceauogr. belg. Eaux cot. afr. Atlan. Sud. (1948 - 49). Inst R. Sci. Nat. Belge, 4 (3 A): 1 - 390, 107 figs., 9 pls" box="[1118,1259,2363,2392]" pageId="28" pageNumber="33" refId="ref31149" refString="1954. Poissons IV. Teleosteens Acanthopterygiens (Premiere Partie). Res. Sci. Exped. oceauogr. belg. Eaux cot. afr. Atlan. Sud. (1948 - 49). Inst R. Sci. Nat. Belge, 4 (3 A): 1 - 390, 107 figs., 9 pls." title="Poissons IV. Teleosteens Acanthopterygiens (Premiere Partie)" type="book" year="1954">POLL, 1954</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA716DFFD0FC96FBA4FAB9FB2B" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716DFFD0FC96FBA4FB70FBBE" blockId="29.[816,1212,1090,1109]" box="[816,1212,1090,1109]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">
<heading id="D0B2335D716DFFD0FC96FBA4FB70FBBE" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[816,1212,1090,1109]" centered="true" level="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FC96FBA4FB70FBBE" bold="true" box="[816,1212,1090,1109]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716DFFD0FD93FB63FAB9FB2B" blockId="29.[501,1529,1154,1217]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">Eastern Mediterranean to southern Angola (14° S). I have examined specimens from the coasts of Israel, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroun, Congo and Angola.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA716DFFD0FC1EFB0CFB29F7B9" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716DFFD0FC1EFB0CFBF8FB17" blockId="29.[952,1076,1259,1277]" box="[952,1076,1259,1277]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">
<heading id="D0B2335D716DFFD0FC1EFB0CFBF8FB17" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[952,1076,1259,1277]" centered="true" level="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FC1EFB0CFBF8FB17" bold="true" box="[952,1076,1259,1277]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">REMARKS</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716DFFD0FD92FACBFCB7F9DB" blockId="29.[499,1537,1323,2132]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">
Found on bottoms of mud, sand or rock in depths of 90-220 rn. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716DFFD0FAF5FACBFA25FAA2" author="POLL, M." bookContentInfo="Res. Sci. Exped. oceauogr. belg. Eaux cot. afr. Atlan. Sud. (1948 - 49). Inst R. Sci. Nat. Belge, 4 (3 A): 1 - 390, 107 figs., 9 pls" box="[1363,1513,1324,1352]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" refId="ref31149" refString="1954. Poissons IV. Teleosteens Acanthopterygiens (Premiere Partie). Res. Sci. Exped. oceauogr. belg. Eaux cot. afr. Atlan. Sud. (1948 - 49). Inst R. Sci. Nat. Belge, 4 (3 A): 1 - 390, 107 figs., 9 pls." title="Poissons IV. Teleosteens Acanthopterygiens (Premiere Partie)" type="book" year="1954">POLL, 1954</bibRefCitation>
). In the literature on Mediterranean and west African groupers (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716DFFD0FA96FAAAFA3CFA89" author="CADENAT, J." box="[1328,1520,1357,1384]" journalOrPublisher="Rev. Trav. Off. (scient. tech.) Pech. marit." pageId="29" pageNumber="34" pagination="377 - 422" part="8" refId="ref27491" refString="CADENAT, J.: 1935. Les Serranides de la Cote occidentale d'Afrique (du Cap Spartel au Cap Vert). Rev. Trav. Off. (scient. tech.) Pech. marit., 8 (4): 377 - 422, 30 figs." title="Les Serranides de la Cote occidentale d'Afrique (du Cap Spartel au Cap Vert)" type="journal article" year="1935">CADENAT, 1935</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716DFFD0FE53FA88FD06FA69" author="TORTONESE, E." box="[501,714,1391,1415]" journalOrPublisher="Atti Sac ital. Sci. nat." pageId="29" pageNumber="34" pagination="198 - 200" part="110" refId="ref32297" refString="1970. A note on the Generic name Cerna Bp. (Pisces, Serranidae). Atti Sac ital. Sci. nat., 110 (2): 198 - 200." title="A note on the Generic name Cerna Bp. (Pisces, Serranidae)" type="journal article" year="1970">TORTONESE, 1970</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716DFFD0FD7FFA88FC3BFA68" author="BAUCHOT &amp; PRAS" bookContentInfo="Lausanne-Paris. 427 pp." box="[729,1015,1390,1414]" firstAuthor="BAUCHOT" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" refId="ref26650" refString="BAUCHOT, M. - L. &amp; A. PRAS: 1980. Guide des Poissons Marins d'Europe Delachaux &amp; Niestle, editeurs. Lausanne-Paris. 427 pp." title="Guide des Poissons Marins d'Europe Delachaux &amp; Niestle, editeurs" type="book" year="1980">BAUCHOT &amp; PRAS, 1980</bibRefCitation>
; etc.) 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FBE7FA89FB0BFA6D" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[1089,1223,1389,1415]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FBE7FA89FB9FFA68" box="[1089,1107,1390,1410]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FBC5FA8AFB0BFA6D" box="[1123,1223,1389,1415]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have been confused with 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FD92FA77FD11FA41" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[564,733,1424,1451]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FD92FA77FD8BFA4E" box="[564,583,1424,1444]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FDFBFA76FD11FA41" box="[605,733,1425,1451]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under the name of &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FC57FA69FB06FA43" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1009,1226,1422,1450]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FC57FA69FB06FA43" box="[1009,1226,1422,1450]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">Epinephelus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; or &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FAB2FA77FDA4FA26" authority="&quot; Although" authorityName="Although" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FAB2FA77FA2AFA41" box="[1300,1510,1424,1451]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">Epinephelus gigas</emphasis>
