409 lines
55 KiB
XML
409 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="29FBBC5EC1BD100E840A09DC9CFD637E" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3925.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="98cded51-dc88-46fd-a80c-7bdfdade7389" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287978" ID-ZooBank="A249B0D4-9913-41E0-A23B-E36EBACCD7A6" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461002801778" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kury, Adriano B." docDate="2015" docId="03AA87B99E01FFBEFF1AC258FBB6FF02" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03925p340.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3925 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Opiliones" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="316" masterDocId="FF93FFC19E05FFB1FF8DC514FFBCFE1F" masterDocTitle="Opiliones are no longer the same — on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)" masterLastPageNumber="340" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="305" updateTime="1698565019771" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="2C90D52A87A120A588D721695FC8060C">Opiliones are no longer the same — on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="07B0A69A4E534FB4E6593CC050F5B98E">Kury, Adriano B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7FF0D3686FA627F1E9470BFE228DEE90">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="059AEFB4981F9E91C16CF59306FA06BD">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B2340232C134724D6220EB5B44DC3930">3925</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AA87B99E01FFBEFF1AC258FBB6FF02" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5613017" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119598715" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5613017" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B99E01FFBEFF1AC258FBB6FF02" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B99E01FFBEFF1AC258FBB6FF02" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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<subSubSection id="C31965249E01FFB5FF1AC258FE0BF979" box="[151,439,1868,1894]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E01FFB5FF1AC258FE0BF979" blockId="4.[151,439,1868,1894]" box="[151,439,1868,1894]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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<heading id="D0F481C39E01FFB5FF1AC258FE0BF979" bold="true" box="[151,439,1868,1894]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EABD9E01FFB5FF1AC258FE0BF979" bold="true" box="[151,439,1868,1894]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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Phylogeny of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E01FFB5FECDC258FE0BF979" ID-CoL="3Q2" box="[320,439,1868,1894]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31965249E01FFBEFF1AC287FBB6FF02" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E01FFB4FF1AC287FEA5FECA" blockId="4.[151,1436,1938,2035]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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In
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<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E01FFB5FF3BC286FEB8F9B4" box="[182,260,1938,1963]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1713,1735]" captionTargetBox="[250,1309,399,1657]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[250,1337,399,1663]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hypothesis O 1 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Latreille 1802). The clade which is today called Opiliones (in blue, below) was originally called “ Phalangiens ” (in green, above). Members of the Laniatores and of the Ischyropsalidoidea were then unknown. The name Phalangida (as many others) has undergone a change of circumscription over time." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287979/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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to 11, the most relevant hypotheses (or extrapolations) found in the literature concerning the branching pattern of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E01FFB5FEB7C2A2FE1BF9D0" box="[314,423,1974,1999]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
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are presented. The five following genera are here used to represent the major groups of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E01FFB5FF1AC2CEFEB8F9EC" box="[151,260,2010,2035]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
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as currently understood:
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E01FFB5FDADC2CFFDF1F9ED" box="[544,589,2011,2034]" class="Arachnida" family="Sironidae" genus="Siro" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EABD9E01FFB5FDADC2CFFDF1F9ED" box="[544,589,2011,2034]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Siro</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(for the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E01FFB5FD22C2CEFCDEF9EC" box="[687,866,2010,2035]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Cyphophthalmi">Cyphophthalmi</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E01FFB5FCF8C2CEFC4FF9EC" box="[885,1011,2010,2035]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EABD9E01FFB5FCF8C2CEFC4FF9EC" box="[885,1011,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Gonyleptes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(for the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E01FFB5FBD9C2CEFB73F9EC" box="[1108,1231,2010,2035]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E01FFB5FB6FC2CEFAD7F9EC" box="[1250,1387,2010,2035]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Phalangium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EABD9E01FFB5FB6FC2CEFAD7F9EC" box="[1250,1387,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Phalangium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(for the Phalangioidea),
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E00FFB4FEFAC583FDB0FEAF" box="[375,524,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Ischyropsalididae" genus="Ischyropsalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EABD9E00FFB4FEFAC583FDB0FEAF" box="[375,524,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Ischyropsalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(for the Ischyropsalidoidea) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E00FFB4FC0FC583FC59FEAF" box="[898,997,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Sclerosomatidae" genus="Trogulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EABD9E00FFB4FC0FC583FC59FEAF" box="[898,997,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Trogulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(for the Troguloidea) (see also
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<tableCitation id="C68103149E00FFB4FAC5C583FA27FEAF" box="[1352,1435,151,176]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,239,332,355]" captionText="TABLE 2. Reduction of family names to representative generic names. The names are the oldest valid names in each clade (see chapter 4 for details)." pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Table 2</tableCitation>
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for details).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E00FFB4FF4AC5CBFDD4FF5F" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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The unity of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E00FFB4FED7C5CBFE7BFEE7" box="[346,455,223,248]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
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(Hypothesis
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<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E00FFB4FDD0C5F4FDCAFEE7" box="[605,630,224,248]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">O</collectingCountry>
