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<document id="F4D38AC20B8E472BB66A719102FF34B3" ID-CLB-Dataset="298660" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.12168227" ID-GBIF-Dataset="178ed053-7081-4927-96dd-277fa0d92e5e" ID-ISSN="0870-3876" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168227" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1718800477084" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Heemstra, P. C." docDate="1991" docId="03EC35277151FFE4FCA0FB0CFA24F875" docLanguage="en" docName="BolMusMunFunchal.43.226.5-71.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal 43 (226)" docTitle="Epinephelus marginatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="FFD54D5F7170FFCDFFA6FFE7FFCCFFEA" masterDocTitle="A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae)" masterLastPageNumber="71" masterPageNumber="5" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1718813564701" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="0F99D00F166FAD03F15EA0073CCA76AF" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="C4737DBC1C624B8D2F818319F105E56B">
<mods:title id="AC640548E1F8D84F6F714840F45F0A18">A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="5D78C0121C62A0C960A9B148245DA50D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2EBC322BE9EE7701DA5C6B59E2939EEF">Heemstra, P. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="72D12A9A9D59A6E8A48580B1B6B1DB3C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="68036879A4F4EC5A8E27297947CB9E2B">Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="DCE7D4E36350F9531601EAA7DC84E476">
<mods:date id="12CC920C0DA984C13F29E0912F88C4CC">1991</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="AFE7E3C03530E991B37E3A7E65A85DC8" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="3CFF63F66D9589DABD281460A649DDF1">1991-08-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DEC8C733AE960C9985C5A73BB1DCDEFA">43</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7C5661EDB3F76CD91D2E6EA787E0A9E7">226</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="94BCA075AC5F97E78ED015A55296D82E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="8E72ACE9179E5B70330F6EAA6264BEF2" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.12168227</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03EC35277151FFE4FCA0FB0CFA24F875" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168078" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233229839" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168078" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC35277151FFE4FCA0FB0CFA24F875" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC35277151FFE4FCA0FB0CFA24F875" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7151FFECFCA0FB0CFB1EFAEF" box="[774,1234,1257,1285]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFCA0FB0CFB1EFAEF" blockId="33.[774,1234,1257,1320]" box="[774,1234,1257,1285]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="D0B2335D7151FFECFCA0FB0CFB1EFAEF" bold="true" box="[774,1234,1257,1285]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFCA0FB0CFB1EFAEF" ID-CoL="6FTQB" authority="(LOWE, 1834)" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[774,1234,1257,1285]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFCA0FB0CFBEDFAEF" bold="true" box="[774,1057,1259,1285]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Epinephelus marginatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFB9EFB0DFB04FB14" author="LOWE, R. T." box="[1080,1224,1257,1285]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Soc. Landon" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="142 - 144" part="1883" refId="ref30352" refString="LOWE, R. T.: 1834. Characters of a new genus Leims, and of several new species of fishes from Madeira (Serranas marginatus, Belga splendens, Rhombus maderensis, Crenilabras tmtta, Centiina nigra, etc.) Proc. Zool. Soc. Landon (1883) 1: 142 - 144." title="Characters of a new genus Leims, and of several new species of fishes from Madeira (Serranas marginatus, Belga splendens, Rhombus maderensis, Crenilabras tmtta, Centiina nigra, etc.) Proc" type="journal article" year="1834">LOWE, 1834</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7151FFECFC9DFAEBFB52FAF5" box="[827,1182,1291,1320]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFC9DFAEBFB52FAF5" blockId="33.[774,1234,1257,1320]" box="[827,1182,1291,1320]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
<figureCitation id="137E98B47151FFECFC9DFAEBFC56FACB" box="[827,922,1292,1320]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="37.[535,567,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox="[540,1492,1193,1614]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Fig. 12 - Epinephelus marginatus, 45 cm. SL. Cape Vidal, South Africa, RUSI 12922. Drawn by E. HEEMSTRA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168261/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="137E98B47151FFECFC6FFAEBFC2EFACB" box="[969,994,1292,1313]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="37.[531,563,2331,2355]" captionTargetBox="[534,1481,1915,2297]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Fig. 13 - Epinephelus marginatus, 29 cm. SL, Madeira, BMNH 1858.42.81; presented to the Zoological Society of London by the Rev. R. T. LOWE. Photograph courtesy of the British lt/ ......, lııcøıım ....... / Nqtııı--ıl (uawra. ...." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168263/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">13</figureCitation>
, Plate I,
<figureCitation id="137E98B47151FFECFBFCFAEBFB52FAF5" box="[1114,1182,1291,1319]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[551,583,1600,1624]" captionTargetBox="[767,1312,1093,1570]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 - Diagramatic illustration of a grouper's head to show method of measuring maxilla width (MW); UL =upper lip; SM=supramaxilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168229/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7151FFECFDA8FAA8FA4EF854" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFDA8FAA8FAA6FA8B" blockId="33.[521,1490,1358,1982]" box="[526,1386,1358,1382]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
?
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFDBEFAA8FC92FA8A" authority="BRUNNICH, 1768: 65" authorityName="BRUNNICH" authorityPageNumber="65" authorityYear="1768" box="[536,862,1358,1381]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFDBEFAA8FD4AFA8F" box="[536,646,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Perca gigas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFD36FAA8FC92FA8A" author="BRUNNICH, M. T." bookContentInfo="Accedunt Spolia Maris Adriatici. xvi + 110 pp. Hafniae et Lipsiae" box="[656,862,1359,1380]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref27406" refString="BRUNNICH, M. T.: 1768. Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptianes eammque apud incalar nomina. Accedunt Spolia Maris Adriatici. xvi + 110 pp. Hafniae et Lipsiae." title="Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptianes eammque apud incalar nomina" type="book" year="1768">BRÜNNICH, 1768: 65</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(type locality, Marseilles, France; holotype lost?)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFDA8FA8CFA1CFA68" blockId="33.[521,1490,1358,1982]" box="[526,1488,1386,1411]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
?
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFDBEFA8CFC7CFA97" authority="LACEPEDE, 1802: 376" authorityName="LACEPEDE" authorityPageNumber="376" authorityYear="1802" box="[536,944,1387,1408]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Holocentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="merou">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFDBEFA8CFD19FA96" box="[536,725,1387,1405]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Holocentrus merou</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFD7BFA8CFC7CFA97" author="LACEPEDE, B." bookContentInfo="Vol. 4: xliv + 728 pp., Paris" box="[733,944,1387,1408]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref30091" refString="1802. Histoire naturelle des Poissons. Vol. 4: xliv + 728 pp., Paris." title="Histoire naturelle des Poissons" type="book" year="1802">LACEPÈDE, 1802: 376</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFB0EFA8DFA0FFA96" authority="BRUNNICH, 1768" authorityName="BRUNNICH" authorityYear="1768" box="[1192,1475,1386,1410]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFB0EFA8DFAD8FA68" box="[1192,1300,1386,1410]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Perca gigas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFABBFA8CFA0FFA96" author="BRUNNICH, M. T." bookContentInfo="Accedunt Spolia Maris Adriatici. xvi + 110 pp. Hafniae et Lipsiae" box="[1309,1475,1387,1408]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref27406" refString="BRUNNICH, M. T.: 1768. Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptianes eammque apud incalar nomina. Accedunt Spolia Maris Adriatici. xvi + 110 pp. Hafniae et Lipsiae." title="Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptianes eammque apud incalar nomina" type="book" year="1768">BRÜNNICH, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFDAAFA6FFD06FA5F" blockId="33.[521,1490,1358,1982]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFDAAFA6FFD58FA74" baseAuthorityName="BRUNNICH" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[524,660,1415,1438]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFDAAFA6FFD58FA74" box="[524,660,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Serranus gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: VALENCIENNES, in Cuv. &amp; VAL., 1828: 270, Pl. 33;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFB2DFA60FA98FA73" author="GUNTHER, A." box="[1163,1364,1415,1436]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref29325" refString="GUNTHER, A.: 1859. Catalogue of the Acanthopteiygian fishes in the British Museum I. British Museum (Natural History), London. xxxi + 524 pp." type="book" year="1859">GÜNTHER, 1859: 132</bibRefCitation>
; STEINDACH NER, 1877: 175.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFDADFA27FC36FA1E" blockId="33.[521,1490,1358,1982]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFDADFA27FC54FA38" authority="Lowe, 1834: 142" authorityName="Lowe" authorityPageNumber="142" authorityYear="1834" box="[523,920,1471,1495]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFDADFA27FD17FA3D" box="[523,731,1471,1495]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Serranus marginatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFD40FA27FC54FA38" author="LOWE, R. T." box="[742,920,1472,1493]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Soc. Landon" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="142 - 144" part="1883" refId="ref30352" refString="LOWE, R. T.: 1834. Characters of a new genus Leims, and of several new species of fishes from Madeira (Serranas marginatus, Belga splendens, Rhombus maderensis, Crenilabras tmtta, Centiina nigra, etc.) Proc. Zool. Soc. Landon (1883) 1: 142 - 144." title="Characters of a new genus Leims, and of several new species of fishes from Madeira (Serranas marginatus, Belga splendens, Rhombus maderensis, Crenilabras tmtta, Centiina nigra, etc.) Proc" type="journal article" year="1834">Lowe, 1834: 142</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(type locality, Madeira; no type specimens indicated; neotype MMF 3388, 200 mm. SL, Madeira).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFDAAFA1FFC57F98F" blockId="33.[521,1490,1358,1982]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFDAAFA1FFCB2F9E0" authority="Lowe, 1836: 195" authorityName="Lowe" authorityPageNumber="195" authorityYear="1836" box="[524,894,1527,1551]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fimbriatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFDAAFA1FFD03F9E5" box="[524,719,1527,1551]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Serranus fimbriatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFD71FA1FFCB2F9E0" author="LOWE, R. T." box="[727,894,1528,1549]" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge Phil. Soc." pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="195 - 202" part="6" refId="ref30412" refString="1836. Piscium Maderensium species quaedam novae, vel minus rite cognitae breviter descriptae (Serranusfimbnatus, S. fuscus, Pniicanthusfiilgens, Polymixia nobzlus, Leirus Leuus beiinetti, etc.) Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. (1836) 6: 195 - 202." title="Piscium Maderensium species quaedam novae, vel minus rite cognitae breviter descriptae (Serranusfimbnatus, S. fuscus, Pniicanthusfiilgens, Polymixia nobzlus, Leirus Leuus beiinetti, etc.) Trans" type="journal article" year="1836">Lowe, 1836: 195</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, PL I,
<figureCitation id="137E98B47151FFECFC62FA1FFC30F9E0" box="[964,1020,1528,1551]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[551,583,1600,1624]" captionTargetBox="[767,1312,1093,1570]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 - Diagramatic illustration of a grouper's head to show method of measuring maxilla width (MW); UL =upper lip; SM=supramaxilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168229/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
(unnecessary replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFADFFA1FFD12F9CC" authority="LOW" authorityName="Lowe" authorityYear="1834" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFADFFA1FFD56F9C0" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Serranus marginatus</emphasis>
LOW
</taxonomicName>
, thought to be preoccupied by
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFB8DF9F3FA1DF9CF" authority="VALENCIENNES, 1828" authorityName="VALENCIENNES" authorityYear="1828" box="[1067,1489,1555,1578]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginalis">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFB8DF9F3FB3EF9C0" box="[1067,1266,1555,1578]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Serranus marginalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFB5DF9F3FA1DF9CF" author="VALENCIENNES, A." box="[1275,1489,1556,1577]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref32623" refString="VALENCIENNES, A.: 1828. See Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes." title="See Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes" type="book" year="1828">VALENCIENNES, 1828</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[which was based on
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFCA0F9D7FB6FF9A8" authority="LACEPEDE, 1802" authorityName="LACEPEDE" authorityYear="1802" box="[774,1187,1584,1608]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Holocentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFCA0F9D7FC34F9A2" box="[774,1016,1584,1608]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Holocentrus marginatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFBA6F9D7FB6FF9A8" author="LACEPEDE, B." bookContentInfo="Vol. 4: xliv + 728 pp., Paris" box="[1024,1187,1584,1606]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref30091" refString="1802. Histoire naturelle des Poissons. Vol. 4: xliv + 728 pp., Paris." title="Histoire naturelle des Poissons" type="book" year="1802">LACEPÈDE, 1802</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, an incorrect spelling of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFA0AF9D7FC45F98F" authority="BLOCH, 1793" authorityName="BLOCH" authorityYear="1793" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginalis">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFA0AF9D7FD34F98E" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Epinephelus marginalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFCA5F9AAFC45F98F" author="BLOCH, M. E." bookContentInfo="7: 1 - 144, 36 pls, Berlin" box="[771,905,1613,1637]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref27106" refString="1793. Naturgeschichte der Auslundischen Fische, 7: 1 - 144, 36 pls, Berlin." title="Naturgeschichte der Auslundischen Fische" type="book" year="1793">BLOCH, 1793</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFDAAF98EFC31F991" blockId="33.[521,1490,1358,1982]" box="[524,1021,1640,1664]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFDAAF98EFD4DF96A" baseAuthorityName="Brunnich" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[524,641,1640,1664]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cerna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFDAAF98EFD4DF96A" box="[524,641,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Cerna gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFD37F98EFCBAF991" author="DODERLEIN, P." bookContentInfo="5 pls." box="[657,886,1641,1663]" journalOrPublisher="G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="168 - 259" part="15" refId="ref28335" refString="DODERLEIN, P.: 1882. Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia. G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo, 15: 168 - 259, 5 pls." title="Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia" type="book chapter" year="1882">DODERLEIN, 1882: 177</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 1,
<figureCitation id="137E98B47151FFECFC1AF98EFC3AF991" box="[956,1014,1641,1664]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[551,583,1600,1624]" captionTargetBox="[767,1312,1093,1570]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 - Diagramatic illustration of a grouper's head to show method of measuring maxilla width (MW); UL =upper lip; SM=supramaxilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168229/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFDACF961FA1CF977" blockId="33.[521,1490,1358,1982]" box="[522,1488,1668,1693]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFDACF961FC86F97D" authority="JENYNS, 1843: 6" authorityName="J ENYNS" authorityPageNumber="6" authorityYear="1843" box="[522,842,1669,1692]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspersus">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFDACF961FD7EF976" box="[522,690,1670,1692]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Serranus aspersus</emphasis>
JENYNS, 1843: 6
</taxonomicName>
(type locality, Cape Verde Islands; holotype BMNH 1917.7.1436).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFDABF945FA0DF953" blockId="33.[521,1490,1358,1982]" box="[525,1473,1696,1721]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
?