&quot; Although
</taxonomicName>
only 19 specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FCD5FA55FC35FA21" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[883,1017,1457,1483]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FCD5FA55FC48FA2F" box="[883,900,1458,1477]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FC33FA56FC35FA21" box="[917,1017,1457,1483]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been examined, they all have 9 anal fin rays; whereas, 79 of the 80 specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FB86FA34FB0AFA07" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1056,1222,1490,1517]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FB86FA34FBFEFA0C" box="[1056,1074,1491,1510]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FBE3FA35FB0AFA07" box="[1093,1222,1490,1517]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that were counted have 8 anal fin rays. Consequently, references to 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FBBFFA13FBB2F9E5" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1049,1150,1524,1551]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FBBFFA13FBE6F9E2" box="[1049,1066,1524,1544]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FB9CFA1CFBB2F9E5" box="[1082,1150,1531,1551]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 8 or 9 anal fin rays could apply to either or both species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716DFFD0FD92F9DFFD05F8F2" blockId="29.[499,1537,1323,2132]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">
The species described as 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FCC8F9DEFC3CF9B8" authorityName="BRUNNICII" authorityYear="1768" box="[878,1008,1593,1618]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FCC8F9DEFC3CF9B8" box="[878,1008,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">Perca gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716DFFD0FB87F9DFFB34F9B9" author="BRUNNICH, M. T." bookContentInfo="Accedunt Spolia Maris Adriatici. xvi + 110 pp. Hafniae et Lipsiae" box="[1057,1272,1592,1619]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" refId="ref27406" refString="BRUNNICH, M. T.: 1768. Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptianes eammque apud incalar nomina. Accedunt Spolia Maris Adriatici. xvi + 110 pp. Hafniae et Lipsiae." title="Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptianes eammque apud incalar nomina" type="book" year="1768">BRÜNNICH (1768)</bibRefCitation>
may be the same as 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FE55F9BCFDB0F99F" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[499,636,1626,1653]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FE55F9BCFDC9F985" box="[499,517,1627,1647]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FDB1F9BDFDB0F99F" box="[535,636,1626,1653]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the pectoral fin count of 16 given by BRUNNICH is too low. and the colour description (&quot; 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FD40F99BFC7AF97A" box="[742,950,1659,1686]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">corporis ochraceus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FC63F99CFB33F97F" box="[965,1279,1659,1686]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">
obscuro fuscoque 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FB29F99CFB33F97F" authorityName="Cocco" authorityYear="1833" box="[1167,1279,1659,1685]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulosus">nebulosus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FAAAF966FCA1F958" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">caput subtus rubrum ut &amp; pinnae pectorales extrorsum</emphasis>
.&quot; [body yellowish, with indistinct dark blotches; lower part of head and margin of pectoral fins reddish]) is more similar to the colour pattern of 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FDB3F905FD75F916" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[533,697,1762,1788]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FDB3F905FDEBF91C" box="[533,551,1762,1782]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FD9EF905FD75F916" box="[568,697,1762,1788]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Without a type specimen, 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FBB2F905FB58F916" authorityName="BRUNNICII" authorityYear="1768" box="[1044,1172,1762,1788]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FBB2F905FB58F916" box="[1044,1172,1762,1788]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">Perca gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is probably best regarded as a 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FDABF8EDFD0FF8F2" box="[525,707,1795,1816]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">nomen dubium</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716DFFD0FD92F8C2FB29F7B9" blockId="29.[499,1537,1323,2132]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">
The stuffed holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FCFDF8C2FB46F8D3" authority="DODERLEIN" authorityName="DODERLEIN" box="[859,1162,1829,1850]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cerna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sicana">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FCFDF8C2FC3DF8D3" box="[859,1009,1829,1850]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">Cerna sicana</emphasis>
DODERLEIN
</taxonomicName>
from Sicily has only 10 dorsal fin spines. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716DFFD0FD25F8A0FCABF889" author="TORTONESE, E." box="[643,871,1863,1891]" journalOrPublisher="Boll. Zool." pageId="29" pageNumber="34" pagination="51 - 55" part="28" refId="ref32270" refString="TORTONESE, E.: 1956. Sull'identita della Cerna sicana Doderlein. Boll. Zool., 28 (1): 51 - 55." title="Sull'identita della Cerna sicana Doderlein" type="journal article" year="1956">TORTONESE (1956)</bibRefCitation>
