262 lines
33 KiB
XML
262 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="983205666767393FCCB203709710CA2D">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6A322873B64067B3726DF35D10FEB7BD">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03AA87D32864FFF3F7F0FDA3FDF1B7E4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6047042" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844885" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6047042" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32864FFF3F7F0FDA3FDF1B7E4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D32864FFF3F7F0FDA3FDF1B7E4" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2864FFF3F7F0FDA3FEB8B261" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52864FFF3F7F0FDA3FD1DB200" blockId="36.[151,702,548,607]" box="[151,702,548,574]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<heading id="D0F481A92864FFF3F7F0FDA3FD1DB200" bold="true" box="[151,702,548,574]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F7F0FDA3FD1DB200" bold="true" box="[151,702,548,574]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F7F0FDA3FEBCB200" bold="true" box="[151,287,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F7F0FDA3FEB8B200" box="[151,283,548,574]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Thaites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruminiana">ruminiana</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F641FDA3FD1DB200" authority="Scudder, 1875" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1875" box="[294,702,548,574]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Thaites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruminiana">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F641FDA3FDABB200" bold="true" box="[294,520,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Thaites ruminiana</emphasis>
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Scudder, 1875
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52864FFF3F7F0FDC1FEB8B261" blockId="36.[151,702,548,607]" box="[151,283,582,607]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figs. 14–16</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2864FFF3F7F0FD09FDF1B7E4" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52864FFF3F7F0FD09FDECB299" blockId="36.[151,1437,654,2011]" box="[151,591,654,679]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F7F0FD09FE8BB299" box="[151,296,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F655FD09FE60B299" box="[306,451,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Parnassiinae">Parnassiinae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F6ABFD09FDE8B299" box="[460,587,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Parnassiini">Parnassiini</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52864FFF3F7A0FD34FB8EB2F4" blockId="36.[151,1437,654,2011]" box="[199,1069,690,715]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">France, Bouches-du-Rhône, Aix-en-Provence; late Oligocene–early Miocene.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52864FFF3F7A0FD51FD80B2D1" blockId="36.[151,1437,654,2011]" box="[199,547,726,751]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Depository: PMUZ (holotype).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52864FFF3F7A0FD7DFE45B309" blockId="36.[151,1437,654,2011]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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||
Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F6FEFD7DFD0EB32D" author="Demoulin" box="[409,685,762,787]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Demoulin, G. (1975) A propos de deux Papilionidae mediterraneens fossiles. Bulletin Cercle des Lepidopteristes de Belgique, 4, 96 - 101." type="journal article" year="1975">
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Demoulin (1975:
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<figureCitation id="13382A402864FFF3F507FD7DFD07B32D" box="[608,676,762,787]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[175,1415,420,1615]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,409,1627]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apomorphies, their placement on a tree, and the assignment of calibration points. See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583185/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F5DDFD7CFC55B32D" author="Leestmans" box="[698,1014,762,787]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Leestmans, R. (1983) Les Lepidopteres fossiles trouves en France (Insecta Lepidoptera). Linneana belgica, 9, 64 - 89." type="journal article" year="1983">
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Leestmans (1983:
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<figureCitation id="13382A402864FFF3F4EEFD7DFC4EB32D" box="[905,1005,762,787]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionTargetBox-0="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetBox-1="[175,1415,420,1615]" captionTargetBox-2="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,409,1627]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Apomorphies, their placement on a tree, and the assignment of calibration points. See text for explanation." captionText-2="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/583185/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F364FD7CFA90B32D" author="Murata" box="[1027,1331,762,787]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Murata, Y. (1998) Notes on the evolutionary process of butterflies and butterfly fossils. Butterflies, 20 (part 1 & 2), 4 - 17 & 27 - 40. [in Japanese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1998">
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Murata (1998:
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<figureCitation id="13382A402864FFF3F3CCFD7DFB5DB32D" box="[1195,1278,762,787]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 13" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1787,1809]" captionTargetBox="[211,1372,202,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[174,1418,193,1750]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 13. Ƒanessa pluto Heer, 1849. Figures copied from (1875), Plate II, figures 1, 17 and 7, respectively. (A), copied by Scudder from original description by Heer; (B) and (C), figures sent to Scudder by Mr. Brunner de Wattenwyl, made after the same object. Note differences in wing shape and other details. Figs 14 – 16. Thaites ruminiana Scudder, 1875. Figures copied from Scudder (1875), Plate III, figures 9, 1 and 3, respectively. (A), underside of fossil; (B), reconstruction of venation; (C), reconstruction of markings. In (A) two separate subcostal veins have been drawn in the forewing, an impossible configuration in Lepidoptera, and apparently a mistake, corrected in (B) and (C). Fig. 17. Cyllo sepulta Boisduval, 1841, wing venation after Scudder (1875). Fig. 18. Butterfly fossil recorded by Wangrin (1939), but shown to be a fraud by Ansorge (2015). Photo kindly provided by J. Ansorge, Horst, Germany (see text for explanation)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583188/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figs 12</figureCitation>