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFDB1F945FC62F959" authority="CAPELLO, 1868: 156" authorityName="CAPELLO" authorityPageNumber="156" authorityYear="1868" box="[535,942,1697,1719]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cernioides">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFDB1F945FD15F959" box="[535,729,1697,1715]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Serranus cernioides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFD45F946FC62F959" author="CAPELLO, F. de B." box="[739,942,1697,1719]" journalOrPublisher="Jorn. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="154 - 169" part="1" refId="ref27616" refString="CAPELLO, F. de B.: 1868. Peixes novos de Portugal e da Africa accidental, e caracteres distinctivos d'outras especies ja conhecidas. Jorn. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa 1: 154 - 169." title="Peixes novos de Portugal e da Africa accidental, e caracteres distinctivos d'outras especies ja conhecidas" type="journal article" year="1868">CAPELLO, 1868: 156</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Pl. 4,
<figureCitation id="137E98B47151FFECFC5BF946FBFAF959" box="[1021,1078,1697,1720]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[551,583,1600,1624]" captionTargetBox="[767,1312,1093,1570]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 - Diagramatic illustration of a grouper's head to show method of measuring maxilla width (MW); UL =upper lip; SM=supramaxilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168229/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
(type locality, Lisbon; holotype lost).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFDACF95BFA1CF93F" blockId="33.[521,1490,1358,1982]" box="[522,1488,1724,1750]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFDACF95BFC66F925" authority="COPE, 1871: 466" authorityName="COPE" authorityPageNumber="466" authorityYear="1871" box="[522,938,1724,1749]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachysoma">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFDACF95BFCCEF93E" box="[522,770,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Epinephelus brachysoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFCAFF95AFC66F925" author="COPE, E. D." box="[777,938,1725,1747]" journalOrPublisher="Trans. Amer. Phil. Sac." pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="445 483" part="14" refId="ref27907" refString="COPE, E. D.: 1871. Ichthyology of the Lesser Antilles. Trans. Amer. Phil. Sac., 14: 445 483." title="Ichthyology of the Lesser Antilles" type="journal volume" year="1871">COPE, 1871: 466</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(type locality, Rio de Janeiro; holotype ANSP 13372).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFDACF93EFCAEF8CF" blockId="33.[521,1490,1358,1982]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFDACF93EFD70F91B" box="[522,700,1753,1778]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFDACF93EFD70F91B" box="[522,700,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Epinephelus gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFD75F93DFC3FF906" author="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; J. SWAIN" box="[723,1011,1754,1775]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="358 - 410" refId="ref29988" refString="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; J. SWAIN: 1885. A review of the American species of Epinephelus and related genera. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 7 (1884): 358 - 410." type="journal article" year="1885">JORDAN &amp; SWAIN, 1885: 388</bibRefCitation>
(synonymy based on
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFB74F93DFA64F906" author="STEINDACHNER, F." bookContentInfo="15 pls." box="[1234,1448,1754,1775]" journalOrPublisher="V. Sber. Akad. Wss. Wien" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="49 - 240" part="74" refId="ref32021" refString="1877. Ichthyologische Beitrage. V. Sber. Akad. Wss. Wien, 74 (1): 49 - 240, 15 pls." title="Ichthyologische Beitrage" type="journal article" year="1877">STEINDACHNER, 1877</bibRefCitation>
; no description);
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFD16F910FC33F8E2" author="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; C. H. EIGENMANN" box="[688,1023,1782,1805]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="329 - 441" refId="ref29782" refString="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; C. H. EIGENMANN: 1890. A review of the genera and species of Serranidae found in the waters of America and Europe. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 8 (1888): 329 - 441, pls. 60 - 69." type="journal article" year="1890">JORDAN &amp; EIGENMANN, 1890: 359</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFBADF910FB73F8E2" author="BOULENGER, G. A." bookContentInfo="Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp" box="[1035,1215,1782,1804]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref27380" refString="1895. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I. Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp." title="Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I." type="book" year="1895">BOULENGER, 1895</bibRefCitation>
; 232;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFB5DF910FA06F8E3" author="BARNARD" box="[1275,1482,1783,1804]" firstAuthor="BARNARD" journalOrPublisher="Neill and Co Edinburgh.., Ltd" page="482" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref26403" refString="BARNARD, K. H.: 1927. A Monograph of the Marine Fishes of South Africa. Part 2: 419 - 1065. Neill and Co Edinburgh.., Ltd.," title="A Monograph of the Marine Fishes of South Africa. Part 2: 419 - 1065" type="book" year="1927">BARNARD, 1927: 482</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFD8DF8F4FD35F8CF" author="CADENAT, J." bookContentInfo="Inst. fr. Afr. noire, Dakar, 1950 [1951]: 345 pp., 241, figs" box="[555,761,1811,1832]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref27543" refString="1951. Poissons de mer du Senegal, Initiations africaines, HI. Inst. fr. Afr. noire, Dakar, 1950 [1951]: 345 pp., 241, figs." title="Poissons de mer du Senegal, Initiations africaines, HI" type="book" year="1951">CADENAT, 1951: 191</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 125.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFDAFF8C9FA4EF854" blockId="33.[521,1490,1358,1982]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFDAFF8C9FD09F8AD" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[521,709,1838,1863]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFDAFF8C9FD09F8AD" box="[521,709,1838,1863]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Epinephelus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFD7EF8D2FD32F8AB" box="[728,766,1845,1857]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">non</emphasis>
LINNAEUS):
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFC2EF8D7FB24F8AB" author="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; B. W. EVERMANN" box="[904,1256,1839,1861]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus." pageId="33" pageNumber="38" part="47" refId="ref29840" refString="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; B. W. EVERMANN: 1896. The fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 47 (1): ix + 1240." title="The fishes of North and Middle America" type="journal volume" year="1896">JORDAN &amp; EVERMANN, 1896: 1154</bibRefCitation>
; J. L. B.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFAEAF8C8FD81F8B4" author="SMITH, J. L. B." pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref31860" refString="SMITH, J. L. B.: 1949. The Sea Fishes of Southern Afiica. Central News Agency, Cape Town, South Africa, 550 pp." type="book" year="1949">SMITH, 1949: 195</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 18;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFD04F8ABFCF2F8B7" author="RIVAS, L. R." box="[674,830,1867,1889]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="17 - 30" refId="ref31472" refString="RIVAS, L. R.: 1964. Western Atlantic Serranid Fishes (Groupers) of the genus Epinephelus. Quart. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 27 (1): 17 - 30." type="journal article" year="1964">RIVAS, 1964: 29</bibRefCitation>
; C.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFCCCF8ABFBFCF8B4" author="SMITH, C. L." box="[874,1072,1868,1890]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 241" part="146" refId="ref31738" refString="SMITH, C. L.: 1971. A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 146: 1 - 241." title="A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera" type="journal article" year="1971">L SMITH, 1971: 137</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFBE6F8ABFBA0F8B4" author="SMITH, C. L." box="[1088,1132,1868,1886]" editor="W. Fischer &amp; G. Bianchi &amp; W. B. Scott" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref31807" refString="1981. Serranidae. In W. Fischer, G. Bianchi &amp; W. B. Scott (eds), FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Eastern Central Atlantic Vol. 4. UN / FAO &amp; Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Ottawa, Canada." title="Serranidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Eastern Central Atlantic Vol. 4. UN / FAO &amp; Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Ottawa, Canada." year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFBDAF8ABFAE4F8B4" author="SERET, B." box="[1148,1320,1868,1889]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref31716" refString="SERET, B.: 1981. Poissons de Mer de l'ouest Africain Tropical. ORSTOM, Paris. 416 pp." type="book" year="1981">SÉRET, 1981: 156</bibRefCitation>
, fig.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFAC2F8ABFD2DF890" author="HEEMSTRA, P. C. &amp; J. E. RANDALL" bookContentInfo="241 pp. Rome, UN / FAO." editor="W. Fischer &amp; G. Bianchi" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref29388" refString="HEEMSTRA, P. C. &amp; J. E. RANDALL: 1984. Serranidae. In W. Fischer &amp; G. Bianchi (eds), FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Western Indian Ocean Vol. 4, 241 pp. Rome, UN / FAO." title="Serranidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Western Indian Ocean Vol. 4" year="1984">HEEMSTRA &amp; RANDALL, 1984</bibRefCitation>
, 1986: 525, Pls. 36 &amp; 39',
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFC56F88FFB19F890" author="TORTONESE, E." bookContentInfo="Vol. II: 515 - 1007. UNESCO, Paris" box="[1008,1237,1896,1918]" editor="J. P. Whitehead &amp; L. Bauchot &amp; J-C. Hureau &amp; J. Nielsen &amp; E. Tortonese" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="780 - 792" refId="ref32416" refString="1986. Serranidae. (pp. 780 - 792) in Fishes of the North-eastem Atlantic and the Mediterranean. P. J. P. Whitehead, M. - L. Bauchot,. J-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen &amp; E. Tortonese (eds). Vol. II: 515 - 1007. UNESCO, Paris." title="Serranidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Fishes of the North-eastem Atlantic and the Mediterranean" year="1986">TORTONESE, 1986: 785</bibRefCitation>
, fig.: BIANHI, 1986: 43, fig;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFDFFF862FCFEF872" author="BAUCHOT" box="[601,818,1925,1948]" editor="W. Fischer &amp; M. - L. Bauchot &amp; M. Schneider" firstAuthor="BAUCHOT" page="1311" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="891 - 1422" refId="ref26439" refString="BAUCHOT, M. - L.: 1987. Poissons Ossewc (pp. 891 - 1422) in Fiches FAO d ' identification des especes pour les besoins de la peche. (Revision 1). Mediterranee et mer Noire. Zone de peche 37. Volume II. Vertebres. (pp. 762 - 1529) W. Fischer, M. - L. Bauchot &amp; M. Schneider (eds). Rome," title="Poissons Ossewc" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Fiches FAO d ' identification des especes pour les besoins de la peche. (Revision 1). Mediterranee et mer Noire. Zone de peche 37. Volume II. Vertebres. (pp. 762 - 1529)" year="1987">BAUCHOT, 1987: 1311</bibRefCitation>
, fig;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFCC9F861FBFFF872" author="MANZONI, P." box="[879,1075,1926,1947]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref30487" refString="MANZONI, P.: 1987. Enciclopedia illustrata delle specie ittiche marine. Instituto Geografico de Agostini Camera di Commercio di Como, 127 pp." type="book" year="1987">MANZONI, 1987: 67</bibRefCitation>
, Fig;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFBC9F861FA4CF872" author="BELLEMANS" bookContentInfo="Guide des ressources halieutiques du Senegal et de la Gambie (especes marines et d' eaux saumatres). Rome, FAO. 227 pp." box="[1135,1408,1926,1948]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="BELLEMANS" page="96" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref26680" refString="BELLEMANS, M., A SAGNA, W. FISCHER &amp; N. SCIALABBA. ' 1988. Fiches FAO d identification des especes pour les besoins de la peche. Guide des ressources halieutiques du Senegal et de la Gambie (especes marines et d' eaux saumatres). Rome, FAO. 227 pp." title="Fiches FAO d identification des especes pour les besoins de la peche" type="book" year="1988">
BELLEMANS
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFB4CF86EFADAF872" box="[1258,1302,1926,1944]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 1988: 96
</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 11, Fig. 83;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07151FFECFD24F841FCAFF852" author="SCHNEIDER, W." box="[642,867,1958,1980]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" refId="ref31640" refString="SCHNEIDER, W.: 1990. FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes. Field Guizle to the Commercial Marine Resources of the Gulf of Guinea. FAO, Rome. 268 pp." type="book" year="1990">SCHNEIDER, 1990: 105</bibRefCitation>
. Pl. 11, Fig. 82 (labelled &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27151FFECFBDCF841FAA1F854" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1146,1389,1958,1982]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFBDCF841FAA1F854" box="[1146,1389,1958,1982]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Epinephelus marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7151FFEFFD8CF80FFA87F7A0" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFEFFD8CF80FFDA0FB14" blockId="33.[491,1520,2023,2426]" lastBlockId="34.[501,1535,1080,2434]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFD8CF80FFD6FF7EB" bold="true" box="[554,675,2024,2049]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis</emphasis>
: Dorsal fin XI,14- 16; anal fin III,8 (1 of 89 fish counted had 9 anal fin rays); pectoral fin rays 17- 19; lateral-line scales 62-73; lateral scale series 98- 113; gill-rakers 7-10 + 14-16 (including 2- 5 rudiments on each limb). Body depth less than head length, contained 2.6-3.1 times in SL (for fish 8-62 cm. SL); head length contained 2.3-2.5 times in SL; body moderately compressed, the greatest width contained 1.7- 2.3 times in the depth. Eye diameter contained 4.3-7.9 times in head length, equal to snout length of fish 8- 10 cm. SL and about half snout length of fish 50 cm.; eye diameter greater than or subequal to interorbital width for fish 10-30 cm. SL, less than interorbital width of fish over 40 crn. SL; interorbital width 5.0-7.3 times in head length; caudal peduncle depth contained 7.5-9.5 times in SL. Caudal fin rounded (juveniles) or truncate with rounded corners (adults,
<figureCitation id="137E98B47151FFECFB27F6DCFB1AF6BA" box="[1153,1238,2363,2391]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="37.[535,567,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox="[540,1492,1193,1614]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Fig. 12 - Epinephelus marginatus, 45 cm. SL. Cape Vidal, South Africa, RUSI 12922. Drawn by E. HEEMSTRA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168261/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
