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<document id="ACB7654EB8154A1D1816751C0613ED21" ID-CLB-Dataset="298660" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.12168227" ID-GBIF-Dataset="178ed053-7081-4927-96dd-277fa0d92e5e" ID-ISSN="0870-3876" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168227" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1718800477084" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Heemstra, P. C." docDate="1991" docId="03EC35277142FFF9FCBEFBA5FCBCF92D" docLanguage="en" docName="BolMusMunFunchal.43.226.5-71.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal 43 (226)" docTitle="Paranthias GUICHENOT 1868" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="FFD54D5F7170FFCDFFA6FFE7FFCCFFEA" masterDocTitle="A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae)" masterLastPageNumber="71" masterPageNumber="5" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1718813564701" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="9483A12BCA3D9948F26A7FEB81BA5EE0">
<mods:title id="F9452B9C86A89A9216F2126E3D405BAA">A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D4DFFD278EEADAAA2DADC0EEE9ECC141">Heemstra, P. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1D000BFA3E627C9FED507223D69FE94A">Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CCB3212B0608ADF4A6FBFF52F497A97E">
<mods:date id="14E5FFBAFE79B345F4BB7B5A65C0CB7E">1991</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="80E7B2FD7399D4078A1EE69C72AE5C9D">1991-08-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="52F125DB8C2F1E9A669BBD30607A4FEE">43</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03EC35277142FFF9FCBEFBA5FCBCF92D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168092" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233229786" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168092" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC35277142FFF9FCBEFBA5FCBCF92D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC35277142FFF9FCBEFBA5FCBCF92D" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7142FFFFFCBEFBA5FB1BFBBF" box="[792,1239,1088,1113]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317142FFFFFCBEFBA5FB1BFBBF" blockId="50.[792,1239,1088,1113]" box="[792,1239,1088,1113]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">
<heading id="D0B2335D7142FFFFFCBEFBA5FB1BFBBF" bold="true" box="[792,1239,1088,1113]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="11" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" reason="0">
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFCBEFBA5FC23FBBC" bold="true" box="[792,1007,1089,1110]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27142FFFFFCC9FBA6FB1BFBBF" ID-CoL="6FXM" authority="GUICHENOT, 1868" authorityName="GUICHENOT" authorityYear="1868" box="[879,1239,1088,1113]" family="Serranidae" genus="Paranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFCC9FBA6FC23FBBC" bold="true" box="[879,1007,1089,1110]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">Paranthias</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07142FFFFFC5AFBA7FB1BFBBF" author="GUICHENOT, A." box="[1020,1239,1088,1113]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" pagination="80 - 87" refId="ref29288" refString="GUICHENOT, A.: 1868. Index generum ac specierum Anthiadidorum hucusque in Museo Parisiensi observatorum. Ann Soc. Linee Dept. Maine Loire, vol. 10, pp. 80 - 87." type="journal article" year="1868">GUICHENOT, 1868</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7142FFFFFDB7FB9BFCE2FAAB" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317142FFFFFDB7FB9BFDA6FB41" blockId="50.[529,1502,1147,1345]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27142FFFFFDB7FB9BFC91FB64" authority="GUICHENOT, 1868: 87" authorityName="GUICHENOT" authorityPageNumber="87" authorityYear="1868" box="[529,861,1148,1170]" family="Serranidae" genus="Paranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFDB7FB9BFDB2FB64" box="[529,638,1148,1166]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">Paranthias</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07142FFFFFD20FB9BFC91FB64" author="GUICHENOT, A." box="[646,861,1148,1170]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" pagination="80 - 87" refId="ref29288" refString="GUICHENOT, A.: 1868. Index generum ac specierum Anthiadidorum hucusque in Museo Parisiensi observatorum. Ann Soc. Linee Dept. Maine Loire, vol. 10, pp. 80 - 87." type="journal article" year="1868">GUICHENOT, 1868: 87</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(type species,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27142FFFFFC50FB9BFAB8FB67" authority="VALENCIENNES, 1828" authorityName="VALENCIENNES" authorityYear="1828" box="[1014,1396,1147,1170]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fiircifer">