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–15)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
; Scudder (1875: Pl. III
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<figureCitation id="13382A402864FFF3F648FC99FED7B309" box="[303,372,798,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="13382A402864FFF3F6E4FC98FE31B309" box="[387,402,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">3</figureCitation>
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, 6–10).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52864FFF3F7A0FCC5FCB0B6A9" blockId="36.[151,1437,654,2011]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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This specimen is only partly preserved; most of the venation and much of the pattern is discernible. Although Scudder usually is very accurate in his figures and descriptions, his figure of the left underside of the fossil (pl. III Fig. 9) must be incorrect in that it shows two subcostal veins in the forewing. In his reconstruction of the venation (Pl. III
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<figureCitation id="13382A402864FFF3F78BFC29FE8DB3F9" box="[236,302,942,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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) the normal, single subcostal vein is depicted. The radial formula is: 1, 2+3, 4+5, with R2 and R3 separate close to the apex. Posterior margin of cell quadrifid, an apomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F362FC55FB36B3D5" box="[1029,1173,978,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
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. A cubital spur, another apomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F620FC71FE75B431" box="[327,470,1014,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Papilioninae">Papilioninae</taxonomicName>
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, is not apparent. Hindwing with single anal vein, an apomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F26EFC71FA3AB431" box="[1289,1433,1014,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
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||
. Starting from the assumption that the radial formula 1, 2, 3+(4+5) belongs to the groundplan of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F26EFB9DFA3BB40D" box="[1289,1432,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
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, the fossil cannot belong to the ancestry of any taxon in this family where the plesiomorphic condition has been retained. With slight variations, this is the case for all papilionid genera except for
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F327FBE3FB1FB445" box="[1088,1212,1124,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Parnassius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F327FBE3FB1FB445" box="[1088,1212,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Parnassius</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F392FBE3FA36B445" box="[1269,1429,1124,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Hypermnestra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F392FBE3FA36B445" box="[1269,1429,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Hypermnestra</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. Therefore, only these genera can be considered as close relatives of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F49FFB01FB73B4A0" box="[1016,1232,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Thaites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruminiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F49FFB01FB73B4A0" box="[1016,1232,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Thaites ruminiana</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F380FB00FAC0B4A0" box="[1255,1379,1159,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Parnassius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F380FB00FAC0B4A0" box="[1255,1379,1159,1182]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Parnassius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F7F0FB2BFE94B4FD" box="[151,311,1196,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Hypermnestra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F7F0FB2BFE94B4FD" box="[151,311,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Hypermnestra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
are thought to be sister groups by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F5DDFB2DFCD2B4FD" author="Hancock" box="[698,881,1194,1219]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Hancock, D. L. (1983) Classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera): a phylogenetic approach. Smithersia, 2, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1983">Hancock (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F41AFB2CFBF8B4FD" box="[893,1115,1194,1219]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Omoto, K., Katoh, T., Chichvarkhin, A. & Yagi, T. (2004) Molecular systematics and evolution of the " Apollo " butterflies of the genus Parnassius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Gene, 326, 141 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gene. 2003.10.020" type="journal article">
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||
Omoto
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F4B6FB2BFBA1B4FD" box="[977,1026,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F3F6FB2DFACDB4FD" box="[1169,1390,1194,1219]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Nazari, V., Zakharov, E. V. & Sperling, F. A. H. (2007) Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and taxonomic ranking of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on morphology and seven genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42, 131 - 156." type="journal article">
|
||
Nazari