); 3rd or 4th dorsal fin spines longest, longer than longest dorsal rays and contained 22-28 times in head length, the interspinous membranes distinctly incised; anal fin margin rounded, the 2nd and 3rd spines subequal in juveniles, but the 3rd spine longest in adults, 2.2- 3.3 times in head; pectoral fins fleshy, the fin length contained 1.6-2.0 times in head length; pelvic fins not reaching anus, shorter than pectorals, their length contained 1.8-2.4 times in head length; pelvic fin origin below or slightly posterior to base of pectorals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317152FFEFFD93FAE3FC97F8D9" blockId="34.[501,1535,1080,2434]" pageId="34" pageNumber="39">Interorbital area convex; dorsal profile of head slightly convex. Preopercle rounded or subangular, the rear edge finely serrate, with the serrae at the &quot;angle&quot; slightly enlarged; adults with a shallow indentation on rear edge just above the angle; no serrae on ventral edge of preopercle; opercle with middle and lower spines distinct, the upper spine hidden by skin and scales; upper edge of operculum convex; edge of subopercle and interopercle smooth. Nostrils rounded, subequal, or rear nostril slightly larger; anterior nostril set in a short tube, the posterior edge produced into a flap. Maxilla naked, reaching to or slightly past a vertical at rear edge of eye; ventral edge of maxilla smoothly curved from distal expansion to narrow middle part (no step-like discontinuity on ventral edge of maxilla). Mid-lateral part of lower jaw with 2-4 rows of subequal teeth, the inner teeth depressible medially; premaxilla with a band of small, depressible, conical teeth; juveniles with a pair of small fixed canines (enlarged conical teeth) at front of both jaws, but in large adults (&gt; 60 cm. SL) there are no apparent canines in the jaws. Gill-raker at angle subequal to adjacent raker on lower limb and also subequal to longest gill filaments. Mid-lateral body scales ctenoid (at least in area covered by pectoral fins); adults with numerous auxiliary Scales. Pyloric caeca 26-50.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317152FFEFFD90F8A5FA87F7A0" blockId="34.[501,1535,1080,2434]" pageId="34" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B93158237152FFEFFD90F8A5FD40F8BD" bold="true" box="[566,652,1858,1879]" pageId="34" pageNumber="39">Colour</emphasis>
: Head and body dark reddish brown or greyish dorsally, usually yellowish gold ventrally; irregular white, pale yellowish-green or silvery-grey blotches usually visible on body and head; a black, more or less distinct &quot;moustache&quot; streak along maxillary groove below eye (mostly covered by upper part of maxilla when the mouth is closed); lower edge of anal fin and rear edge of caudal fin narrowly white; pelvic fins blackish distally; pectoral fins dark reddish brown or grey; margin of spinous part of dorsal fin and basal part of paired fins often golden yellow. First gill arch and gill-rakers densely covered with minute melanophores.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7152FFEEFD91F7B3FA39FB3E" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="34" pageNumber="39" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317152FFEEFD91F7B3FAD6FB87" blockId="34.[501,1535,1080,2434]" lastBlockId="35.[492,1526,1078,1241]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="34" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B93158237152FFEFFD91F7B3FC9DF786" bold="true" box="[567,849,2128,2157]" pageId="34" pageNumber="39">Description of neotype</emphasis>
: (Measurements are given in
<tableCitation id="C6C7B18A7152FFEFFB44F7B6FAF1F78F" box="[1250,1341,2129,2149]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="51.[527,586,1659,1677]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Table 1 - Morphometric data (ranges of mesurements in % SL) for Epinephelus marginatus, Mycteroperca fusca, M. rubra and M. acutirostris." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3AD4B97143FFFEFDA9F99CFBDFF94C" pageId="34" pageNumber="39" tableUuid="DF3AD4B97143FFFEFDA9F99CFBDFF94C">Table 1</tableCitation>
.) Body depth contained 2.6 times in SL; head length contained 2.5 times in SL; body width equals half of its depth; snout length 3.7 times in head; orbit 6.2 times in head; interorbital 5.3 times in head; preorbital depth 10.5 times in head; upper jaw 2.2 times in head; maxilla width 8.6 times in head; lower jaw 1.8 times in head; caudal peduncle depth 3.1 times in head; peduncle length 2.7 times in head. Caudal fin rounded. Dorsal fin with 11 spines and 15 rays; anal fin with 3 spines and 8 rays; pectoral fin rays 19 (both sides); pectoral fin length contained 1.5 times in head length; pelvic fin length contained 1.9 times in head length. Midlateral part of lower jaw with 2 rows of subequal teeth. Gill-rakers 10 + 16 (including 5 rudiments on upper limb and 3 on lower limb). Lateral-line scales 69; lateral scale series 110.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317153FFEEFD8AFB9DFA39FB3E" blockId="35.[492,1526,1078,1241]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFD8AFB9DFCCEFB64" bold="true" box="[556,770,1146,1166]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">Colour in alcohol</emphasis>
: Head and body brown, with irregular pale silvery grey spots and blotches, those on rear part of body arranged in vertical series; fins darker than body; median fins with a few indistinct pale spots; maxillary streak blackish brown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7153FFEEFC8CFAE3FD5EF938" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317153FFEEFC8CFAE3FB74FAFC" blockId="35.[810,1208,1284,1302]" box="[810,1208,1284,1302]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">
<heading id="D0B2335D7153FFEEFC8CFAE3FB74FAFC" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[810,1208,1284,1302]" centered="true" fontSize="7" level="12" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFC8CFAE3FB74FAFC" bold="true" box="[810,1208,1284,1302]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317153FFEEFD8CFAA3FD5EF938" blockId="35.[493,1529,1348,1746]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFD8CFAA3FC8AFAB5" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[554,838,1348,1375]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFD8CFAA3FC8AFAB5" box="[554,838,1348,1375]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">Epinephelus marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, throughout the Mediterranean Sea, along the west coast of Africa, and round the south coast of Africa to southern Mozambique. I have examined specimens from Madeira, the Azores, Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Lebanon, Israel, Algeria, Cape Verde Islands, Angola, South Africa, Mozambique and Brazil. Based on identifiable records of &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFE5FFA0BFD09F9ED" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[505,709,1516,1543]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFE5FFA0BFD09F9ED" box="[505,709,1516,1543]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">Epinephelus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;, the species is also known from Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania, Sénégal, Ivory Coast and the Congo. According to
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFBD0F9EAFA89F9C0" author="WHEELER, A" bookContentInfo="Macmillan, London, 613 pp." box="[1142,1349,1549,1578]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refId="ref32796" refString="WHEELER, A; 1969. The Fishes af the British Isles and North-West Europe. Macmillan, London, 613 pp." title="The Fishes af the British Isles and North-West Europe" type="book" year="1969">WHEELER (1969)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFAE9F9E8FA3BF9C3" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1359,1527,1551,1577]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFAE9F9E8FAADF9C9" box="[1359,1377,1551,1571]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFAD2F9E8FA3BF9C3" box="[1396,1527,1551,1577]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(identified as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFD0DF9C8FC48F9A0" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[683,900,1583,1610]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFD0DF9C8FC48F9A0" box="[683,900,1583,1610]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">Epinephelus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;) is rare in British seas. Reported from India by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFE49F9B5FD5DF98C" author="REDDY, N. A. V. P." box="[495,657,1617,1645]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" pagination="650 - 651" refId="ref31381" refString="REDDY, N. A. V. P.: 1984. A new record of Epinephelus guaza (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serranidae: Pisces) from Indian waters. Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist Soc. (1983), 80 (3): 650 - 651." type="journal article" year="1984">REDDY (1984</bibRefCitation>
; as
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFD18F9B6FC5AF986" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[702,918,1617,1644]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFD18F9B6FC5AF986" box="[702,918,1617,1644]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">Epinephelus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but I have not seen any Indian Ocean specimens from north of 24° S. In the western Atlantic,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFB84F994FB0BF967" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1058,1223,1651,1677]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFB84F994FBF8F96D" box="[1058,1076,1651,1671]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFBE0F994FB0BF967" box="[1094,1223,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from southern Brazil, and it was reported from Uruguay and Argentina by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFB7EF972FD40F938" author="RINGUELET, R. A. &amp; R. H. ARAMBURU" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 141" refId="ref31435" refString="RINGUELET, R. A. &amp; R. H. ARAMBURU: 1960. Paces marinos de la Republica Argentina. Agro Publicacion Tecnica, Ano 2, No. 5: 1 - 141." type="journal article" year="1960">RINGUELET and ARAMBURU (1960)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7153FFE4FC1EF93CFC74FB8D" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317153FFEEFC1EF93CFBFAF904" blockId="35.[952,1078,1755,1774]" box="[952,1078,1755,1774]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">
<heading id="D0B2335D7153FFEEFC1EF93CFBFAF904" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[952,1078,1755,1774]" centered="true" fontSize="7" level="12" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFC1EF93CFBFAF904" bold="true" box="[952,1078,1755,1774]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">REMARKS</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317153FFEEFD96F8FAFACCF7C2" blockId="35.[495,1532,1821,2430]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">
In the literature on Mediterranean groupers, two similar species (the yellowbelly grouper,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFD03F8A7FC80F8B1" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[677,844,1856,1883]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFD03F8A7FD7BF8BE" box="[677,695,1856,1876]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFD6CF8A6FC80F8B1" box="[714,844,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the dusky grouper,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFB21F8A7FA20F8BF" authority="BEN-TUVIA, 1953" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[1159,1516,1855,1882]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFB21F8A7FB54F8BE" box="[1159,1176,1856,1876]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFB0DF8D8FAC3F8B0" box="[1195,1295,1855,1882]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">haifensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFABCF8A7FA20F8BF" author="BEN-TUVIA" bookContentInfo="20 figs." box="[1306,1516,1856,1881]" firstAuthor="BEN-TUVIA" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Sea Fish. Res. Stn. Israel" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 40" part="8" refId="ref26783" refString="BEN-TUVIA, A: 1953. Mediterranean fishes of Israel. Bull. Sea Fish. Res. Stn. Israel, (8): 1 - 40, 20 figs." title="Mediterranean fishes of Israel" type="book chapter" year="1953">BEN-TUVIA, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) have been confused under the names
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFC76F886FBACF896" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[976,1120,1889,1916]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFC76F886FBACF896" box="[976,1120,1889,1916]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">Epinephelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFB3CF885FACCF89C" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1178,1280,1890,1910]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFB3CF885FACCF89C" box="[1178,1280,1890,1910]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">Serranus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFAB2F88FFA95F896" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1300,1369,1896,1916]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFAB2F88FFA95F896" box="[1300,1369,1896,1916]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFA2EF885FA0EF896" box="[1416,1474,1890,1916]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFA2EF885FA0EF896" box="[1416,1474,1890,1916]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFA7AF885FDBEF875" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFA7AF885FA23F89C" box="[1500,1519,1890,1910]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFE49F862FDBEF875" box="[495,626,1925,1951]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs in having 8 anal fin rays (9 in
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFB97F865FB54F874" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[1073,1176,1922,1950]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFB97F865FB54F874" box="[1073,1176,1922,1950]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), more elongate body (depth 2.6 - 3.1 versus 2.4-2.8 in SL), pelvic fins distinctly shorter than pectorals and not reaching the anus (pelvic fins subequal to pectorals and reaching to or beyond anus in
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFDA8F80CFDBBF7ED" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[526,631,2027,2055]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFDA8F80CFDBBF7ED" box="[526,631,2027,2055]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 17- 19 pectoral fin rays (19-21 in
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFBB4F80EFBBAF7EF" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[1042,1142,2025,2053]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFBB4F80EFBBAF7EF" box="[1042,1142,2025,2053]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the head and body usually showing irregular pale blotches (no pale blotches in
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFB2DF7ECFB3EF7CD" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[1163,1266,2059,2087]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFB2DF7ECFB3EF7CD" box="[1163,1266,2059,2087]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317153FFEEFD96F7D7FDB7F694" blockId="35.[495,1532,1821,2430]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFD96F7D7FC7FF7A0" author="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; B. W. EVERMANN" box="[560,947,2095,2123]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus." pageId="35" pageNumber="40" part="47" refId="ref29840" refString="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; B. W. EVERMANN: 1896. The fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 47 (1): ix + 1240." title="The fishes of North and Middle America" type="journal volume" year="1896">JORDAN and EVERMANN (1896)</bibRefCitation>
, in their influential and comprehensive work,
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFE54F7B6FC13F78C" box="[498,991,2129,2156]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">The Fishes of North and Middle America</emphasis>
, were the first to use the Linnaean name
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFE49F79CFDF8F765" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[495,564,2171,2191]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFE49F79CFDF8F765" box="[495,564,2171,2191]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFDE3F792FDA8F762" box="[581,612,2165,2184]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">sic</emphasis>