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFC50FB9BFB50FB78" box="[1014,1180,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">Serranus fiırcifer</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07142FFFFFB07FB9CFAB8FB67" author="VALENCIENNES, A." box="[1185,1396,1147,1169]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" refId="ref32623" refString="VALENCIENNES, A.: 1828. See Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes." title="See Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes" type="book" year="1828">VALENCIENNES, 1828</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by monotypy).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317142FFFFFDB7FB4AFB7AFB0D" blockId="50.[529,1502,1147,1345]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27142FFFFFDB7FB4AFCF7FB2C" authority="GILL, 1863: 236" authorityName="GILL" authorityPageNumber="236" authorityYear="1863" box="[529,827,1197,1227]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Brachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFDB7FB4AFD54FB21" box="[529,664,1197,1227]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">Brachyrhinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07142FFFFFD06FB53FCF7FB2C" author="GILL, T." box="[672,827,1204,1226]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad." pageId="50" pageNumber="55" pagination="235 - 242" part="1862" refId="ref29193" refString="1863. Remarks on the relations of the genera and other groups of Cuban fishes. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. (1862), 14: 235 - 242." title="Remarks on the relations of the genera and other groups of Cuban fishes" type="journal article" year="1863">GILL, 1863: 236</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(type species,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27142FFFFFC76FB52FA80FB2C" authority="VALENCIENNES, 1828" authorityName="VALENCIENNES" authorityYear="1828" box="[976,1356,1203,1225]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creolus">
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFC76FB52FBB8FB2F" box="[976,1140,1203,1222]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">Serranus creolus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07142FFFFFBDCFB53FA80FB2C" author="VALENCIENNES, A." box="[1146,1356,1204,1225]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" refId="ref32623" refString="VALENCIENNES, A.: 1828. See Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes." title="See Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes" type="book" year="1828">VALENCIENNES, 1828</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[=
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27142FFFFFAD4FB53FA1AFB21" baseAuthorityName="VALENCIENNES" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[1394,1494,1204,1227]" family="Serranidae" genus="Paranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="furcifer">
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFAD4FB53FA4CFB2C" box="[1394,1408,1204,1222]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFA2CFB53FA1AFB21" box="[1418,1494,1204,1227]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">furcifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] by monotypy; preoccupied by
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27142FFFFFCC8FB37FB65FB0B" authority="LATREILLE, 1802" authorityName="LATREILLE" authorityYear="1802" box="[878,1193,1232,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Brachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFCC8FB37FC38FB02" box="[878,1012,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">Brachyrhinus</emphasis>
LATREILLE, 1802
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317142FFFFFDB5FB0BFCE2FAAB" blockId="50.[529,1502,1147,1345]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27142FFFFFDB5FB0BFDACFB14" authorityName="VALENCIENNES" authorityYear="1828" box="[531,608,1260,1278]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creolus">
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFDB5FB0BFDACFB14" box="[531,608,1260,1278]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">Creolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07142FFFFFDCCFB0AFCBAFB15" author="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; C. H. GILBERT" box="[618,886,1261,1283]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" refId="ref29945" refString="JORDAN, D. S. &amp; C. H. GILBERT: 1883. Synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mas., 16 (1882): lvi + 1018." type="journal volume" year="1883">JORDAN &amp; GILBERT, 1883</bibRefCitation>
: p. xxxvi (type species,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27142FFFFFBD2FB0BFA70FB15" authority="VALENCIENNES" authorityName="VALENCIENNES" authorityYear="1828" box="[1140,1468,1260,1283]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fiircifer">
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFBD2FB0BFAD1FAE9" box="[1140,1309,1260,1283]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">Serranus fiırcifer</emphasis>
VALENCIENNES
</taxonomicName>
by monotypy; listed in Table of Contents as if in Addenda, but replaced on page 973 by
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27142FFFFFD94FACEFCE8FAAB" authority="GUICHENOT" authorityName="GUICHENOT" authorityYear="1868" box="[562,804,1321,1345]" family="Serranidae" genus="Paranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFD94FACEFD6CFAD1" box="[562,672,1321,1339]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">Paranthias</emphasis>
GUICHENOT
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7142FFFFFD95FA8DFA2CF71D" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317142FFFFFD95FA8DFA6EF99A" blockId="50.[501,1538,1384,2298]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFD95FA8DFD61FA69" bold="true" box="[563,685,1386,1411]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">Diagnosis</emphasis>
