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<mods:title id="202F31557E2DFB5FB7196EB55BEEA4B5">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8044B57B1402D56DC211C4349990D47B">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03AA87D32866FFF0F7F0F8FCFC2FB203" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6047061" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844851" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6047061" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32866FFF0F7F0F8FCFC2FB203" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D32866FFF0F7F0F8FCFC2FB203" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<subSubSection id="C319654E2866FFF1F7F0F8FCFE97B7AB" box="[151,308,1915,1941]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52866FFF1F7F0F8FCFE97B7AB" blockId="38.[151,308,1915,1941]" box="[151,308,1915,1941]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<heading id="D0F481A92866FFF1F7F0F8FCFE97B7AB" bold="true" box="[151,308,1915,1941]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72866FFF1F7F0F8FCFE97B7AB" bold="true" box="[151,308,1915,1941]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
spec.
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462866FFF1F7BCF8FCFE97B7AB" box="[219,308,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72866FFF1F7BCF8FCFE97B7AB" bold="true" box="[219,308,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Theope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2866FFF0F7F0F846FC2FB203" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52866FFF1F7F0F846FDE1B7E4" blockId="38.[151,578,1985,2010]" box="[151,578,1985,2010]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462866FFF1F7F0F846FEB4B7E4" box="[151,279,1985,2010]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Riodinidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462866FFF1F647F846FE03B7E4" box="[288,416,1985,2010]" class="Insecta" family="Riodininae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Riodininae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462866FFF1F6CDF846FD9EB7E4" box="[426,573,1985,2010]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52867FFF0F7A0FF10FE71B0EB" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C982867FFF0F7A0FF10FE71B0EB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739243" country="Dominican Republic" location="Santiago" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Santiago">
<collectingCountry id="F31476552867FFF0F7A0FF10FE1CB08E" box="[199,447,151,176]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
: Cordillera Septentrional between
<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272867FFF0F40DFF10FC6FB08E" box="[874,972,151,176]" country="Dominican Republic" name="Santiago" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Santiago</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272867FFF0F370FF1FFB0EB08E" box="[1047,1197,151,176]" country="Dominican Republic" name="Puerto Plata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Puerto Plata</collectingRegion>
; Dominican amber, Burdigalian, early Miocene.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52867FFF0F7A0FF58FDC1B0C6" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,573]" box="[199,610,223,248]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Depository: AIOSU (one specimen).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52867FFF0F7A0FE83FD5CB122" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,573]" box="[199,767,260,285]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Published figure:
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F6E9FE83FD59B122" author="DeVries" box="[398,762,260,285]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="DeVries, P. J. &amp; Poinar, G. O. (1997) Ancient butterfly-ant symbiosis: direct evidence from Dominican amber. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 264, 1137 - 1140." type="journal article" year="1997">
DeVries &amp; Poinar (1997:
<figureCitation id="13382A402867FFF0F5CAFE83FD4DB122" box="[685,750,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52867FFF0F7A0FEA0FC2FB203" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F7A0FEA0FE43B17E" author="DeVries" box="[199,480,295,320]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="DeVries, P. J. &amp; Poinar, G. O. (1997) Ancient butterfly-ant symbiosis: direct evidence from Dominican amber. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 264, 1137 - 1140." type="journal article" year="1997">DeVries &amp; Poinar (1997)</bibRefCitation>
described a fossil caterpillar that differs little from modern-day
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F3C9FEA0FA3AB17E" box="[1198,1433,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F3C9FEA0FAA2B17E" box="[1198,1281,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Theope</emphasis>
(Riodinidae)
</taxonomicName>
. They pointed out that the combined presence of tentacle nectary organs, vibratory papillae, and balloon setae which seem to be present, are found only on riodinid caterpillars in the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F4DEFEE8FBE8B1B6" box="[953,1099,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
, and nowhere else among the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F7F0FE13FEBDB193" box="[151,286,404,429]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F657FE13FE6CB192" author="Cottrell" box="[304,463,404,429]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Cottrell, C. B. (1984) A phytophagy in butterflies: its relationship to myrmecophily. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 80, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1984">Cottrell 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F6B9FE12FDD5B192" author="Harvey" box="[478,630,404,429]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Harvey, D. J. (1987) The higher classification of the Riodinidae, Lepidoptera. Ph. D. thesis, University of Texas, Austin, 215 pp." type="book" year="1987">Harvey 1987</bibRefCitation>
; DeVries 1997). In the extensive molecular phylogenetic analysis by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342867FFF0F7F0FE30FE35B1EE" box="[151,406,439,464]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Espeland, M., Hall, J. P. W., DeVries, P. J., Lees, D. C., Cornwall, M., Hsu, Y-F., Wu, L-W., Campbell, D. L., Talavera, G., Vila, R., Salzman, S., Ruehr, S., Lohman, D. J. &amp; Pierce, N. (2015) Ancient Neotropical origin and recent recolonization: phylogeny, biogeography and diversification of the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 93, 296 - 306." type="journal article">
Espeland
<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F661FE3EFE9AB1EE" box="[262,313,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
. (2015)
</bibRefCitation>
, the genus was assigned to the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F45BFE30FC6DB1EE" box="[828,974,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
, and they placed the calibration point of 1520 Ma on the stem of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F6A8FE5BFCACB1CB" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[463,783,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgilius">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F6A8FE5BFD2AB1CB" box="[463,649,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Theope virgilius</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F429FE5AFBFEB1CB" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" box="[846,1117,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="philotes">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F429FE5AFC65B1CB" box="[846,966,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">T. philotes</emphasis>
(Westwood)
</taxonomicName>
, apparently on the basis of overall similarity of the larva. There are, however, no synapomorphies known for the larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F3A2FE78FABBB226" box="[1221,1304,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72867FFF0F3A2FE78FABBB226" box="[1221,1304,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Theope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a more conservative calibration point would be at the base of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462867FFF0F592FDA3FC2BB203" box="[757,904,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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