] for the species that currently bears this name. Previously, the species had been identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFD6DF770FB84F75B" authority="(BRUNNICH, 1768)" baseAuthorityName="BRUNNICH" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[715,1096,2197,2225]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFD6DF770FCA7F75B" box="[715,875,2199,2225]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">Serranus gigas</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFCDAF771FBF1F740" author="BRUNNICH, M. T." bookContentInfo="Accedunt Spolia Maris Adriatici. xvi + 110 pp. Hafniae et Lipsiae" box="[892,1085,2197,2225]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refId="ref27406" refString="BRUNNICH, M. T.: 1768. Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptianes eammque apud incalar nomina. Accedunt Spolia Maris Adriatici. xvi + 110 pp. Hafniae et Lipsiae." title="Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptianes eammque apud incalar nomina" type="book" year="1768">BRÜNNICH, 1768</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFBD6F772FAB9F75A" author="VALENCIENNES, A." box="[1136,1397,2197,2225]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refId="ref32623" refString="VALENCIENNES, A.: 1828. See Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes." title="See Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes" type="book" year="1828">VALENCIENNES (1828)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFA22F772FD8CF73E" author="GUNTHER, A." pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refId="ref29325" refString="GUNTHER, A.: 1859. Catalogue of the Acanthopteiygian fishes in the British Museum I. British Museum (Natural History), London. xxxi + 524 pp." type="book" year="1859">GÜNTHER (1859)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFDD9F75FFC47F739" author="STEINDACHNER, F." bookContentInfo="15 pls." box="[639,907,2231,2259]" journalOrPublisher="V. Sber. Akad. Wss. Wien" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" pagination="49 - 240" part="74" refId="ref32021" refString="1877. Ichthyologische Beitrage. V. Sber. Akad. Wss. Wien, 74 (1): 49 - 240, 15 pls." title="Ichthyologische Beitrage" type="journal article" year="1877">STEINDACHNER (1877)</bibRefCitation>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFC10F75FFBF0F738" baseAuthorityName="Brunnich" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[950,1084,2232,2258]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cerna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFC10F75FFBF0F738" box="[950,1084,2232,2258]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">Cerna gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFBCCF750FAF2F726" author="DODERLEIN, P." bookContentInfo="5 pls." box="[1130,1342,2231,2256]" journalOrPublisher="G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" pagination="168 - 259" part="15" refId="ref28335" refString="DODERLEIN, P.: 1882. Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia. G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo, 15: 168 - 259, 5 pls." title="Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia" type="book chapter" year="1882">DODERLEIN, 1882</bibRefCitation>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFAC1F750FDE6F71C" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFAC1F750FDE6F71C" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">Epinephelus gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFDFBF73CFC65F71F" author="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; J. SWAIN" box="[605,937,2266,2294]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" pagination="358 - 410" refId="ref29988" refString="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; J. SWAIN: 1885. A review of the American species of Epinephelus and related genera. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 7 (1884): 358 - 410." type="journal article" year="1885">JORDAN and SWAIN (1885)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFC1BF73DFA9CF71F" author="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; C. H. EIGENMANN" box="[957,1360,2265,2293]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" pagination="329 - 441" refId="ref29782" refString="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; C. H. EIGENMANN: 1890. A review of the genera and species of Serranidae found in the waters of America and Europe. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 8 (1888): 329 - 441, pls. 60 - 69." type="journal article" year="1890">JORDAN and EIGENMANN (1890)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFAC2F73DFD8CF6F3" author="BOULENGER, G. A." bookContentInfo="Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refId="ref27380" refString="1895. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I. Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp." title="Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I." type="book" year="1895">BOULENGER (1895)</bibRefCitation>
etc.; or it was described as a new species (
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFBCEF71BFA36F6FA" authority="LOWE, 1834" authorityName="Lowe" authorityYear="1834" box="[1128,1530,2300,2326]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFBCEF71BFA90F6FC" box="[1128,1372,2300,2326]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">Serranus marginatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFAC0F71BFA36F6FA" author="LOWE, R. T." box="[1382,1530,2300,2325]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Soc. Landon" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" pagination="142 - 144" part="1883" refId="ref30352" refString="LOWE, R. T.: 1834. Characters of a new genus Leims, and of several new species of fishes from Madeira (Serranas marginatus, Belga splendens, Rhombus maderensis, Crenilabras tmtta, Centiina nigra, etc.) Proc. Zool. Soc. Landon (1883) 1: 142 - 144." title="Characters of a new genus Leims, and of several new species of fishes from Madeira (Serranas marginatus, Belga splendens, Rhombus maderensis, Crenilabras tmtta, Centiina nigra, etc.) Proc" type="journal article" year="1834">LOWE, 1834</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFD8CF6F8FC24F6D8" authority="COPE, 1871" authorityName="COPE" authorityYear="1871" box="[554,1000,2334,2361]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachysoma">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFD8CF6F8FC9DF6D3" box="[554,849,2334,2361]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">Epinephelus brachysoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFCF9F6F9FC24F6D8" author="COPE, E. D." box="[863,1000,2334,2359]" journalOrPublisher="Trans. Amer. Phil. Sac." pageId="35" pageNumber="40" pagination="445 483" part="14" refId="ref27907" refString="COPE, E. D.: 1871. Ichthyology of the Lesser Antilles. Trans. Amer. Phil. Sac., 14: 445 483." title="Ichthyology of the Lesser Antilles" type="journal volume" year="1871">COPE, 1871</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). After
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07153FFEEFBF8F6F9FA35F6D3" author="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; B. W. EVERMANN" box="[1118,1529,2334,2361]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus." pageId="35" pageNumber="40" part="47" refId="ref29840" refString="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; B. W. EVERMANN: 1896. The fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 47 (1): ix + 1240." title="The fishes of North and Middle America" type="journal volume" year="1896">JORDAN and EVERMANN's (1896)</bibRefCitation>
publication,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFD2BF6A6FCFCF6B1" authorityName="Lowe" authorityYear="1834" box="[653,816,2369,2395]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFD2BF6A6FD51F6BF" box="[653,669,2369,2389]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFD09F6A6FCFCF6B1" box="[687,816,2369,2395]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFCC9F6A6FC3BF6B6" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[879,1015,2367,2396]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFCC9F6A6FC4CF6BE" box="[879,896,2369,2388]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFC34F6D8FC3BF6B6" box="[914,1015,2367,2396]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were Confused under the names
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFA34F6A7FA34F6B0" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1426,1528,2368,2394]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFA34F6A7FA68F6BE" box="[1426,1444,2368,2388]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFA12F6A1FA34F6B0" box="[1460,1528,2374,2394]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27153FFEEFDB1F683FDB9F694" box="[535,629,2403,2430]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFDB1F683FDE4F692" box="[535,552,2404,2424]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237153FFEEFD9DF684FDB9F694" box="[571,629,2403,2430]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="40">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317154FFE9FD95FBA3FD7CF913" blockId="36.[500,1532,1089,1854]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">
Unfortunately, the species name &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FC7DFBA6FB7EFBB6" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[987,1202,1089,1118]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FC7DFBA6FB7EFBB6" box="[987,1202,1089,1118]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Epinephelus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; (originally
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FAE8FBA6FD74FB90" authority="Gvuza LINNAEUS, 1758" authorityName="Gvuza LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1758" family="Labridae" genus="Labrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FAE8FBA6FA3BFBBD" box="[1358,1527,1089,1111]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Labrus Gvuza</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07154FFE9FE52FB81FD74FB90" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[500,696,1125,1150]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refId="ref30216" refString="LINNAEUS, C.: 1758. Systema Naturae. rive Regna tria Naturae, Systematice Prapasita per Classes, Ordines, Genera et Speciesmetc. 10 th Edition, vol. 1, Regnum Animale. ii + 824 pp. Holmiae." type="book" year="1758">LINNAEUS, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) cannot be used for this well-known species, because the original description clearly applies to a species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FBD8FB62FAD6FB75" authorityName="GILL" authorityYear="1863" box="[1150,1306,1157,1183]" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FBD8FB62FAD6FB75" box="[1150,1306,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Mycteroperca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the coast of Venezuela. Linnaeus’s description of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FC6EFB40FBA2FB51" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[968,1134,1191,1212]" family="Labridae" genus="Labrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gvaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FC6EFB40FBA2FB51" box="[968,1134,1191,1212]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Labrus Gvaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1758. 285) was taken verbatim from the travel diary of his student PEHR LÖFLING (spelt &quot;LOEFLING“ on the title page). This diary was published in 1758, two years after the death of LÖFLING and in the same year as the tenth edition of LINNAEUS’s
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FBCCFAECFAE2FAF5" box="[1130,1326,1291,1317]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Systema Naturae</emphasis>
. LÖFLING spent two years in Spam waiting for the Spanish to organize the expedition to South America in which he was to participate (WHEELER, 1980). While he was in Spain, LÖFLING collected plants and animals, recording descriptions of the various species in his travel diary. In South America, LÖFLING added descriptions of more plants and animals to his journal, but he died not long after his arrival. In the published version of this diary (LOEFLING, 1758) the page with the description of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FAFFFA33FA34FA05" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1369,1528,1492,1519]" family="Labridae" genus="Labrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FAFFFA33FA34FA05" box="[1369,1528,1492,1519]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Labrus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is headed with the rubric &quot;CUMANA&quot;, which is the name of a port on the Caribbean coast of Venezuela; and all of the animals described on this page are from this locality. Although most of the species descriptions by LÖFLING that were incorporated in the
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FE51F9B9FD62F998" box="[503,686,1630,1656]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Systema Nature</emphasis>
(indicated by the reference &quot;Loefl.
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FBCFF9BDFB61F992" box="[1129,1197,1626,1656]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">epist.&quot;</emphasis>
) are of plants and animals that he observed in Spain, that of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FC3DF99BFBF5F97D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[923,1081,1660,1687]" family="Labridae" genus="Labrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FC3DF99BFBF5F97D" box="[923,1081,1660,1687]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Labrus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is clearly not from Spam. For some reason or perhaps as an oversight, LINNAEUS gave as the type-locality of this species &quot;
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FDA5F924FDA7F937" box="[515,619,1729,1757]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">in pelago</emphasis>
&quot;, rather than the more explicit mention of Cumana or South America or the Caribbean.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317154FFE9FB4FFB35FB23FB36" blockId="36.[500,1532,1089,1854]" box="[1257,1263,1234,1244]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">/</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317154FFE9FD91F8E1FDF5F8D4" blockId="36.[500,1532,1089,1854]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">
The original description of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FCD1F8E3FBD6F8F0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[887,1050,1796,1818]" family="Labridae" genus="Labrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gvaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FCD1F8E3FBD6F8F0" box="[887,1050,1796,1818]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Labrus Gvaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07154FFE9FB08F8E4FABBF8CA" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[1198,1399,1795,1824]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refId="ref30216" refString="LINNAEUS, C.: 1758. Systema Naturae. rive Regna tria Naturae, Systematice Prapasita per Classes, Ordines, Genera et Speciesmetc. 10 th Edition, vol. 1, Regnum Animale. ii + 824 pp. Holmiae." type="book" year="1758">LINNAEUS (1758)</bibRefCitation>
is typically brief:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317154FFE9FD9EF88AFC5DF7DB" blockId="36.[535,1501,1897,2097]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">
&quot;
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FDE5F88AFD9DF86B" box="[579,593,1901,1921]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">L</emphasis>
. [
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FDC1F88BFD0FF86D" authorityName="Gvuza LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1758" box="[615,707,1900,1927]" family="Labridae" genus="Labrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FDC1F88BFD0FF86D" box="[615,707,1900,1927]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Labrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FD68F88EFCD4F862" authorityName="LOWE" authorityYear="1836" box="[718,792,1897,1928]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FD68F88EFCD4F862" box="[718,792,1897,1928]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FC80F88CFC2EF86A" box="[806,994,1898,1920]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">cauda ratundata</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FC57F88DFA1FF86F" box="[1009,1491,1897,1925]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">radiis caudatus membranam superantibus</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FDB1F868FD9FF840" box="[535,595,1935,1962]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Loefl</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FDC2F868FD5BF840" box="[612,663,1935,1962]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">epist</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FD1DF86EFD28F840" box="[699,740,1929,1962]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">D.11</emphasis>
/
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FD57F86EFCFBF840" box="[753,823,1929,1962]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">27 P.</emphasis>
16.
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FCCBF86EFC61F848" box="[877,941,1929,1962]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">V.6. A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FC1EF86EFBDBF848" box="[952,1047,1929,1962]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">13. C. 15</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FB88F86CFB3BF84D" box="[1070,1271,1931,1959]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Habitat in Pelago</emphasis>
.&quot; (&quot;Dusky
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FA27F86CFA19F84A" authorityName="Gvuza LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1758" box="[1409,1493,1931,1952]" family="Labridae" genus="Labrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FA27F86CFA19F84A" box="[1409,1493,1931,1952]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Labrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, caudal fin rounded, the rays projecting past the membrane. Dorsal fin with 27 rays, of which the first 11 are spines and the last 16 soft-rays; pectoral fin rays 16; pelvic fin rays 6 [
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FCBCF812FCECF7E2" box="[794,800,2037,2056]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">i</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FC8EF81CFCFFF7E2" box="[808,819,2043,2056]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">e</emphasis>
., I,5]; anal fin with 13 rays [= 3 spines + 10 soft-rays]. Habitat: in the open ocean&quot;)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317154FFEAFD9FF7BCFCBAFB61" blockId="36.[507,1534,2135,2440]" lastBlockId="39.[470,1506,1102,2456]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">
This description does not fit the well-known amphi-Atlantic/Mediterranean yellowbelly grouper that is commonly identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FBE4F79EFAD7F77E" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1090,1307,2169,2197]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FBE4F79EFAD7F77E" box="[1090,1307,2169,2197]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Epinephelus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In fact, it cannot apply to any species of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FCBEF77AFC64F753" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[792,936,2205,2233]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FCBEF77AFC64F753" box="[792,936,2205,2233]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Epinephelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as they all have 7-9 anal fin rays (one specimen of 29
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FDE7F725FD65F73F" authorityName="VALENCIENNES" authorityYear="1828" box="[577,681,2241,2262]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morio">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FDE7F725FD9FF73C" box="[577,595,2242,2262]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FDC3F726FD65F73F" box="[613,681,2241,2261]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">morio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that were counted has 10 anal rays), and no
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FB7EF75AFA07F733" box="[1240,1483,2237,2265]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FB7EF75AFAA6F733" box="[1240,1386,2237,2265]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Epinephelus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
has the caudal fin rays projecting beyond the membrane. The description does, however, fit
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FDBBF6E1FC7AF6F3" authority="CERVIGON, 1966" authorityName="CERVIGON" authorityYear="1966" box="[541,950,2308,2337]" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cidi">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FDBBF6E1FD26F6F3" box="[541,746,2308,2337]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Mycteroperca cidi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07154FFE9FD55F6E3FC7AF6F3" author="CERVIGON, M. F." box="[755,950,2308,2333]" journalOrPublisher="Inv. Pesq" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" pagination="653 - 660" part="30" refId="ref27773" refString="CERVIGON, M. F.: 1966. Mycteroperca cidi nov. sp. Una nueva especie de Mycteroperca de las costas de Venezuela (Pisces-Serranidae). Inv. Pesq. 30: 653 - 660." title="Mycteroperca cidi nov. sp. Una nueva especie de Mycteroperca de las costas de Venezuela (Pisces-Serranidae)." type="journal article" year="1966">CERVIGON, 1966</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FC57F6E3FA8FF6F6" authority="(POEY, 1860)" baseAuthorityName="POEY" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[1009,1347,2305,2334]" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="interstitialis">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FC57F6E3FBC5F6F2" box="[1009,1033,2308,2328]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FBBFF6E5FB50F6F2" box="[1049,1180,2306,2328]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">interstitialis</emphasis>
(POEY, 1860)
</taxonomicName>
; and these two species are common in the vicinity of Cumana (the type locality given by LÖFLING for
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FD83F6ADFD0FF68F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[549,707,2378,2405]" family="Labridae" genus="Labrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FD83F6ADFD0FF68F" box="[549,707,2378,2405]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Labrus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Since the description applies equally well to both of these species of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FDBBF689FD75F662" authorityName="GILL" authorityYear="1863" box="[541,697,2414,2440]" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FDBBF689FD75F662" box="[541,697,2414,2440]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Mycteroperca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and there is no extant type-specimen, the name
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27154FFE9FA85F68EFA0CF66E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1315,1472,2409,2436]" family="Labridae" genus="Labrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gvaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237154FFE9FA85F68EFA0CF66E" box="[1315,1472,2409,2436]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="41">Labrus gvaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
LIN-Plate I NAEUS must be considered a doubtful name (
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFC50FBB1FB6AFB89" box="[1014,1190,1102,1123]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">nomen dubium</emphasis>
) and is thus not available as the valid name of any species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3AD4B97155FFE8FDB1F989FD0FF977" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168261" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168261/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="42" startId="37.[535,567,1646,1670]" targetBox="[540,1492,1193,1614]" targetPageId="37" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317155FFE8FDB1F989FD0FF977" blockId="37.[535,1492,1646,1693]" pageId="37" pageNumber="42">
Fig. 12 -
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27155FFE8FDC9F988FC91F962" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[623,861,1647,1672]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237155FFE8FDC9F988FC91F962" box="[623,861,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="42">Epinephelus marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 45 cm. SL. Cape Vidal, South Africa, RUSI 12922. Drawn by E. HEEMSTRA.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3AD4B97155FFE8FDB5F6FCFC89F686" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168263" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168263/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="42" startId="37.[531,563,2331,2355]" targetBox="[534,1481,1915,2297]" targetPageId="37" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317155FFE8FDB5F6FCFC89F686" blockId="37.[531,1472,2331,2414]" pageId="37" pageNumber="42">
Fig. 13 -
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27155FFE8FDCCF6FBFC9BF6DF" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[618,855,2332,2357]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237155FFE8FDCCF6FBFC9BF6DF" box="[618,855,2332,2357]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="42">Epinephelus marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 29 cm. SL, Madeira, BMNH 1858.42.81; presented to the Zoological Society of London by the Rev. R. T. LOWE. Photograph courtesy of the British lt/ ......, lııcøıım ....... / Nqtııı--ıl (uawra. ....
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3AD4B97156FFEBFD2AF945FA4BF959" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168265" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168265" box="[652,1415,1697,1721]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168265/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="43" startId="38.[652,683,1698,1721]" targetBox="[555,1513,1212,1668]" targetPageId="38" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317156FFEBFD2AF945FA4BF959" blockId="38.[652,1415,1697,1721]" box="[652,1415,1697,1721]" pageId="38" pageNumber="43">
Fig. 1 -
<emphasis id="B93158237156FFEBFD70F946FC0FF953" box="[726,963,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="43">Epineplıelus marginatux</emphasis>
, 84 mm. SL, Caniçal, Madeira; MMF 24939.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3AD4B97156FFEBFD6AF6C8FA8FF6A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168267" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168267" box="[716,1347,2351,2375]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168267/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="43" startId="38.[716,748,2351,2375]" targetBox="[552,1504,1888,2313]" targetPageId="38" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317156FFEBFD6AF6C8FA8FF6A8" blockId="38.[716,1347,2351,2375]" box="[716,1347,2351,2375]" pageId="38" pageNumber="43">
Fig. 2 -
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27156FFEBFCB0F6D7FC1AF6AD" baseAuthorityName="LOWE" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[790,982,2352,2375]" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="B93158237156FFEBFCB0F6D7FC1AF6AD" box="[790,982,2352,2375]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="43">Mycteroperca fusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 143 mm. SL, Caniçal; MMF 24932.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317157FFEAFDBEFB76FDF5FA58" blockId="39.[470,1506,1102,2456]" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">
The next oldest name that has been listed in the synonymy of &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFB5AFB75FA1DFB44" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1276,1489,1170,1198]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFB5AFB75FA1DFB44" box="[1276,1489,1170,1198]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Epinephelus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; is
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFE57FB53FCAAFB2D" authority="BRUNNICH, 1768: 65" authorityName="BRUNNICH" authorityPageNumber="65" authorityYear="1768" box="[497,870,1203,1230]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFE57FB53FDBDFB24" box="[497,625,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Perca gigas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07157FFEAFDDFFB54FCAAFB2D" author="BRUNNICH, M. T." bookContentInfo="Accedunt Spolia Maris Adriatici. xvi + 110 pp. Hafniae et Lipsiae" box="[633,870,1203,1227]" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" refId="ref27406" refString="BRUNNICH, M. T.: 1768. Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptianes eammque apud incalar nomina. Accedunt Spolia Maris Adriatici. xvi + 110 pp. Hafniae et Lipsiae." title="Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptianes eammque apud incalar nomina" type="book" year="1768">BRÜNNICH, 1768: 65</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(type locality, Marseilles). The fin-ray counts given by BRÜNNICH do not fit
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFCA0FB32FC67FB05" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[774,939,1237,1263]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFCA0FB32FCDBFB03" box="[774,791,1237,1257]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFC8CFB32FC67FB05" box="[810,939,1237,1263]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFC7EFB31FBACFB1A" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[984,1120,1237,1264]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFC7EFB31FC25FB00" box="[984,1001,1238,1258]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFC5AFB32FBACFB1A" box="[1020,1120,1237,1264]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although this description was apparently based on one or (perhaps) both of these species. The anal fin count (&quot;3/ 12 &quot;;
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFDA8FAFFFDD9FAC1" box="[526,533,1304,1323]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">i</emphasis>
. e, 3 spines and 9 soft-rays) would apply to
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFBB9FAF0FB4FFAD8" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[1055,1155,1303,1330]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFBB9FAF0FB4FFAD8" box="[1055,1155,1303,1330]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, rather than
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFA85FAFEFA6AFAD9" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1315,1446,1305,1331]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFA85FAFEFA6AFAD9" box="[1315,1446,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the pectoral fin count of 16 is too low even for
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFB8DFADEFB60FAB9" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1067,1196,1337,1363]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFB8DFADEFB60FAB9" box="[1067,1196,1337,1363]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has fewer pectoral rays. The brief colour notes fit
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFC32FABCFBD9FA9F" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[916,1045,1371,1397]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFC32FABCFBD9FA9F" box="[916,1045,1371,1397]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
better than
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFB15FABEFADBFA9F" authorityName="BEN-TUVIA" authorityYear="1953" box="[1203,1303,1369,1397]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haifensis">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFB15FABEFADBFA9F" box="[1203,1303,1369,1397]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">haifensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Since there is no existing type-specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFC9CFA9BFC76FA7C" authorityName="BRUNNICH" authorityYear="1768" box="[826,954,1404,1430]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFC9CFA9BFC76FA7C" box="[826,954,1404,1430]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Perca gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this name must also be considered a
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFA2AFA63FDFFFA58" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">nomen dubium</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317157FFEAFDB1FA27FCD6F7D7" blockId="39.[470,1506,1102,2456]" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFDB1FA27FC29FA3E" authority="VALENCIENNES, 1828" authorityName="VALENCIENNES" authorityYear="1828" box="[535,997,1470,1496]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentzelii">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFDB1FA27FD2BFA39" box="[535,743,1470,1492]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Serranus Mentzelii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07157FFEAFD49FA58FC29FA3E" author="VALENCIENNES, A." box="[751,997,1471,1496]" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" refId="ref32623" refString="VALENCIENNES, A.: 1828. See Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes." title="See Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes" type="book" year="1828">VALENCIENNES, 1828</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was considered a synonym of &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFAF4FA26FDD6FA11" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFAF4FA26FDD6FA11" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Epinephelus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; by C.L.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07157FFEAFD30FA07FCF2FA11" author="SMITH, C. L." box="[662,830,1503,1532]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="39" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 241" part="146" refId="ref31738" refString="SMITH, C. L.: 1971. A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 146: 1 - 241." title="A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera" type="journal article" year="1971">SMITH (1971)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07157FFEAFC24FA07FB0FFA16" author="BAUCHOT" box="[898,1219,1504,1532]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="BAUCHOT" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Mus. natn. Hirt nat." page="31" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" pagination="3 3 - - 82" part="3" refId="ref26586" refString="BAUCHOT, M. - L., M. DESOUTTER &amp; J. E. RANDALL: 1984. Catalogue critique des types de Poissons du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Suite) (Famille des Serranidae).) Bull. Mus. natn. Hirt nat., Paris 6 (3): 3 3 - - 82.." title="Catalogue critique des types de Poissons du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Suite) (Famille des Serranidae)" type="journal volume" year="1984">
BAUCHOT
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFBA4FA02FBFAFA1C" box="[1026,1078,1504,1526]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. (1984: 31)
</bibRefCitation>