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F385FB2BFAB0B4FD" box="[1250,1299,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the ancestor of which has lost R3 by fusion with R2; in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F47CFB48FC34B4D8" box="[795,919,1231,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Parnassius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F47CFB48FC34B4D8" box="[795,919,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Parnassius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species a further fusion seems to take place in a terminal anastomosis of R1 and R2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F525FB75FD36B535" box="[578,661,1266,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Thaites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F525FB75FD36B535" box="[578,661,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Thaites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fits in quite well here, as sister group of both. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F25FFB75FF42B511" author="Hancock" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Hancock, D. L. (1983) Classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera): a phylogenetic approach. Smithersia, 2, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1983">Hancock (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F78DFA91FE9EB511" box="[234,317,1302,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Thaites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F78DFA91FE9EB511" box="[234,317,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Thaites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an offshoot of the ancestral line of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F591FA91FCD7B511" box="[758,884,1302,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Parnassiini">Parnassiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is unlikely, as is his opinion that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F22CFA91FA3FB511" box="[1355,1436,1302,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Archon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F22CFA91FA3FB511" box="[1355,1436,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Archon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs here, although it has retained the plesiomorphic radial vein arrangement. In the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F308FABDFB49B56D" box="[1135,1258,1338,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Parnassiini">Parnassiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F251FABDFEABB549" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Nazari, V., Zakharov, E. V. & Sperling, F. A. H. (2007) Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and taxonomic ranking of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on morphology and seven genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42, 131 - 156." type="journal article">
|
||
Nazari
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F2EFFABBFF0EB549" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the tribe consists of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F69AFAD8FDDAB548" box="[509,633,1375,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Parnassius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F69AFAD8FDDAB548" box="[509,633,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Parnassius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F5D2FAD8FCF6B548" box="[693,853,1375,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Hypermnestra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F5D2FAD8FCF6B548" box="[693,853,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Hypermnestra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only, with which the fossil shares the apomorphic condition of the radial vein venation. Consequently, the fossil should be placed as sistergroup of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F3BCFA05FAF5B5A5" box="[1243,1366,1410,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Parnassiini">Parnassiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F7F0FA21FEDEB581" box="[151,381,1446,1471]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Nazari, V., Zakharov, E. V. & Sperling, F. A. H. (2007) Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and taxonomic ranking of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on morphology and seven genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42, 131 - 156." type="journal article">
|
||
Nazari
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F78CFA20FEBDB581" box="[235,286,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F566FA21FD46B581" box="[513,741,1446,1471]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Nazari, V., Zakharov, E. V. & Sperling, F. A. H. (2007) Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and taxonomic ranking of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on morphology and seven genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42, 131 - 156." type="journal article">
|
||
Nazari
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F531FA20FD32B581" box="[598,657,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had included the fossil in their phylogenetic analysis of the morphology and molecular characters of extant species (see also under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F495FA4BFB70B5DD" box="[1010,1235,1482,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Doritites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bosniaskii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F495FA4BFB70B5DD" box="[1010,1235,1482,1507]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Doritites bosniaskii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F271FA4DFF5FB639" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Praepapilio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colorado">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F271FA4DFF5FB639" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Praepapilio colorado</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In the analysis it appeared as an offshoot of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F45FFA69FC10B639" box="[824,947,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Parnassiini">Parnassiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage, before it split into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F388FA68FAC8B638" box="[1263,1387,1519,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Parnassius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F388FA68FAC8B638" box="[1263,1387,1519,1542]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Parnassius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F7F0F993FE94B615" box="[151,311,1556,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Hypermnestra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F7F0F993FE94B615" box="[151,311,1556,1579]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Hypermnestra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For the calibration of the clock such a switch of a taxonomic assignment may be of little consequence, since it concerns a sister group, but yet it is preferable to have relationships explicitly stated. New information, such as more or other molecular data or additional taxa, may prompt another rearrangement of genera and then the date of the calibration point should be clear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52864FFF3F7A0F924FB53B7AC" blockId="36.[151,1437,654,2011]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