redescribed this specimen and concluded that it was not the western Atlantic species 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FC23F88EFC32F86E" authorityName="HOLBROOK" authorityYear="1855" box="[901,1022,1897,1924]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigritus">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FC23F88EFC5BF894" box="[901,919,1897,1918]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FC0FF88DFC32F86E" box="[937,1022,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">nigritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which normally has 10 dorsal fin spines. Except for having only 10 dorsal fin spines, this specimen fits the description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FA79F86AFD96F823" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FA79F86AFA3DF848" box="[1503,1521,1933,1954]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FE52F84AFD96F823" box="[500,602,1965,1993]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given above. 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FCA9F849FC6BF828" box="[783,935,1966,1987]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cerna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sicana">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FCA9F849FC6BF828" box="[783,935,1966,1987]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">Cerna sicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may represent a rare species with 10 dorsal fin spines that is known from only a single specimen, but it seems more likely that this holotype is simply an abnormal specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FBBFF814FB6CF7E4" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[1049,1184,2034,2062]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FBBFF814FBE6F7ED" box="[1049,1066,2035,2055]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FB9BF815FB6CF7E4" box="[1085,1184,2034,2062]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Rather than use 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FA2DF813FA34F7E3" box="[1419,1528,2036,2057]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cerna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sicana">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FA2DF813FA51F7E3" box="[1419,1437,2036,2057]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FA08F812FA34F7E3" box="[1454,1528,2037,2057]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">sicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the valid name for a species that normally has 11 dorsal fin spines, 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FACEF7F1FD95F7B9" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FACEF7F1FD95F7B9" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">Epinephelus haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is here accepted as the valid name for this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA716DFFD0FCCFF77CFA76F660" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716DFFD0FCCFF77CFB4FF747" blockId="29.[873,1155,2203,2221]" box="[873,1155,2203,2221]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">
<heading id="D0B2335D716DFFD0FCCFF77CFB4FF747" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[873,1155,2203,2221]" centered="true" level="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FCCFF77CFB4FF747" bold="true" box="[873,1155,2203,2221]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">MATERIAL EXAMINED</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716DFFD0FE53F73BFA76F660" blockId="29.[501,1531,2268,2442]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C716DFFD0FE53F73BFAF1F71E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234433" box="[501,1341,2268,2292]" collectionCode="ANSP" country="Israel" location="ISRAEL" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" specimenCode="ANSP 128518" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
MEDITERRANEAN: 
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A1716DFFD0FD40F73BFCF3F704" box="[742,831,2268,2286]" name="Israel" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">ISRAEL</collectingCountry>
: 
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A716DFFD0FCEDF73BFC14F704" box="[843,984,2268,2286]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">ANSP 128518</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D4716DFFD0FC4FF73BFBF6F704" box="[1001,1082,2268,2286]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="125.0">125 mm</quantity>
), 
<typeStatus id="54FE3A93716DFFD0FBE9F738FB69F719" box="[1103,1189,2271,2291]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">paratype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716DFFD0FB63F73BFAFBF71E" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[1221,1335,2268,2292]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FB63F73BFB18F704" box="[1221,1236,2268,2286]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9315823716DFFD0FB47F73BFAFBF71E" box="[1249,1335,2268,2292]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C716DFFD0FAE5F73AFDA8F6FA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234316" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Israel" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" specimenCode="BMNH 195.925.5" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A716DFFD0FAE5F73AFA36F705" box="[1347,1530,2269,2287]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">BMNH 195.925.5</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D4716DFFD0FDA7F71EFD99F6E0" box="[513,597,2297,2314]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C716DFFD0FDCBF71FFCDEF6FA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234401" box="[621,786,2296,2320]" collectionCode="HUJ" country="Israel" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED541CF4716DFFD0FDCBF71FFD51F6E0" box="[621,669,2296,2314]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">HUJ</collectionCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D4716DFFD0FD09F71EFCCFF6E0" box="[687,771,2297,2314]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.47" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="147.0">147 mm</quantity>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C716DFFD0FCBDF71FFC2FF6FA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234388" box="[795,995,2296,2321]" collectionCode="TAU" country="Israel" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" specimenCode="TAU 804" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A716DFFD0FCBDF71FFCB4F6E0" box="[795,888,2296,2314]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">TAU 804</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D4716DFFD0FC2CF71EFC1FF6E0" box="[906,979,2297,2314]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="81.0">81 mm</quantity>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C716DFFD0FC4AF71FFB72F6FA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234474" box="[1004,1214,2296,2322]" collectionCode="TAU" country="Israel" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" specimenCode="TAU 826" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A716DFFD0FC4AF71FFB84F6F8" box="[1004,1096,2296,2322]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">TAU 826</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D4716DFFD0FBFDF71EFB63F6E0" box="[1115,1199,2297,2314]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C716DFFD0FB60F71EFA64F6F8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234469" box="[1222,1448,2297,2322]" collectionCode="TAU" country="Israel" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" specimenCode="TAU 2275" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A716DFFD0FB60F71EFAE3F6E1" box="[1222,1327,2297,2315]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">TAU 2275</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D4716DFFD0FAE2F71DFA55F6E6" box="[1348,1433,2298,2316]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="144.0">144 mm</quantity>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C716DFFD0FA14F71DFDA8F6C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234427" collectionCode="USNM" country="Israel" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED541CF4716DFFD0FA14F71DFA37F6E6" box="[1458,1531,2298,2316]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">USNM</collectionCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D4716DFFD0FDA7F6F1FD98F6CD" box="[513,596,2326,2344]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="117.0">117 mm</quantity>
.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C716DFFD0FDD0F6F2FC7FF6C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234421" box="[630,947,2325,2350]" collectionCode="TAU" country="Egypt" location="EGYPT" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" specimenCode="TAU 8840" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A1716DFFD0FDD0F6F2FD04F6CD" box="[630,712,2325,2343]" name="Egypt" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">EGYPT</collectingCountry>
: 
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A716DFFD0FD78F6F2FC84F6C2" box="[734,840,2325,2344]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">TAU 8840</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D4716DFFD0FCFCF6F1FC6FF6CD" box="[858,931,2326,2344]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C716DFFD0FC60F6F2FDAFF6A0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234505" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Togo" location="TOGO" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" specimenCode="MNHN 1987- 1034" specimenCount="1">
EASTERN ATLANTIC: 
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A1716DFFD0FB7EF6F1FAEEF6C2" box="[1240,1314,2326,2344]" name="Togo" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">TOGO</collectingCountry>
: 
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A716DFFD0FA9CF6F1FA37F6C3" box="[1338,1531,2326,2345]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">MNHN 1987- 1034</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D4716DFFD0FDA7F6D4FD9FF6AE" box="[513,595,2355,2372]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8199999999999998" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="182.0">182 mm</quantity>
.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C716DFFD0FDD3F6D5FB96F6A3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234407" box="[629,1114,2354,2378]" collectionCode="RUSI" country="GULF OF GUINEA" location="GULF OF GUINEA" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" specimenCode="RUSI 26548" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A1716DFFD0FDD3F6D5FC83F6AE" box="[629,847,2354,2372]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">GULF OF GUINEA</collectingCountry>
: 
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A716DFFD0FCC3F6D5FC28F6AE" box="[869,996,2354,2372]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">RUSI 26548</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D4716DFFD0FC5EF6D4FB86F6AE" box="[1016,1098,2355,2372]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="132.0">132 mm</quantity>
.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C716DFFD0FBCDF6D5FA36F6A6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234458" box="[1131,1530,2354,2380]" collectionCode="UMML" country="Nigeria" location="NIGERIA" pageId="29" pageNumber="34" specimenCode="UMML 21464" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A1716DFFD0FBCDF6D5FB14F6AE" box="[1131,1240,2354,2372]" name="Nigeria" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">NIGERIA</collectingCountry>
: 
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A716DFFD0FB4BF6D4FA4FF6AF" box="[1261,1411,2355,2373]" pageId="29" pageNumber="34">UMML 21464</specimenCode>
(
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