: Body oblong, fusiform, dorsal and ventral profiles almost equally curved, the depth contained 2.7-3.4 times in standard length, the body width 1.8-2.5 times in the depth; head length 3.2-4.0 times in SL. Dorsal head profile convex; snout short, subequal to eye diameter (except in large adults); interorbital area flat or slightly convex; preorbital depth less than half eye diameter, contained 10- 14 times in head length; mouth small, the maxilla not reaching past vertical at centre of eye; preopercle subangular, with vertical limb and rear half of lower limb finely serrate; upper edge of operculum convex; anterior and posterior nostrils subequal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317142FFFFFD90F990FAF0F854" blockId="50.[501,1538,1384,2298]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">Caudal fin distinctly forked, the middle rays less than half length of upper or lower caudal lobes, with 8 + 7 branched rays and 12- 13 + 11 -12 procurrent rays; dorsal fin with 9 spines and 17-21 rays, the fin origin posterior to vertical at upper end of pectoral-fin base; the interspinous membranes slightly indented;no dorsal fin spines no or rays elongated; base of spinous part shorter than base of soft-rayed part; soft dorsal fin margin rounded; anal fin with 3 spines and 8- 11 rays; anal fin margin straight; pectoral fins large, distinctly longer than pelvics, contained 0.9- 1.2 times in head length, the middle rays longest. Midlateral body scales ctenoid. Jaws with rudimentary canines; teeth present on palatines and in an oval patch on vomer; supramaxilla vestigal or absent; no knob or step on ventral edge of maxilla.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317142FFFFFD9EF82AFDB9F7A3" blockId="50.[501,1538,1384,2298]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">Supraneural bones 2, the second about tvvo-thirds length of first; dorsal and anal fins with 3 -5 trisegmental pterygiophores at rear end of fin; rear edge of first dorsal pterygiophore not excavated for tip of third neural spine; epipleural ribs on first 9 vertebrae.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317142FFFFFD9CF7B1FA2CF71D" blockId="50.[501,1538,1384,2298]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">Cranium short and wide, the least interorbital width more than half width at lateral ethmoids and twice width of vomer; frontals separated anteriorly by supraethmoid; well developed median crest on frontals, continuous with supraoccipital crest, but the frontal part of crest not visible in lateral view because interorbital area is recessed (concave dorsally); parasphenoid distinctly bent upwards anteriorly.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7142FFF9FC9EF6C4FA75FB75" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317142FFFFFC9EF6C4FB09F6DF" blockId="50.[824,1221,2338,2358]" box="[824,1221,2338,2358]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">
<heading id="D0B2335D7142FFFFFC9EF6C4FB09F6DF" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[824,1221,2338,2358]" centered="true" fontSize="7" level="12" pageId="50" pageNumber="55" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B93158237142FFFFFC9EF6C4FB09F6DF" bold="true" box="[824,1221,2338,2358]" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317142FFF9FD9CF680FA75FB75" blockId="50.[570,1539,2404,2436]" lastBlockId="52.[495,1524,1094,1196]" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="50" pageNumber="55">
Tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans: In the eastern Atlantic,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27144FFF9FD50FBA8FCABFB83" baseAuthorityName="VALENCIENNES" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[758,871,1101,1129]" family="Serranidae" genus="Paranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="furcifer">
<emphasis id="B93158237144FFF9FD50FBA8FCC8FB89" box="[758,772,1103,1123]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="57">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237144FFF9FCB7FBAAFCABFB83" box="[785,871,1101,1129]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="57">furcifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known only from Ascension Island and islands in the Gulf of Guinea. In the western Atlantic, it is known from Bermuda, south Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Cuba, southern Bahamas, Caribbean to southern Brazil.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<table id="F945769171430032FDABFB48FA58F9DB" box="[525,1428,1199,1585]" gridcols="6" gridrows="12" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317143FFFEFC8BFB5FFA4BFB08" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<tr id="3575867371430032FDABFB48FA58FB24" box="[525,1428,1199,1230]" gridrow="0" isHeader="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FC8BFB48FC5EFB24" box="[813,914,1199,1230]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFC8BFB5FFCF0FB20" box="[813,828,1208,1226]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFCEFFB51FC41FB24" box="[841,909,1206,1230]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">margin</emphasis>
.