, and they listed three supposed &quot;syntypes&quot; collected in Brazil by DELALANDE The two alcoholic &quot;syntypes&quot; (MNHN 137 &amp; 7368) Were recently examined and found to be specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFA25F9C1FDE9F98A" authorityName="GILL" authorityYear="1863" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFA25F9C1FDE9F98A" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Mycteroperca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the species not readily apparent) with 11 anal fin rays. In the original description of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFD29F98FFADFF968" authority="(CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, 1828: 291)" baseAuthorityName="CUVIER and VALENCIENNES" baseAuthorityPageNumber="291" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[655,1299,1639,1667]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentzelii">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFD29F98FFD50F996" box="[655,668,1640,1660]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFD08F980FCD4F996" box="[686,792,1639,1660]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Mentzelii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07157FFEAFC89F980FAC7F969" author="CUVIER, G. &amp; A. VALENCIENNES" bookContentInfo="Paris, F. G. Levrault, Vol. 2: xxi + 490 pp., pls. 9 - 40" box="[815,1291,1639,1667]" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" refId="ref28146" refString="CUVIER, G. &amp; A. VALENCIENNES: 1828. Histoire Naturelle des Poissans. Paris, F. G. Levrault, Vol. 2: xxi + 490 pp., pls. 9 - 40." title="Histoire Naturelle des Poissans" type="book" year="1828">CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, 1828: 291</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, VALENCIENNES gives an anal fin count of III,8; and he mentions only a single specimen &quot;qui est long de deux pieds huit pouces&quot; (2 feet, 8 inches long). Consequently, neither of these &quot;syntypes&quot; (MNHN 137 &amp; 7368) nor the dry specimen (MNHN A. 5777, 256 rnm. total length) also listed as a &quot;syntype&quot; by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07157FFEAFC37F908FB52F8E0" author="BAUCHOT" box="[913,1182,1775,1803]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="BAUCHOT" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Mus. natn. Hirt nat." pageId="39" pageNumber="44" pagination="3 3 - - 82" part="3" refId="ref26586" refString="BAUCHOT, M. - L., M. DESOUTTER &amp; J. E. RANDALL: 1984. Catalogue critique des types de Poissons du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Suite) (Famille des Serranidae).) Bull. Mus. natn. Hirt nat., Paris 6 (3): 3 3 - - 82.." title="Catalogue critique des types de Poissons du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Suite) (Famille des Serranidae)" type="journal volume" year="1984">
BAUCHOT
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFBB6F914FB8DF8EE" box="[1040,1089,1775,1796]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. (1984)
</bibRefCitation>
can be considered a type specimen, as they are much shorter than the only specimen (holotype) mentioned in the original description; and they do not agree with the description of this species. The holotype is apparently lost. Dr M. L. BAUCHOT sent a photograph of the large charcoal drawing from the collection of Prince Maurice, which VALENCIENNES mentioned in the original description. Although this drawing is crude, it looks like
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFE70F85DFC0EF83C" authority="(LICHTENSTEIN, 1822)" baseAuthorityName="LICHTENSTEIN" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[470,962,1978,2007]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itajara">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFE70F85DFD7BF83C" box="[470,695,1978,2006]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Epinephelus itajara</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07157FFEAFD6FF85CFC76F83D" author="LICHTENSTEIN, M. H. G." box="[713,954,1979,2007]" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" pagination="267 - 288" refId="ref30162" refString="LICHTENSTEIN, M. H. G.: 1822. Die Werke von Marcgrave und Piso uber die Naturgeschichte Brasiliens, erlautert aus den wieder aufgefundenen original Abbildungen. IV. Fische. Abhandl. K Akad. Wss. Berlin (1820 - 1821). pp. 267 - 288." type="book chapter" year="1822">LICHTENSTEIN, 1822</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and it shows the dark cross-bars on the base of the caudal fin and peduncle that are typical of large specimens of this species. The description of the colour pattern given by VALENCIENNES also fits
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFABAF7E5FA41F7F7" baseAuthorityName="LICHTENSTEIN" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1308,1421,2050,2077]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itajara">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFABAF7E5FAE2F7FC" box="[1308,1326,2050,2070]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFAE5F7E4FA41F7F7" box="[1347,1421,2051,2077]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">itajara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
much better than
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFDC8F7C5FCD8F7D7" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[622,788,2082,2109]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFDC8F7C5FDB3F7DD" box="[622,639,2082,2103]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFD32F7C5FCD8F7D7" box="[660,788,2082,2109]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317157FFEAFDB0F7A2FC04F6E1" blockId="39.[470,1506,1102,2456]" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFDB0F7A2FBE7F7B3" authority="VALENCIENNES, 1828" authorityName="VALENCIENNES" authorityYear="1828" box="[534,1067,2116,2143]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichropterus">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFDB0F7A2FCD5F7B5" box="[534,793,2116,2143]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Serranus dichropterus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07157FFEAFC8EF7A2FBE7F7B3" author="VALENCIENNES, A." box="[808,1067,2117,2142]" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" refId="ref32623" refString="VALENCIENNES, A.: 1828. See Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes." title="See Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes" type="book" year="1828">VALENCIENNES, 1828</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was listed as a synonym of &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFA12F7AFFD5CF76B" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFA12F7AFFD5CF76B" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Epinephelus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; by C. L.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07157FFEAFCB6F781FC7EF768" author="SMITH, C. L." box="[784,946,2150,2178]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="39" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 241" part="146" refId="ref31738" refString="SMITH, C. L.: 1971. A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 146: 1 - 241." title="A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera" type="journal article" year="1971">SMITH (1971)</bibRefCitation>
and BAUCHOT
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFBD5F78CFB69F791" box="[1139,1189,2150,2171]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">er al</emphasis>
. (1984: 27). But VALENCIENNES proposed
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFD1CF76EFC7AF74E" authorityName="VALENCIENNES" authorityYear="1828" box="[698,950,2184,2212]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichropterus">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFD1CF76EFC7AF74E" box="[698,950,2184,2212]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Serranus dichropterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFAA7F76DFDA7F755" authority="BLOCH, 1790" authorityName="BLOCH" authorityYear="1790" family="Holocentridae" genus="Holocentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ongus">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFAA7F76DFA11F74C" box="[1281,1501,2186,2214]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Holocentrus ongus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07157FFEAFE7EF74DFDA7F755" author="BLOCH, M. E." bookContentInfo="Vol. 4, 128 pp. J. Morino &amp; Comp., Berlin" box="[472,619,2218,2243]" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" refId="ref27058" refString="BLOCH, M. E.: 1790. Naturgeschichte der Auslanduchen Fische. Vol. 4, 128 pp. J. Morino &amp; Comp., Berlin." title="Naturgeschichte der Auslanduchen Fische" type="book" year="1790">BLOCH, 1790</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; consequently (according to Article 72[e] of the
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFB7FF74BFD3EF708" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</emphasis>
, 1985 edition)
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFC38F729FB42F702" authorityName="VALENCIENNES" authorityYear="1828" box="[926,1166,2253,2280]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichropterus">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFC38F729FB42F702" box="[926,1166,2253,2280]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Serranus dichropterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is automatically an objective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFDD6F708FC0EF6E3" authority="(BLOCH)" baseAuthorityName="BLOCH" box="[624,962,2287,2315]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ongus">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFDD6F708FC82F6E1" box="[624,846,2287,2315]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Epinephelus ongus</emphasis>
(BLOCH)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317157FFE5FDB3F6F5FA00FA32" blockId="39.[470,1506,1102,2456]" lastBlockId="40.[453,1489,1097,1566]" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFDB3F6F5FCA8F6C4" authority="COUCH (1832)" authorityName="COUCH" authorityYear="1832" box="[533,868,2321,2350]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFDB3F6F5FD7DF6CD" box="[533,689,2321,2343]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Perca robusta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07157FFEAFD1CF6F6FCA8F6C4" author="COUCH, J." box="[698,868,2321,2350]" journalOrPublisher="Mag. nat. Hist., Lond." pageId="39" pageNumber="44" pagination="15 - 24" part="5" refId="ref28018" refString="COUCH, J.: 1832. Fishes new to the British fauna, contained in Couch's ' History of the fishes of Cornwall'. Mag. nat. Hist., Lond., 5: 15 - 24." title="Fishes new to the British fauna, contained in Couch's ' History of the fishes of Cornwall'" type="journal article" year="1832">COUCH (1832)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was also listed in the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27157FFEAFAA7F6F4FA10F6DA" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1281,1500,2323,2352]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237157FFEAFAA7F6F4FA10F6DA" box="[1281,1500,2323,2352]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="44">Epinephelus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by C. L.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07157FFEAFD99F6D3FD12F6BA" author="SMITH, C. L." box="[575,734,2356,2385]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="39" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 241" part="146" refId="ref31738" refString="SMITH, C. L.: 1971. A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 146: 1 - 241." title="A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera" type="journal article" year="1971">SMITH (1971)</bibRefCitation>
. In his original description,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07157FFEAFBE6F6D2FAD4F6B8" author="COUCH, J." box="[1088,1304,2357,2386]" journalOrPublisher="Mag. nat. Hist., Lond." pageId="39" pageNumber="44" pagination="15 - 24" part="5" refId="ref28018" refString="COUCH, J.: 1832. Fishes new to the British fauna, contained in Couch's ' History of the fishes of Cornwall'. Mag. nat. Hist., Lond., 5: 15 - 24." title="Fishes new to the British fauna, contained in Couch's ' History of the fishes of Cornwall'" type="journal article" year="1832">COUCH (1832: 21)</bibRefCitation>
gave the length of his holotype (which was apparently not preserved) as 3 feet and the body depth as 7 inches. Although the fin counts given by COUCH (dorsal fin with ll spines and 16 rays; anal fin with 2 spines [the small first spine was probably overlooked] and 8 rays; pectoral fin rays 19) fit
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FCECFB8CFC3DFB6C" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[842,1009,1131,1158]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maiginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FCECFB8CFC90FB6A" box="[842,860,1131,1152]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FCC9FB8BFC3DFB6C" box="[879,1009,1132,1158]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">maıginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the body depth of &quot;7 inches&quot; is much too small for a
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FD22FB69FCC9FB43" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[644,773,1166,1193]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FD22FB69FCC9FB43" box="[644,773,1166,1193]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of 3 ft. total length (the depth would be at least 9 inches in a fish this size). A more likely candidate for
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FC59FB49FBBCFB2F" authorityName="COUCH" authorityYear="1832" box="[1023,1136,1198,1229]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FC59FB49FBBCFB2F" box="[1023,1136,1198,1229]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">P. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FB36FB56FAB4FB20" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1168,1400,1201,1229]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneas">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FB36FB56FAB4FB20" box="[1168,1400,1201,1229]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">Epinephelus aeneas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which, is more elongate than
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FD72FB36FC98FB06" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[724,852,1233,1260]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FD72FB36FC98FB06" box="[724,852,1233,1260]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(body depth 3.0-3.6 times in SL), and it has virtually the same fin counts. Unlike
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FC94FB15FC17FAE6" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[818,987,1266,1292]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginataus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FC94FB15FC89FAEC" box="[818,837,1266,1286]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FCFEFB15FC17FAE6" box="[856,987,1266,1292]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">marginataus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FC4CFB14FB93FAED" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1002,1119,1267,1287]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinepheliis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FC4CFB14FC30FAEC" box="[1002,1020,1267,1286]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FBA9FB1EFB93FAED" box="[1039,1119,1273,1287]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has 3 or 4 oblique, pale blue stripes across the operculum, and COUCH mentions &quot;two slightly marked lines on the gill covers running obliquely downward, one on each plate.&quot; The original illustration of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FDDDFABFFCD7FA86" authorityName="COUCH" authorityYear="1832" box="[635,795,1366,1388]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FDDDFABFFCD7FA86" box="[635,795,1366,1388]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">Perca robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is too crude to be recognizable as any of the grouper species that are known from the eastern Atlantic; the body depth of the illustrated fish is contained 3.4 times in the total length. In view of the deficiencies of the original description and illustration of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FCE4FA5CFC7BFA3B" authorityName="COUCH" authorityYear="1832" box="[834,951,1467,1497]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FCE4FA5CFC7BFA3B" box="[834,951,1467,1497]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">P. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this species is regarded as unidentifiable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317158FFE5FDA3FA39FA07F9F1" blockId="40.[453,1489,1097,1566]" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">
The oldest available name that can definitely be ascribed to the yellowbelly grouper is
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FDEBF9E6FC28F9F0" authority="LOWE (1834)" authorityName="Lowe" authorityYear="1834" box="[589,996,1535,1563]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FDEBF9E6FCF0F9F1" box="[589,828,1536,1563]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">Serranus marginatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07158FFE5FCE3FA18FC28F9F0" author="LOWE, R. T." box="[837,996,1535,1563]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Soc. Landon" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" pagination="142 - 144" part="1883" refId="ref30352" refString="LOWE, R. T.: 1834. Characters of a new genus Leims, and of several new species of fishes from Madeira (Serranas marginatus, Belga splendens, Rhombus maderensis, Crenilabras tmtta, Centiina nigra, etc.) Proc. Zool. Soc. Landon (1883) 1: 142 - 144." title="Characters of a new genus Leims, and of several new species of fishes from Madeira (Serranas marginatus, Belga splendens, Rhombus maderensis, Crenilabras tmtta, Centiina nigra, etc.) Proc" type="journal article" year="1834">LOWE (1834)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. This original description is also brief:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317158FFE5FDA0F9A4FA91F908" blockId="40.[484,1452,1603,1765]" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">
&quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FDB7F9A3FD36F9B4" authorityName="Lowe" authorityYear="1834" box="[529,762,1604,1630]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FDB7F9A3FD36F9B4" box="[529,762,1604,1630]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">Serranus marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FCABF9A4FC74F9B7" box="[781,952,1603,1629]" family="Serranidae" genus="Sem" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FCABF9A4FC74F9B7" box="[781,952,1603,1629]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">Sem nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FC60F9A4FBB3F9B7" box="[966,1151,1603,1629]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">lateo maealatas</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FB20F9A2FAEEF9B6" box="[1158,1314,1605,1631]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">pinnis dorsali</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FA96F9AFFAA5F9B7" box="[1328,1385,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">anali</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FADEF9A8FDB3F96A" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">caadaliqae nigris</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FD36F982FC8FF96A" box="[656,835,1637,1664]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">albo marginatis</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FCEBF982FBBAF96A" box="[845,1142,1636,1664]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">pinna dorsali filamentoso</emphasis>
. D. 11 + 17. P. 18. V. 1 + 5. A.3 + 9. C.18. This fish is very nearly related to
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FBE7F96FFABDF94F" authority=", CUV. &amp; VAL." authorityName="CUV. &amp; VAL." box="[1089,1393,1672,1701]" family="Serranidae" genus="Sem" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FBE7F96FFB73F949" box="[1089,1215,1672,1699]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">Sem Gigas</emphasis>
, CUV. &amp; VAL.