For the sake of historical completeness but without impact on the discussion above, the following information is provided. Principally because of similarities in wing pattern apparently based on symplesiomorphies, Scudder (1875) considered the fossil a close relative of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F5DDF96DFC79B73D" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[698,986,1770,1795]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Thais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rumina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F5DDF96DFCF7B73D" box="[698,852,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Thais rumina</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, now allocated in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F24FF96DFA36B73D" box="[1320,1429,1770,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Zerynthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F24FF96DFA36B73D" box="[1320,1429,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Zerynthia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, hence the name.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F603F889FDAAB719" author="Stichel" box="[356,521,1806,1831]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Stichel, H. (1907) Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, Fam. Papilionidae, Subfam. Parnassiinae. Genera Insectorum, 58, 1 - 60." type="journal article" year="1907">Stichel (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F52CF889FD45B719" author="Verity" box="[587,742,1806,1831]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Verity, R. (1947) Le farfalle diurne d'Italia. Fol. 3. Marzocco, Firenze, xvi + 318 pp." type="book" year="1947">Verity (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assigned the fossil to the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F30DF889FB48B719" box="[1130,1259,1806,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Zerynthiini">Zerynthiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, without much comment.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F668F8B5FE1DB775" author="Bricoux" box="[271,446,1842,1867]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Bricoux, F. (1975) Le Genre Zerynthia Ochsenheimer, 1816 (Lepidopteres Papilionidae) en Provence. Sciences naturelles, Paris, 84 pp." type="book" year="1975">Bricoux (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
followed
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F553F8B5FD6EB775" author="Verity" box="[564,717,1842,1867]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Verity, R. (1952) Les variations geographiques et saisonnieres des papillons diurnes en France. Vol. 2. Revue francaise de Lepidopterologie, 1952 (Supplement), 165 pp." type="book" year="1952">Verity (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in considering
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F4E6F8B5FBF1B775" box="[897,1106,1842,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Thaites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruminiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F4E6F8B5FBF1B775" box="[897,1106,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Thaites ruminiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F248F8B5FF4BB750" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Zerynthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rumina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F248F8B5FF4BB750" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Zerynthia rumina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, what is most unlikely because of the venation issues as explained above.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F347F8D1FB42B751" author="Demoulin" box="[1056,1249,1878,1903]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Demoulin, G. (1975) A propos de deux Papilionidae mediterraneens fossiles. Bulletin Cercle des Lepidopteristes de Belgique, 4, 96 - 101." type="journal article" year="1975">Demoulin (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is of the opinion (based on venation) that the fossil is a precursor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F5B3F8FBFCF3B7AD" box="[724,848,1916,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Parnassius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F5B3F8FBFCF3B7AD" box="[724,848,1916,1939]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Parnassius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; he does not mention
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F32EF8FBFB4AB7AD" box="[1097,1257,1916,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Hypermnestra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F32EF8FBFB4AB7AD" box="[1097,1257,1916,1939]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Hypermnestra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52864FFF3F7A0F819FDF1B7E4" blockId="36.[151,1437,654,2011]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
With two other papilionid fossils, this fossil was used for calibration by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342864FFF3F359F819FAC5B789" box="[1086,1382,1950,1975]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Condamine, F. L., Sperling, F. A. H., Wahlberg, N., Rasplus, J. - Y. & Kergoat, G. (2012) What causes latitudunal gradients in species diversity? Evolutionary processes and ecological constraints on swallowtail biodiversity. Ecology Letters, 15, 267 - 277." type="journal article">
|
||
Condamine
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F3ABF818FAAFB789" box="[1228,1292,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, see discussion under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462864FFF3F63EF845FDE8B7E5" box="[345,587,1986,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Praepapilio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colorado">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72864FFF3F63EF845FDE8B7E5" box="[345,587,1986,2011]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Praepapilio colorado</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |