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<document id="A65542016ADB7310A54AB991DB7E1228" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D32861FFF4F7F0F8B4FE46B3BE" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Fanessa pluto" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5BAAEED04391744568C0C84F73FC0097">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="30BA5B6B1C56CCEADDA7ED4E07DECC56">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03AA87D32861FFF4F7F0F8B4FE46B3BE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6047032" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844872" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6047032" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32861FFF4F7F0F8B4FE46B3BE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D32861FFF4F7F0F8B4FE46B3BE" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<subSubSection id="C319654E2861FFF6F7F0F8B4FEB9B750" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52861FFF6F7F0F8B4FDB5B773" blockId="33.[151,534,1843,1902]" box="[151,534,1843,1869]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<heading id="D0F481A92861FFF6F7F0F8B4FDB5B773" bold="true" box="[151,534,1843,1869]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F7F0F8B4FDB5B773" bold="true" box="[151,534,1843,1869]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F7F0F8B4FF78B773" bold="true" box="[151,219,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F7F0F8B4FF7BB773" box="[151,216,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Fanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pluto">pluto</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F784F8B4FDB5B773" authority="Heer, 1849" authorityName="Heer" authorityYear="1849" box="[227,534,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pluto">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F784F8B4FE29B773" bold="true" box="[227,394,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Vanessa pluto</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F6F5F8B4FDB5B773" author="Heer" box="[402,534,1843,1869]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Heer, O. (1849) Die Insektenfauna der Tertiargebilde von Oeningen und von Radoboj in Croatien. Fol. 2. Wilhelm Engelsmann, Leipzig, 264 pp." type="book" year="1849">Heer, 1849</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52861FFF6F7F0F8D2FEB9B750" blockId="33.[151,534,1843,1902]" box="[151,282,1877,1902]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<figureCitation id="13382A402861FFF6F7F0F8D2FEB5B750" box="[151,278,1877,1902]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 13" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1787,1809]" captionTargetBox="[211,1372,202,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[174,1418,193,1750]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 13. Ƒanessa pluto Heer, 1849. Figures copied from (1875), Plate II, figures 1, 17 and 7, respectively. (A), copied by Scudder from original description by Heer; (B) and (C), figures sent to Scudder by Mr. Brunner de Wattenwyl, made after the same object. Note differences in wing shape and other details. Figs 14 – 16. Thaites ruminiana Scudder, 1875. Figures copied from Scudder (1875), Plate III, figures 9, 1 and 3, respectively. (A), underside of fossil; (B), reconstruction of venation; (C), reconstruction of markings. In (A) two separate subcostal veins have been drawn in the forewing, an impossible configuration in Lepidoptera, and apparently a mistake, corrected in (B) and (C). Fig. 17. Cyllo sepulta Boisduval, 1841, wing venation after Scudder (1875). Fig. 18. Butterfly fossil recorded by Wangrin (1939), but shown to be a fraud by Ansorge (2015). Photo kindly provided by J. Ansorge, Horst, Germany (see text for explanation)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583188/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figs 11–13</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C319654E2861FFF4F7F0F81AFE46B3BE" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52861FFF6F7F0F81AFE4DB788" blockId="33.[151,816,1949,2010]" box="[151,494,1949,1974]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F7F0F81AFF54B788" box="[151,247,1949,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F666F81AFEDFB788" box="[257,380,1949,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coliadinae">Coliadinae</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F6ECF81AFE49B788" box="[395,490,1949,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pierinae">Pierinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52861FFF6F7A0F846FC93B7E4" blockId="33.[151,816,1949,2010]" box="[199,816,1985,2010]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Croatia, Radoboj, Croatia; Burdigalian, early Miocene.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C664D2862FFF5F7F0F97CFBB5B7D6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583188/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[211,1372,202,1743]" targetPageId="34">
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52862FFF5F7F0F97CFBB5B7D6" blockId="34.[151,1436,1787,2024]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72862FFF5F7F0F97CFEF1B72F" bold="true" box="[151,338,1787,1809]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">FIGURES 11–13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462862FFF5F630F97BFDF8B72F" authority="Heer, 1849" authorityName="Heer" authorityYear="1849" box="[343,603,1787,1809]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Fanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pluto">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72862FFF5F630F97BFE40B72F" box="[343,483,1787,1809]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ƒanessa pluto</emphasis>
Heer, 1849
</taxonomicName>
. Figures copied from (1875), Plate II, figures 1, 17 and 7, respectively. (A), copied by Scudder from original description by Heer; (B) and (C), figures sent to Scudder by Mr. Brunner de Wattenwyl, made after the same object. Note differences in wing shape and other details. Figs 14–16.
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462862FFF5F484F8BEFAE0B771" authority="Scudder, 1875" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1875" box="[995,1347,1849,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Thaites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruminiana">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72862FFF5F484F8BEFB02B771" box="[995,1185,1849,1871]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Thaites ruminiana</emphasis>
Scudder, 1875
</taxonomicName>
. Figures copied from Scudder (1875), Plate III, figures 9, 1 and 3, respectively. (A), underside of fossil; (B), reconstruction of venation; (C), reconstruction of markings. In (A) two separate subcostal veins have been drawn in the forewing, an impossible configuration in
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462862FFF5F627F813FE1EB794" box="[320,445,1940,1962]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
, and apparently a mistake, corrected in (B) and (C). Fig. 17.
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462862FFF5F34EF813FAFCB794" authority="Boisduval, 1841" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1841" box="[1065,1375,1940,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cyllo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sepulta">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72862FFF5F34EF813FB0CB794" box="[1065,1199,1940,1962]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cyllo sepulta</emphasis>
Boisduval, 1841
</taxonomicName>
, wing venation after Scudder (1875). Fig. 18. Butterfly fossil recorded by Wangrin (1939), but shown to be a fraud by Ansorge (2015). Photo kindly provided by J. Ansorge, Horst, Germany (see text for explanation).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52863FFF4F7A0FF10FC83B08E" blockId="35.[151,1436,151,896]" box="[199,800,151,176]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Depository: NHMW (holotype, no. 1940/0001/0011).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52863FFF4F7A0FF3BFADCB0EA" blockId="35.[151,1436,151,896]" box="[199,1407,188,213]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Published figure:
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342863FFF4F6E9FF3AFD63B0EA" author="Murata" box="[398,704,188,213]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Murata, Y. (1998) Notes on the evolutionary process of butterflies and butterfly fossils. Butterflies, 20 (part 1 &amp; 2), 4 - 17 &amp; 27 - 40. [in Japanese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1998">Murata (1998: Figs 27, 28)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342863FFF4F5ACFF3BFC44B0EA" author="Pongracz" box="[715,999,188,213]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Pongracz, A. (1928) Die fossilen Insekten von Ungarn. Annales historico-naturalis Musei nationalis Hungarici, 25, 91 - 194." type="journal article" year="1928">Pongrácz (1928: Fig. 30)</bibRefCitation>
; Scudder (1875: Pl. II
<figureCitation id="13382A402863FFF4F383FF3BFA88B0EA" box="[1252,1323,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[175,1415,420,1615]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,409,1627]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apomorphies, their placement on a tree, and the assignment of calibration points. See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583185/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Figs 2</figureCitation>
, 7, 17).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52863FFF4F7A0FF58FAEBB193" blockId="35.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
This specimen consists of the greater part of both forewings and basal fragments of hindwings. Original description and figure copied in Scudder (1875: 44–50). Considered to belong to
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F339FE83FB56B123" box="[1118,1269,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
by Heer (and followed by some other authors, see discussion by Scudder) on the basis of a peculiar and highly unlikely venational arrangement: Sc arising from R halfway between base and apex, together with the common stalk of R1 and R2 (which forks shortly thereafter) and the common stalk of R3, R4 and R5, while M1 originates from the radial stem before this trichotomy; the cell is open. Such an arrangement is not found in any extant species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52863FFF4F7A0FE30FE46B3BE" blockId="35.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Scudder’s interpretation is very different, with Sc from base as usual; the radial branching is not clearly visible, partly because the apex is broken, but it seems that M1 branches off an R-branch (formula R1, R2, (R3+M1)). This arrangement, with M1 branching off an R-branch, is found in a number of genera belonging to
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F397FE78FACAB226" box="[1264,1385,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coliadinae">Coliadinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F7F0FDA3FF50B203" box="[151,243,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pierinae">Pierinae</taxonomicName>
(see phylogeny by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342863FFF4F6BFFDA3FD6DB202" author="Wahlberg" box="[472,718,548,573]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Wahlberg, N., Rota, J., Braby, M. F. &amp; Pierce, N. (2014) Revised systematics and higher classification of pierid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) based on molecular data. Zoologica Scripta, 43, 641 - 650. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12075" type="journal article" year="2014">
Wahlberg
<emphasis id="B977EAD72863FFF4F52AFDA2FD23B203" box="[589,640,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
), and Scudder apparently was correct in considering the fossil attributable to the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F605FDC0FE62B25E" box="[354,449,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
. He placed it in his genus
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F583FDC0FCC6B25E" box="[740,869,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mylothrites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72863FFF4F583FDC0FCC6B25E" box="[740,869,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Mylothrites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(followed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342863FFF4F365FDC0FB37B25E" author="Kozlov" box="[1026,1172,583,608]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Kozlov, M. V. (1988) Paleontology of lepidopterans and problems of the phylogeny of the order Papilionida. In: Ponomarenko, A. G. (Ed.), The Mesozoic-Cenozoic Crisis in the Evolution of Insects. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp. 16 - 69. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1988">Kozlov 1988</bibRefCitation>
) and compared it to the recent genera
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F65DFDEBFDA8B2BB" authority="(Africa)" baseAuthorityName="Africa" box="[314,523,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Mylothris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72863FFF4F65DFDEBFE04B2BB" box="[314,423,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Mylothris</emphasis>
(Africa)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F52EFDEBFD1DB2BB" box="[585,702,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Hebomoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72863FFF4F52EFDEBFD1DB2BB" box="[585,702,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Hebomoia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Southeastern Asia) (
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F4DDFDEBFBBFB2BB" box="[954,1052,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F34DFDEBFB29B2BB" box="[1066,1162,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pierinae">Pierinae</taxonomicName>
), both which have only three radial veins. Three radial veins are also found in the American genus
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F48AFD08FBEFB296" box="[1005,1100,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Nathalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72863FFF4F48AFD08FBEFB296" box="[1005,1100,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Nathalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F33BFD08FB1DB296" box="[1116,1214,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F3AEFD08FAE4B296" box="[1225,1351,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coliadinae">Coliadinae</taxonomicName>
), so we cannot identify the fossil more precisely than belonging to
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F456FD33FC0FB2F3" box="[817,940,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coliadinae">Coliadinae</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F4DCFD33FBB9B2F3" box="[955,1050,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pierinae">Pierinae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342863FFF4F343FD33FB7DB2F2" author="Pongracz" box="[1060,1246,692,716]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Pongracz, A. (1928) Die fossilen Insekten von Ungarn. Annales historico-naturalis Musei nationalis Hungarici, 25, 91 - 194." type="journal article" year="1928">Pongrácz (1928)</bibRefCitation>
re-examined the
<typeStatus id="54B888672863FFF4F7F0FD5FFF64B2CE" box="[151,199,728,752]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">type</typeStatus>
and concluded that it was close to the satyrine genus
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F445FD5FFB89B2CE" box="[802,1066,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD72863FFF4F445FD5FFCD5B2D1" box="[802,886,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Satyrus</emphasis>
(Nymphalidae)
</taxonomicName>
. However, in view of the state of preservation of the fossil of which a photograph of the
<typeStatus id="54B888672863FFF4F474FD7BFCD6B32B" box="[787,885,764,789]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
has been published by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342863FFF4F3E2FD7BFF70B306" author="Ponomarenko" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Ponomarenko, A. G. &amp; Schultz, O. (1988) Kataloge der wissenschaftlichen Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Bd. 6. Palaozoologie. Heft 1. Natuurhistorisches Museum, Wien, 39 pp., 14 pls." type="book" year="1988">Ponomarenko &amp; Schultz 1988</bibRefCitation>
: Pl. 7
<figureCitation id="13382A402863FFF4F67BFC98FEC1B306" box="[284,354,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[175,1415,420,1615]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,409,1627]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apomorphies, their placement on a tree, and the assignment of calibration points. See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583185/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
, Pongrácz’s reconstruction (his Fig. 30) must have been erroneous. Without providing reasons,
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342863FFF4F7F0FCC3FEC0B362" author="Handlirsch" box="[151,355,836,861]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Handlirsch, A. (1908) Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Wilhelm Engel, Leipzig, ix + 1430 pp." type="book" year="1908">Handlirsch (1908)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned the fossil under “
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F5C1FCC3FC9AB363" box="[678,825,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
”,
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342863FFF4F428FCC3FBBFB363" author="Handlirsch" box="[847,1052,836,861]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Handlirsch, A. (1925) Handbuch der Entomologie. Bd. III. Fischer, Jena, xiii + 1201 pp." type="book" year="1925">Handlirsch (1925)</bibRefCitation>
under “
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F313FCC3FAA4B363" box="[1140,1287,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Papilioninae">Papilioninae</taxonomicName>
”, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342863FFF4F22AFCC2FF42B3BE" author="Zeuner" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Zeuner, F. E. (1942) Two new fossil butterflies of the family Pieridae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 9, 409 - 416." type="journal article" year="1942">Zeuner (1942)</bibRefCitation>
under &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462863FFF4F65FFCE0FE7BB3BE" box="[312,472,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
&quot;.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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