</th>
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FC1BFB48FBDAFB24" box="[957,1046,1199,1230]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27143FFFEFC1BFB52FBDFFB26" baseAuthorityName="LOWE" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[957,1043,1204,1228]" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="51" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFC1BFB52FC1EFB2D" box="[957,978,1205,1223]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFC7AFB53FBDFFB26" box="[988,1043,1204,1228]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">fusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FBE4FB48FB5AFB24" box="[1090,1174,1199,1230]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27143FFFEFBE4FB54FB5AFB20" baseAuthorityName="LOWE" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[1090,1174,1202,1226]" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="51" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFBE4FB54FB9AFB2F" box="[1090,1110,1203,1221]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFBC6FB55FB5AFB20" box="[1120,1174,1202,1226]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">fusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FB62FB48FAD6FB24" box="[1220,1306,1199,1230]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27143FFFEFB62FB56FAD6FB29" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[1220,1306,1200,1219]" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="51" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFB62FB56FB15FB29" box="[1220,1241,1201,1219]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFB40FB57FAD6FB29" box="[1254,1306,1200,1219]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FAE6FB48FA58FB24" box="[1344,1428,1199,1230]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27143FFFEFAE6FB57FA58FB28" box="[1344,1428,1199,1218]" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="51" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuti">
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFAE6FB57FA99FB28" box="[1344,1365,1200,1218]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFAC4FB48FA58FB28" box="[1378,1428,1199,1218]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">acuti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3575867371430032FDABFB37FA58FB04" box="[525,1428,1232,1262]" gridrow="1" isHeader="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FC8BFB37FC5EFB04" box="[813,914,1232,1262]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Neotype</th>
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FC1BFB37FBDAFB04" box="[957,1046,1232,1262]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Neotype</th>
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FBE4FB37FB5AFB04" box="[1090,1174,1232,1262]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">n = 13</th>
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FB62FB37FAD6FB04" box="[1220,1306,1232,1262]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">n = 7</th>
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FAE6FB37FA58FB04" box="[1344,1428,1232,1262]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">n = 13</th>
</tr>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317143FFFEFDABFB1BFA5CFA68" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<tr id="3575867371430032FDABFB17FA58FAFE" box="[525,1428,1264,1300]" gridrow="2" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FDABFB17FD32FAFE" box="[525,766,1264,1300]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">SL (mm.)</th>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC8BFB17FC5EFAFE" box="[813,914,1264,1300]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">200</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC1BFB17FBDAFAFE" box="[957,1046,1264,1300]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">300</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FBE4FB17FB5AFAFE" box="[1090,1174,1264,1300]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">129-510</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FB62FB17FAD6FAFE" box="[1220,1306,1264,1300]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">126-585</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FAE6FB17FA58FAFE" box="[1344,1428,1264,1300]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">104-343</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3575867371430032FDABFAF7FA58FAD9" box="[525,1428,1296,1331]" gridrow="3" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FDABFAF7FD32FAD9" box="[525,766,1296,1331]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Body depth</th>
<tr id="3575867371430032FDABFAD7FA58FAA3" box="[525,1428,1328,1353]" gridrow="4" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FDABFAD7FD32FAA3" box="[525,766,1328,1353]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Head length</th>
<tr id="3575867371430032FDABFAB7FA58FA83" box="[525,1428,1360,1385]" gridrow="5" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FDABFAB7FD32FA83" box="[525,766,1360,1385]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Snout length</th>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC8BFAF7FC5EFAD9" box="[813,914,1296,1331]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">38</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC8BFAD7FC5EFAA3" box="[813,914,1328,1353]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">41</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC1BFAF7FBDAFAD9" box="[957,1046,1296,1331]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">33</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC1BFAD7FBDAFAA3" box="[957,1046,1328,1353]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">37</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FBE4FAF7FB5AFAD9" box="[1090,1174,1296,1331]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">30-36</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FBE4FAD7FB5AFAA3" box="[1090,1174,1328,1353]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">35-39</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FB62FAF7FAD6FAD9" box="[1220,1306,1296,1331]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">31-36</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FB62FAD7FAD6FAA3" box="[1220,1306,1328,1353]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">36-40</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FAE6FAF7FA58FAD9" box="[1344,1428,1296,1331]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">31 -39</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FAE6FAD7FA58FAA3" box="[1344,1428,1328,1353]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">37-42</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC8BFAB7FC5EFA83" box="[813,914,1360,1385]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">11</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC1BFAB7FBDAFA83" box="[957,1046,1360,1385]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">11</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FBE4FAB7FB5AFA83" box="[1090,1174,1360,1385]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">10-13</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FB62FAB7FAD6FA83" box="[1220,1306,1360,1385]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">9.2- 12</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FAE6FAB7FA58FA83" box="[1344,1428,1360,1385]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">9.9- 12</td>
</tr>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr id="3575867371430032FDA9FA97FA5CFA65" box="[527,1424,1392,1423]" gridrow="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FDABFA97FD32FA65" box="[525,766,1392,1423]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Orbit diameter</th>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC8BFA97FC5EFA65" box="[813,914,1392,1423]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">6.6</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC1BFA97FBDAFA65" box="[957,1046,1392,1423]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">5.3</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FBE4FA97FB5AFA65" box="[1090,1174,1392,1423]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">4.5-7.8</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FB62FA97FAD6FA65" box="[1220,1306,1392,1423]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">4.9-6.2</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FAE6FA97FA58FA65" box="[1344,1428,1392,1423]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">5.1-8.9</td>
</tr>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317143FFFEFDA9FA7CFA5EF9EE" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<tr id="3575867371430032FDABFA77FA58FA45" box="[525,1428,1424,1455]" gridrow="7" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FDABFA77FD32FA45" box="[525,766,1424,1455]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Interorbital width</th>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC8BFA77FC5EFA45" box="[813,914,1424,1455]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">7.8</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC1BFA77FBDAFA45" box="[957,1046,1424,1455]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">8.0</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FBE4FA77FB5AFA45" box="[1090,1174,1424,1455]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">6.5-8.4</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FB62FA77FAD6FA45" box="[1220,1306,1424,1455]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">6.0-8.6</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FAE6FA77FA58FA45" box="[1344,1428,1424,1455]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">6.6-8.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3575867371430032FDABFA56FA58FA20" box="[525,1428,1457,1482]" gridrow="8" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FDABFA56FD32FA20" box="[525,766,1457,1482]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Preorbital depth</th>
<tr id="3575867371430032FDABFA29FA58FA01" box="[525,1428,1486,1515]" gridrow="9" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FDABFA29FD32FA01" box="[525,766,1486,1515]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Upper jaw length</th>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC8BFA56FC5EFA20" box="[813,914,1457,1482]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">3.9</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC1BFA56FBDAFA20" box="[957,1046,1457,1482]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">4.0</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FBE4FA56FB5AFA20" box="[1090,1174,1457,1482]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">2.7-4.7</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FB62FA56FAD6FA20" box="[1220,1306,1457,1482]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">2.9-4.6</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FAE6FA56FA58FA20" box="[1344,1428,1457,1482]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">2.8-4.1</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC8BFA29FC5EFA01" box="[813,914,1486,1515]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">19</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC1BFA29FBDAFA01" box="[957,1046,1486,1515]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">17</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FBE4FA29FB5AFA01" box="[1090,1174,1486,1515]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">16- 19</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FB62FA29FAD6FA01" box="[1220,1306,1486,1515]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">17-19</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FAE6FA29FA58FA01" box="[1344,1428,1486,1515]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">17-20</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr id="3575867371430032FDB7FA15FA5EF9FB" box="[529,1426,1522,1553]" gridrow="10" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FDABFA15FD32F9FB" box="[525,766,1522,1553]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Maxilla width</th>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC8BFA15FC5EF9FB" box="[813,914,1522,1553]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">4.8</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC1BFA15FBDAF9FB" box="[957,1046,1522,1553]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">4.3</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FBE4FA15FB5AF9FB" box="[1090,1174,1522,1553]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">3.8-5.0</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FB62FA15FAD6F9FB" box="[1220,1306,1522,1553]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">4.1-5.1</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FAE6FA15FA58F9FB" box="[1344,1428,1522,1553]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">4.4-5.8</td>
</tr>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317143FFFEFDB4F9FAFA47F9CE" box="[530,1419,1553,1585]" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<tr id="3575867371430032FDABF9FCFA58F9DB" box="[525,1428,1563,1585]" gridrow="11" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
<th id="76A4EF0F71430032FDABF9FCFD32F9DB" box="[525,766,1563,1585]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Caudal peduncle deth</th>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC8BF9FCFC5EF9DB" box="[813,914,1563,1585]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">13.2</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FC1BF9FCFBDAF9DB" box="[957,1046,1563,1585]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">13</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FBE4F9FCFB5AF9DB" box="[1090,1174,1563,1585]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">11-13</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FB62F9FCFAD6F9DB" box="[1220,1306,1563,1585]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">12- 14</td>
<td id="76A4EF0F71430032FAE6F9FCFA58F9DB" box="[1344,1428,1563,1585]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">13</td>
</tr>
-15
</paragraph>
</table>
<caption id="DF3AD4B97143FFFEFDA9F99CFBDFF94C" ID-Table-UUID="DF3AD4B97143FFFEFDA9F99CFBDFF94C" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3AD4B97143FFFEFDA9F99CFBDFF94C" pageId="51" pageNumber="56" startId="51.[527,586,1659,1677]" targetBox="[525,1428,1199,1585]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="51" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317143FFFEFDA9F99CFBDFF94C" blockId="51.[527,1454,1651,1710]" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
Table 1 - Morphometric data (ranges of mesurements in % SL) for
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27143FFFEFB1FF993FA65F961" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1209,1449,1651,1676]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="51" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFB1FF993FA65F961" box="[1209,1449,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Epinephelus marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27143FFFEFD8BF970FD20F947" baseAuthorityName="LOWE" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[557,748,1685,1710]" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="51" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFD8BF970FD20F947" box="[557,748,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Mycteroperca fusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27143FFFEFD5CF972FC83F94D" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[762,847,1684,1703]" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="51" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFD5CF972FCC2F94D" box="[762,782,1685,1703]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFCBDF973FC83F94D" box="[795,847,1684,1703]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27143FFFEFC27F973FBC2F94C" baseAuthorityName="VALENCIENNES" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[897,1038,1682,1702]" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="51" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFC27F973FC59F94C" box="[897,917,1684,1702]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFC04F975FBC2F94C" box="[930,1038,1682,1702]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">acutirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3AD4B97143FFFEFDBEF6A3FADBF6BA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168273" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168273" box="[536,1303,2365,2397]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168273/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="56" startId="51.[536,569,2372,2397]" targetBox="[538,1472,1982,2343]" targetPageId="51" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317143FFFEFDBEF6A3FADBF6BA" blockId="51.[536,1303,2365,2397]" box="[536,1303,2365,2397]" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">
Fig. 16 -
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27143FFFEFDD6F6DAFCE5F6B7" baseAuthorityName="VALENCIENNES" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[624,809,2365,2397]" family="Serranidae" genus="Paranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="51" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="furcifer">
<emphasis id="B93158237143FFFEFDD6F6DAFCE5F6B7" box="[624,809,2365,2397]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="56">Paranthias furcifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 19 cm. SL, Puerto Rico, specimen skeletonized.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7144FFF9FC12FB34FCBCF92D" pageId="52" pageNumber="57" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317144FFF9FC12FB34FBFDFB0D" blockId="52.[948,1073,1235,1255]" box="[948,1073,1235,1255]" pageId="52" pageNumber="57">
<heading id="D0B2335D7144FFF9FC12FB34FBFDFB0D" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[948,1073,1235,1255]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="52" pageNumber="57" reason="0">
<emphasis id="B93158237144FFF9FC12FB34FBFDFB0D" bold="true" box="[948,1073,1235,1255]" pageId="52" pageNumber="57">REMARKS</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317144FFF9FD88FAFEFBACF9BC" blockId="52.[496,1529,1297,1735]" pageId="52" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27144FFF9FD88FAFEFD60FAC5" authorityName="GUICHENOT" authorityYear="1868" box="[558,684,1305,1327]" family="Serranidae" genus="Paranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237144FFF9FD88FAFEFD60FAC5" box="[558,684,1305,1327]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="57">Paranthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a unique genus of groupers that have a &quot;small mouth [with upper jaw more protrusile than in other groupers], small teeth, numerous [long] gill rakers, fusiform body, and deeply forked caudal fin — all representing
<emphasis id="B93158237144FFF9FB5AFAB2FA4DFA9A" bold="true" box="[1276,1409,1365,1392]" pageId="52" pageNumber="57">departures</emphasis>
from the typical grouper morphology, and all specializations for feeding m mid-water on zooplankton&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07144FFF9FD01FA78FCABFA52" author="RANDALL, J. E." box="[679,871,1436,1467]" pageId="52" pageNumber="57" refId="ref31212" refString="RANDALL, J. E.: 1967. Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr. (Miami) 5: 665 - - 847." type="journal volume" year="1967">RANDALL, 1967</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27144FFF9FC22FA7CFBCDFA5B" authorityName="GUICHENOT" authorityYear="1868" box="[900,1025,1435,1457]" family="Serranidae" genus="Paranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237144FFF9FC22FA7CFBCDFA5B" box="[900,1025,1435,1457]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="57">Paranthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feed mainly on small planktonic animals that are picked individually from the water, and their shortened snout (compared to other groupers), which facilitates close-range binocular vision, is thus another specialization for this type of plankton feeding. They are usually seen in feeding aggregations well above the reef, but they will retreat to the reef at the approach of danger. They are found in depths of 10-70 m.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317144FFF9FD95F98DFCBCF92D" blockId="52.[496,1529,1297,1735]" pageId="52" pageNumber="57">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27144FFF9FD12F980FCFDF997" authorityName="GUICHENOT" authorityYear="1868" box="[692,817,1639,1661]" family="Serranidae" genus="Paranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93158237144FFF9FD12F980FCFDF997" box="[692,817,1639,1661]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="57">Paranthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises two valid species. ‘the distinction of the eastern Pacific species,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27144FFF9FD17F966FB8DF94B" authority="(VALENCIENNES, 1855)" baseAuthorityName="VALENCIENNES" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[689,1089,1665,1703]" family="Serranidae" genus="Paranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colonus">
<emphasis id="B93158237144FFF9FD17F966FCE9F974" box="[689,805,1665,1703]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="57">P. colonus</emphasis>
(VALENCIENNES, 1855)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27144FFF9FBDDF966FB25F974" baseAuthorityName="VALENCIENNES" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[1147,1257,1665,1703]" family="Serranidae" genus="Paranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="furcifer">
<emphasis id="B93158237144FFF9FBDDF966FB25F974" box="[1147,1257,1665,1703]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="57">P.furcifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is discussed by HEEMSTRA and RANDALL (in press).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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