</taxonomicName>
; but appears to be distinguished by the greater number of the soft rays of its dorsal and anal fins, as well as by the white margin of these and the caudal. &quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317158FFE5FDA0F8E9FA0AF722" blockId="40.[454,1482,1805,2451]" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">
In 1836 LOWE redescribed his species with a replacement name,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FA8FF8F5FDDAF8AF" authorityName="Lowe" authorityYear="1836" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fimbriatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FA8FF8F5FA05F8C4" box="[1321,1481,1810,1838]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">
Serranus
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FE60F8C8FDDAF8AF" box="[454,534,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">fimbriatus</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and he gave slightly different fin-ray counts (D 11 + 15 - 16; A 3 + 8) for the dorsal and anal fins. These revised counts fit exactly the species here recognized as
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FE41F892FD43F87A" authorityName="Lowe" authorityYear="1834" box="[487,655,1909,1936]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FE41F892FE36F863" box="[487,506,1909,1929]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FDADF892FD43F87A" box="[523,655,1909,1936]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and, combined with the brief colour notes and LOWE’s illustration (Plate I,
<figureCitation id="137E98B47158FFE5FD9FF870FDB2F846" box="[569,638,1943,1971]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[551,583,1600,1624]" captionTargetBox="[767,1312,1093,1570]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 - Diagramatic illustration of a grouper's head to show method of measuring maxilla width (MW); UL =upper lip; SM=supramaxilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168229/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
, labelled
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FD5AF870FC20F85B" authorityName="Lowe" authorityYear="1834" box="[764,1004,1943,1969]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FD5AF870FC20F85B" box="[764,1004,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">Serranus marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) leave no doubt of the identity of his species. A stuffed was specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FCEFF85FFBF6F83E" authorityName="Lowe" authorityYear="1834" box="[841,1082,1976,2004]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FCEFF85FFBF6F83E" box="[841,1082,1976,2004]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">Serranus marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(29cm. SL, BMNH 1858.42.81) from Madeira donated to the Zoological Society of cm. London by the Rev. R.T. LOWE and later incorporated in the fish collection of the British Museum. This specimen (
<figureCitation id="137E98B47158FFE5FDF7F7C7FD55F7DF" box="[593,665,2080,2109]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[588,620,2325,2349]" captionTargetBox="[516,1461,1885,2304]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3 - Cephalopholis taeniops, 16 cm. SL, Sénégal, from STEINDACHNER, 1882." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168233/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) probably was one of those exhibited at the December 24, 1833 meeting of the Zoological Society at which the description of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FB00F7A3FA58F78B" box="[1190,1428,2116,2145]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rnarginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FB00F7A3FA58F78B" box="[1190,1428,2116,2145]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">Serranus rnarginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was read. Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07158FFE5FD32F783FCE2F795" author="LOWE, R. T." box="[660,814,2147,2176]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Soc. Landon" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" pagination="142 - 144" part="1883" refId="ref30352" refString="LOWE, R. T.: 1834. Characters of a new genus Leims, and of several new species of fishes from Madeira (Serranas marginatus, Belga splendens, Rhombus maderensis, Crenilabras tmtta, Centiina nigra, etc.) Proc. Zool. Soc. Landon (1883) 1: 142 - 144." title="Characters of a new genus Leims, and of several new species of fishes from Madeira (Serranas marginatus, Belga splendens, Rhombus maderensis, Crenilabras tmtta, Centiina nigra, etc.) Proc" type="journal article" year="1834">LOWE (1834)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned that the species &quot;attains a length of 2 feet, and the weight of 8 pounds&quot;, he did not give a length for the fish on which his description was based; hence, it is not possible to definitely identify a type specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317158FFE4FDA1F72CFC74FB8D" blockId="40.[454,1482,1805,2451]" lastBlockId="41.[489,952,1104,1132]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FDA1F72CFCF2F735" authority="JENYNS" authorityName="J ENYNS" authorityYear="1843" box="[519,830,2250,2278]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspersus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FDA1F72CFD17F70C" box="[519,731,2251,2278]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">Serranus aspersus</emphasis>
JENYNS
</taxonomicName>
, based on a fish 4.25 inches from the Cape Verde Islands, was listed as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FCD8F70BFB6BF6E8" baseAuthorityName="OSBECK" baseAuthorityYear="1765" box="[894,1191,2284,2311]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adscensionis">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FCD8F70BFB6BF6E8" box="[894,1191,2284,2311]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">Epinephelus adscensionis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07158FFE5FB71F709FA0AF6E7" author="BOULENGER, G. A." bookContentInfo="Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp" box="[1239,1478,2286,2317]" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" refId="ref27380" refString="1895. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I. Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp." title="Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I." type="book" year="1895">BOULENGER (1895)</bibRefCitation>
and C.L.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07158FFE5FD98F6E8FD13F6C1" author="SMITH, C. L." box="[574,735,2318,2347]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="40" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 241" part="146" refId="ref31738" refString="SMITH, C. L.: 1971. A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 146: 1 - 241." title="A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera" type="journal article" year="1971">SMITH (1971)</bibRefCitation>
. But JENYNS’ (1843) counts of 15 dorsal and 17 pectoral fin rays for
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FD91F6D5FD71F6A7" authorityName="J ENYNS" authorityYear="1843" box="[567,701,2354,2381]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspersus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FD91F6D5FD89F6AD" box="[567,581,2354,2375]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FDFDF6DFFD71F6A7" box="[603,701,2360,2381]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">aspersus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are too low for
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FC34F6D6FB80F6AC" baseAuthorityName="OSBECK" baseAuthorityYear="1765" box="[914,1100,2352,2374]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adscensionis">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FC34F6D6FC69F6AF" box="[914,933,2353,2373]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FC1CF6D7FB80F6AC" box="[954,1100,2352,2374]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">adscensionis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(with 16- 18 dorsal and 18-20 pectoral rays), and the colour description (which is unlike the colour pattern of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FA0CF6BFFD97F667" baseAuthorityName="OSBECK" baseAuthorityYear="1765" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adscensionis">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FA0CF6BFFA71F687" box="[1450,1469,2392,2413]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FE6EF691FD97F667" box="[456,603,2422,2445]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">adscensionis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) matches juveniles of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FCC3F691FBC5F67B" authorityName="Lowe" authorityYear="1834" box="[869,1033,2422,2449]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FCC3F691FCBBF661" box="[869,887,2422,2443]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FC2EF691FBC5F67B" box="[904,1033,2422,2449]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27158FFE5FB63F69FFAB7F665" baseAuthorityName="OSBECK" baseAuthorityYear="1765" box="[1221,1403,2424,2447]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adscensionis">
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FB63F69FFB14F667" box="[1221,1240,2424,2445]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237158FFE5FB4EF69FFAB7F665" box="[1256,1403,2424,2447]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="45">adscensionis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not known from the Cape Verde Islands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7159FFE4FCC0FB7DFA24F875" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317159FFE4FCC0FB7DFBA0FB41" blockId="41.[870,1132,1178,1195]" box="[870,1132,1178,1195]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">
<heading id="D0B2335D7159FFE4FCC0FB7DFBA0FB41" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[870,1132,1178,1195]" centered="true" level="4" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B93158237159FFE4FCC0FB7DFBA0FB41" bold="true" box="[870,1132,1178,1195]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MATERIAL EXAMLNED</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317159FFE4FE4FFB31FAE4FA94" blockId="41.[487,1516,1238,1951]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FE4FFB31FB69FB1B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234309" box="[489,1189,1238,1265]" collectionCode="MMF" location="Madeira" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MMF 3388" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Madeira" typeStatus="neotype">
EASTERN ATLANTIC:
<collectingRegion id="49814AD37159FFE4FD50FB3FFC87FB00" box="[758,843,1240,1258]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">Madeira</collectingRegion>
:
<typeStatus id="54FE3A937159FFE4FCFBFB3EFC7FFB1A" box="[861,947,1241,1264]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">Neotype</typeStatus>
,
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FC67FB3EFBFFFB01" box="[961,1075,1241,1259]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MMF 3388</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FBE4FB3EFB58FB01" box="[1090,1172,1241,1259]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FB14FB3DFA20FB1E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234488" box="[1202,1516,1242,1268]" collectionCode="BMNH" location="Madeira" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="BMNH 1858.42.81" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FB14FB3DFABAFB07" box="[1202,1398,1242,1261]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">BMNH 1858.42.81</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FA21FB3BFA10FB04" box="[1415,1500,1244,1262]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="290.0">290 mm</quantity>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FE4FFB14FCF5FAE6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234346" box="[489,825,1267,1292]" collectionCode="BMNH" location="Madeira" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="BMNH 1862.4.22.30" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FE4FFB14FD73FAEF" box="[489,703,1267,1285]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">BMNH 1862.4.22.30</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FD74FB13FCE5FAEC" box="[722,809,1268,1286]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="430.0">430 mm</quantity>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FCE5FB12FB5DFAE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234312" box="[835,1169,1269,1293]" collectionCode="BMNH" location="Madeira" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="BMNH 1922.1.13.30" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FCE5FB12FBD4FAED" box="[835,1048,1269,1287]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">BMNH 1922.1.13.30</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FB8BFB12FB4CFAED" box="[1069,1152,1269,1287]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.68" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="168.0">168 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FB3AFB11FA20FAFA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234439" box="[1180,1516,1270,1296]" collectionCode="BMNH" location="Madeira" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="BMNH 1928.1.21.30" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FB3AFB11FABDFAE3" box="[1180,1393,1270,1289]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">BMNH 1928.1.21.30</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FA22FB1FFA17FAE0" box="[1412,1499,1272,1290]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.12" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="212.0">212 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FE4FFAE8FCD3FAC2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234405" box="[489,799,1295,1320]" collectionCode="BMNH" location="Madeira" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="BMNH 1935.3.5.14" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FE4FFAE8FD62FACB" box="[489,686,1295,1313]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">BMNH 1935.3.5.14</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FD1AFAF7FCC2FAC8" box="[700,782,1296,1314]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="205.0">205 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FC81FAF6FB46FAC3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234347" box="[807,1162,1297,1321]" collectionCode="SL" location="Madeira" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="BMNH 1962.6.25.10" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FC81FAF6FC3AFAC9" box="[807,1014,1297,1315]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">BMNH 1962.6.25.10</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FBA3FAF5FB9FFAC9" box="[1029,1107,1298,1315]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.33" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="233.0">233 mm</quantity>
.
<collectionCode id="ED541CF47159FFE4FBC6FAF6FBB1FAC9" box="[1120,1149,1297,1315]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">SL</collectionCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FB36FAF5FAB9FAC1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234399" box="[1168,1397,1298,1323]" collectionCode="MMF" location="Madeira" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MMF 24939" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FB36FAF5FAC1FACE" box="[1168,1293,1298,1316]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MMF 24939</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FABAFAF4FAA8FACF" box="[1308,1380,1299,1317]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="84.0">84 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FADCFAF3FD95FAA9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234318" collectionCode="MMF" location="Madeira" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MMF 3118" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FADCFAF3FA20FACC" box="[1402,1516,1300,1318]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MMF 3118</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FE52FACCFD84FAD7" box="[500,584,1323,1341]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="118.0">118 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FDCCFACBFC9FFAAF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234510" box="[618,851,1324,1349]" collectionCode="MMF" location="Madeira" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MMF 3884" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FDCCFACBFD11FAD4" box="[618,733,1324,1342]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MMF 3884</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FD56FACBFC8EFAD5" box="[752,834,1324,1343]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6199999999999999" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="162.0">162 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FCFBFACAFB8BFAAF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234436" box="[861,1095,1325,1349]" collectionCode="MMF" location="Madeira" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MMF 3885" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FCFBFACAFC03FAD5" box="[861,975,1325,1343]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MMF 3885</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FC45FAC9FBFAFAD5" box="[995,1078,1326,1343]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.51" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="151.0">151 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FBF6FAC9FAF5FAAD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234400" box="[1104,1337,1326,1351]" collectionCode="MMF" location="Madeira" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MMF 7580" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FBF6FAC9FB0FFAAA" box="[1104,1219,1326,1344]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MMF 7580</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FB70FAC9FAE4FAAB" box="[1238,1320,1326,1345]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FAE5FAC8FD92FAB5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234372" collectionCode="RUSI" location="Madeira" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="RUSI 35667" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FAE5FAC8FA0FFAA8" box="[1347,1475,1327,1346]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">RUSI 35667</specimenCode>
(51 &amp;
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FDA3FAA0FD82FAB3" box="[517,590,1351,1369]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="63.0">63 mm</quantity>
.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FDC9FAA0FBDBFA8B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234315" box="[623,1047,1351,1377]" collectionCode="BMNH" location="Azores" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="BMNH 1962.6.25.10" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Azores">
<collectingRegion id="49814AD37159FFE4FDC9FAA0FD7BFAB0" box="[623,695,1351,1370]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">Azores</collectingRegion>
:
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FD68FAAFFC6CFAB1" box="[718,928,1352,1371]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">BMNH 1962.6.25.10</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FC17FAADFBCAFAB6" box="[945,1030,1354,1372]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.33" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="233.0">233 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FB87FAAEFAC7FA88" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234330" box="[1057,1291,1353,1378]" collectionCode="RUSI" location="Azores" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="RUSI 36079" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FB87FAAEFB53FAB1" box="[1057,1183,1353,1371]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">RUSI 36079</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FB17FAADFB36FAB6" box="[1201,1274,1354,1372]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="97.0">97 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FAB2FAACFD9CFA91" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234478" collectionCode="RUSI" location="Azores" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="RUSI 36102" specimenCount="3">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FAB2FAACFA59FAB4" box="[1300,1429,1355,1374]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">RUSI 36102</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="9D434FB87159FFE4FA01FAAAFA7DFAB4" box="[1447,1457,1357,1374]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">3</specimenCount>
, 104-
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FE4CFA84FDF3FA9F" box="[490,575,1379,1397]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.81" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="181.0">181 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FDFDFA84FCAEFA97" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234492" box="[603,866,1379,1405]" collectionCode="USNM" location="Azores" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="USNM 94487" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FDFDFA84FD25FA9C" box="[603,745,1379,1398]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">USNM 94487</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FD5AFA82FC9EFA9D" box="[764,850,1381,1399]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.62" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="262.0">262 mm</quantity>
.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FCD0FA82FAE4FA94" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234320" box="[886,1320,1381,1406]" collectionCode="MB" country="Cape Verde Islands" location="Cape Verde Islands" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MB 503" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17159FFE4FCD0FA82FB88FA92" box="[886,1092,1381,1405]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">Cape Verde Islands</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FBFAFA81FB63FA9D" box="[1116,1199,1382,1399]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MB 503</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FB62FA80FAD4FA92" box="[1220,1304,1383,1400]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="109.0">109 mm</quantity>
.).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317159FFE4FE4FFA67FA94F9CD" blockId="41.[487,1516,1238,1951]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FE4FFA67FBFEFA70" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234325" box="[489,1074,1408,1434]" collectionCode="IIPB" country="Spain" location="Spain" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="IIPB 1052/1987" specimenCount="1">
MEDITERRANEAN:
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17159FFE4FD78FA66FCDBFA73" box="[734,791,1409,1433]" name="Spain" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">Spain</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FC84FA65FC0CFA7E" box="[802,960,1410,1429]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">IIPB 1052/1987</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FC76FA65FBEDFA7E" box="[976,1057,1410,1428]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.58" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="158.0">158 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FB9FFA65FA8BFA71" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234395" box="[1081,1351,1410,1435]" collectionCode="IIPB" country="Spain" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="IIPB 1053/1987" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FB9FFA65FB19FA7E" box="[1081,1237,1410,1430]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">IIPB 1053/1987</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FB43FA64FAFAFA7F" box="[1253,1334,1411,1429]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="175.0">175 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FAEBFA63FD99FA59" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234456" collectionCode="IIPB" country="Spain" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="IIPB 1054/1987" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FAEBFA63FA20FA7D" box="[1357,1516,1412,1433]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">IIPB 1054/1987</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FE54FA7BFD88FA44" box="[498,580,1436,1454]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.32" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="232.0">232 mm</quantity>
.);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FDFBFA7BFCA6FA5F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234321" box="[605,874,1436,1461]" collectionCode="IIPB" country="Spain" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="IIPB 1055/1987" specimenCount="1">
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FCD6FA7BFBB3FA5F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234357" box="[880,1151,1436,1464]" collectionCode="IIPB" country="Spain" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="IIPB 1056/1987" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FCD6FA7BFBC0FA58" box="[880,1036,1436,1464]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">IIPB 1056/1987</specimenCode>
(
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.);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FB22FA79FA5DFA52" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234331" box="[1156,1425,1438,1464]" collectionCode="IIPB" country="Spain" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="IIPB 1057/1987" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FB22FA79FAEDFA5B" box="[1156,1313,1438,1458]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">IIPB 1057/1987</specimenCode>
(
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.).
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FA38FA46FD28FA3A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234345" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" location="France" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MNHN 4215" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17159FFE4FA38FA46FA2AFA59" box="[1438,1510,1441,1459]" name="France" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">France</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FE4EFA50FDA3FA20" box="[488,623,1463,1482]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MNHN 4215</specimenCode>
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<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FD24FA5FFD1FFA20" box="[642,723,1464,1482]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="171.0">171 mm</quantity>
.);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FD4AFA5EFBD8FA3B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234343" box="[748,1044,1465,1490]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MNHN 1898-554" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FD4AFA5EFC53FA21" box="[748,927,1465,1483]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MNHN 1898-554</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FC17FA5DFBC8FA26" box="[945,1028,1466,1484]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="106.0">106 mm</quantity>
.).
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FB82FA5DFA90FA39" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234344" box="[1060,1372,1466,1491]" collectionCode="IRSNB" country="Italy" location="Italy" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="IRSNB 2013" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17159FFE4FB82FA5DFB9CFA3B" box="[1060,1104,1466,1489]" name="Italy" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">Italy</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FBC2FA5DFB29FA26" box="[1124,1253,1466,1484]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">IRSNB 2013</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FB51FA5CFA87FA27" box="[1271,1355,1467,1485]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="310.0">310 mm</quantity>
.);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FAC3FA5BFD99FA01" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234450" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Italy" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MNHN 7229" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FAC3FA5BFA20FA24" box="[1381,1516,1468,1490]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MNHN 7229</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FE54FA33FD89FA0F" box="[498,581,1492,1509]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.08" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="208.0">208 mm</quantity>
.).
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FDC5FA33FBCEFA04" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234462" box="[611,1026,1492,1518]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Greece" location="Greece" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="BMNH 192812130" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17159FFE4FDC5FA33FD61FA0C" box="[611,685,1492,1510]" name="Greece" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">Greece</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FD19FA32FC43FA0D" box="[703,911,1493,1511]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">BMNH 192812130</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FC38FA31FC3DFA02" box="[926,1009,1494,1512]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.12" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="212.0">212 mm</quantity>
.);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FBACFA31FAE0FA05" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234494" box="[1034,1324,1494,1519]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Greece" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MNHN 1975-641" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FBACFA31FB7BFA02" box="[1034,1207,1494,1512]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MNHN 1975-641</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FB6DFA31FAD1FA03" box="[1227,1309,1494,1513]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="152.0">152 mm</quantity>
).
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FA9FFA3FFD17F9E2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234390" collectionCode="USNM" country="Lebanon" location="Lebanon" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="USNM 198881" specimenCount="4">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17159FFE4FA9FFA3FFA58FA00" box="[1337,1428,1496,1514]" name="Lebanon" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FA04FA3FFDFCF9EB" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">USNM 198881</specimenCode>
(
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,
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FDC6FA17FD06F9E8" box="[608,714,1520,1538]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" metricValueMax="8.8" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="72.0" valueMax="88.0" valueMin="56.0">56-88 mm</quantity>
.);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FD41FA17FBF3F9E3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234382" box="[743,1087,1520,1545]" collectionCode="USNM" country="Lebanon" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCount="6">
<collectionCode id="ED541CF47159FFE4FD41FA17FCFCF9E9" box="[743,816,1520,1539]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">USNM</collectionCode>
(uneat.) (
<specimenCount id="9D434FB87159FFE4FC3BFA15FC6BF9E9" box="[925,935,1522,1539]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">6</specimenCount>
,
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FC1FFA15FBE3F9E9" box="[953,1071,1522,1539]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.35" metricValueMax="10.6" metricValueMin="6.1" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="83.5" valueMax="106.0" valueMin="61.0">61-106 mm</quantity>
.).
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FBF5FA15FA26F9E6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234384" box="[1107,1514,1522,1548]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Israel" location="Israel" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="BMNH 1935.35.14" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17159FFE4FBF5FA15FB40F9E9" box="[1107,1164,1522,1539]" name="Israel" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">Israel</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FB00FA15FAA2F9EC" box="[1190,1390,1522,1542]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">BMNH 1935.35.14</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FA24FA13FA17F9EC" box="[1410,1499,1524,1542]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="205.0">205 mm</quantity>
);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FE4EF9ECFCC6F9CF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234317" box="[488,778,1547,1573]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Israel" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MNHN 1958- 15" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FE4EF9ECFD5CF9F4" box="[488,656,1547,1566]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MNHN 1958- 15</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FD00F9EBFD35F9F5" box="[678,761,1548,1567]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="154.0">154 mm</quantity>
.);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FCB2F9EAFC28F9CF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234351" box="[788,996,1549,1573]" collectionCode="TAU" country="Israel" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="TAU 61" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FCB2F9EAFCA5F9F5" box="[788,873,1549,1567]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">TAU 61</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FCD9F9E9FC18F9F5" box="[895,980,1550,1567]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.66" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="166.0">166 mm</quantity>
.).
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FC51F9E9FA94F9CD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234434" box="[1015,1368,1550,1575]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Algeria" location="Algeria" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MNHN 264" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17159FFE4FC51F9E9FB8EF9CF" box="[1015,1090,1550,1573]" name="Algeria" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">Algeria</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FBFDF9E9FB13F9CA" box="[1115,1247,1550,1568]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MNHN 264</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FB54F9E8FA84F9CB" box="[1266,1352,1551,1569]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.11" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="211.0">211 mm</quantity>
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<paragraph id="8BFA84317159FFE4FE4EF9CFFCB8F9B4" blockId="41.[487,1516,1238,1951]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FE4EF9CFFC85F9AB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234378" box="[488,841,1576,1601]" collectionCode="RUSI" country="Angola" location="ANGOLA" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="RUSI 2598" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17159FFE4FE4EF9CFFD9BF9D0" box="[488,599,1576,1594]" name="Angola" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">ANGOLA</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FDC5F9CEFD19F9D1" box="[611,725,1577,1595]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">RUSI 2598</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FD41F9CEFCF4F9D1" box="[743,824,1577,1595]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="195.0">195 mm</quantity>
.);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FCF7F9CDFBC6F9A8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234441" box="[849,1034,1578,1602]" collectionCode="MB" country="Angola" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MB 414" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FCF7F9CDFC6DF9D6" box="[849,929,1578,1596]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MB 414</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FC14F9CCFC35F9D6" box="[946,1017,1579,1596]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="89.0">89 mm</quantity>
.);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FBB7F9CCFB10F9A9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234403" box="[1041,1244,1578,1603]" collectionCode="MB" country="Angola" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MB 2053" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FBB7F9CCFBA2F9D6" box="[1041,1134,1579,1596]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MB 2053</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FBD8F9CCFB1CF9A9" box="[1150,1232,1579,1603]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="340.0">340 mm</quantity>
);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FB42F9CCFA7BF9AE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234404" box="[1252,1463,1579,1604]" collectionCode="MB" country="Angola" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MB 2063" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FB42F9CCFA8CF9D7" box="[1252,1344,1579,1597]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MB 2063</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FAF7F9CBFA6AF9D5" box="[1361,1446,1580,1599]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.54" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="354.0">354 mm</quantity>
.);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FA62F9CAFD5FF9B7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234454" collectionCode="MB" country="Angola" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MB 2342" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FA62F9CAFDD4F9BC" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MB 2342</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FD8DF9A3FD4EF9BD" box="[555,642,1604,1623]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.45" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="445.0">445 mm</quantity>
.);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FD3BF9A2FCB8F9B4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234497" box="[669,884,1605,1630]" collectionCode="MB" country="Angola" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="MB 2545" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FD3BF9A2FD30F9BD" box="[669,764,1605,1623]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MB 2545</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FCB7F9A1FCA8F9B2" box="[785,868,1606,1624]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.47" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="147.0">147 mm</quantity>
.).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317159FFE4FE4EF987FD7DF8E2" blockId="41.[487,1516,1238,1951]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FE4EF987FBDBF991" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234424" box="[488,1047,1632,1659]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="South Africa" location="SOUTH AFRICA" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="BMNH 1906.11.19.48" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17159FFE4FE4EF987FD65F999" box="[488,681,1632,1651]" name="South Africa" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">SOUTH AFRICA</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FD19F985FC52F99E" box="[703,926,1634,1652]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">BMNH 1906.11.19.48</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FC16F984FBCAF99F" box="[944,1030,1635,1653]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.16" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="316.0">316 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FB87F984FAA0F997" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234477" box="[1057,1388,1635,1661]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="South Africa" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="BMNH 1922.1.13.30" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FB87F984FB3FF99F" box="[1057,1267,1635,1653]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">BMNH 1922.1.13.30</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FAA0F983FA97F99C" box="[1286,1371,1636,1654]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.68" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="168.0">168 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FAD0F982FD9AF97F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234422" collectionCode="RUSI" country="South Africa" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="RUSI 2656" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FAD0F982FA27F99D" box="[1398,1515,1637,1655]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">RUSI 2656</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FE57F99AFD8AF965" box="[497,582,1661,1679]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3899999999999997" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="339.0">339 mm</quantity>
);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FDFBF99AFC82F97C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234502" box="[605,846,1661,1686]" collectionCode="RUSI" country="South Africa" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="RUSI 11952" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FDFBF99AFD17F97A" box="[605,731,1661,1680]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">RUSI 11952</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FD4AF999FCF3F97A" box="[748,831,1662,1680]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="155.0">155 mm</quantity>
);
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<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FCF3F999FBA7F97D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234392" box="[853,1131,1662,1687]" collectionCode="RUSI" country="South Africa" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="RUSI 12922" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FCF3F999FC18F97B" box="[853,980,1662,1681]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">RUSI 12922</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FC45F998FBFFF97B" box="[995,1075,1663,1681]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.51" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="451.0">451 mm</quantity>
. SL);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FBD4F998FAA8F973" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234393" box="[1138,1380,1663,1689]" collectionCode="RUSI" country="South Africa" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="RUSI 13143" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FBD4F998FB22F978" box="[1138,1262,1663,1682]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">RUSI 13143</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FAA6F967FA9FF979" box="[1280,1363,1664,1683]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="620.0">620 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FACAF966FD99F95B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234379" collectionCode="RUSI" country="South Africa" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="RUSI 13309" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FACAF966FA27F97E" box="[1388,1515,1665,1684]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">RUSI 13309</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FE57F97DFD88F941" box="[497,580,1690,1707]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="370.0">370 mm</quantity>
.);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7159FFE4FDF8F97EFC9CF959" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234431" box="[606,848,1689,1715]" collectionCode="RUSI" country="South Africa" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="RUSI 13410" specimenCount="1">
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(
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(
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(
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(
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(
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(
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(
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(
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WESTERN ATLANTIC:
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ANSP
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(
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.);
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<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7159FFE4FB55F882FABAF892" box="[1267,1398,1893,1912]" pageId="41" pageNumber="46">MNHN 7403</specimenCode>
(
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.);
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(uncat) (
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, 124-
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.);
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(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47159FFE4FBB5F863FBAAF87C" box="[1043,1126,1924,1942]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="41" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="161.0">161 mm</quantity>
.);
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(178 &amp;
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.).
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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