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1,
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<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E00FFB4FD03C5CBFD72FEE7" box="[654,718,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1713,1735]" captionTargetBox="[250,1309,399,1657]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[250,1337,399,1663]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hypothesis O 1 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Latreille 1802). The clade which is today called Opiliones (in blue, below) was originally called “ Phalangiens ” (in green, above). Members of the Laniatores and of the Ischyropsalidoidea were then unknown. The name Phalangida (as many others) has undergone a change of circumscription over time." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287979/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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), as currently used, was established by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E00FFB4FB02C5CBFA83FEE7" author="Latreille" box="[1167,1343,223,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1802) Famille Troisieme. Phalangiens. In: Sonnini, C. S. (Ed.), Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere des Crustaces et des Insectes. Vol. 3. F. Dufart, Paris, pp. 60 - 62." type="book" year="1802">Latreille (1802)</bibRefCitation>
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and has never been seriously challenged except when
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E00FFB4FD34C410FC3CFF03" author="Sundevall" box="[697,896,260,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" refString="Sundevall, C. J. (1833) Conspectus Arachnidum. C. F. Berling, Londini Gothorum, Lund, 39 pp. [Sweden]" type="book" year="1833">Sundevall (1833)</bibRefCitation>
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(and much later, Savory 1977) separated the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E00FFB4FF1AC433FEF9FF5F" box="[151,325,295,320]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Cyphophthalmi">Cyphophthalmi</taxonomicName>
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from the other
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E00FFB4FE7EC433FDD8FF5F" box="[499,612,295,320]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7C66279E00FFB4FF1AC3A5FAA0F91A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287979/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" targetBox="[250,1309,399,1657]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E00FFB4FF1AC3A5FAA0F91A" blockId="5.[151,1436,1713,1797]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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<emphasis id="B977EABD9E00FFB4FF1AC3A5FC01F8D8" bold="true" box="[151,957,1713,1735]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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FIGURE 1. Hypothesis O1 of phylogeny of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E00FFB4FD2DC3A5FC04F8D8" authority="Latreille 1802" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[672,952,1713,1735]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones (Latreille 1802)</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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The clade which is today called
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E00FFB4FA98C3A5FAC4F8D8" box="[1301,1400,1713,1735]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
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(in blue, below) was originally called “Phalangiens” (in green, above). Members of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E00FFB4FC76C3C4FBDAF8F9" box="[1019,1126,1744,1766]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
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and of the Ischyropsalidoidea were then unknown. The name Phalangida (as many others) has undergone a change of circumscription over time.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E03FFB7FF4AC583FB58FF5F" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
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Hypothesis
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<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E03FFB7FEC2C58CFEDFFEAF" box="[335,355,152,176]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">O</collectingCountry>
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2 (
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<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E03FFB7FE09C583FE77FEAF" box="[388,459,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1763,1785]" captionTargetBox="[276,1287,447,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[276,1312,447,1717]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hypothesis O 2 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Sundevall 1833). The original concept of the Opiliones (“ Opiliones ” in green) excluded the Cyphophthalmi (here represented by Siro). This group is currently called Phalangida (in blue). Ischyropsalis was still to be unknown for 6 years." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287980/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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), by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E03FFB7FD87C583FD6CFEAF" author="Sundevall" box="[522,720,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" refString="Sundevall, C. J. (1833) Conspectus Arachnidum. C. F. Berling, Londini Gothorum, Lund, 39 pp. [Sweden]" type="book" year="1833">Sundevall (1833)</bibRefCitation>
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, was a step back from the work of
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E03FFB7FBF9C583FA96FEAF" author="Latreille" box="[1140,1322,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1802) Famille Troisieme. Phalangiens. In: Sonnini, C. S. (Ed.), Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere des Crustaces et des Insectes. Vol. 3. F. Dufart, Paris, pp. 60 - 62." type="book" year="1802">Latreille (1802)</bibRefCitation>
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, who had included
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FE89C5A9FE8EFECB" box="[260,306,189,212]" class="Arachnida" family="Sironidae" genus="Siro" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EABD9E03FFB7FE89C5A9FE8EFECB" box="[260,306,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Siro</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FE1FC5A8FDBEFECA" box="[402,514,188,213]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
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||
, under the name “Phalangiens”. The taxa within
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FBD5C5A8FB79FECA" box="[1112,1221,188,213]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
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||
were regarded as coordinate families, without resolution. A strange variation of this may be found in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E03FFB7FBFBC5F4FABAFEE7" author="Perty" box="[1142,1286,224,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" refString="Perty, J. A. M. (1833) Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX [1817 - 1820] jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I Bavariae Regis augustissimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Vol. 3. [" 1830 - 1834 "]. Friedrich Fleischer, Monachii (= Munchen), 224 pp., 16 pls. [pls. 25 - 40]" type="book chapter" year="1833">Perty (1833)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E03FFB7FAC8C5CBFF5FFF03" author="Gervais" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" refString="Gervais, P. (1844) Aceres Phryneides, Scorpionides, Solpugides, Phalangides et Acarides; Diceres Epizoiques, Aphanipteres et Thysanoures. In: Walckenaer, C. A. (Org.), Histoire naturelle des Insectes Apteres, 3. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 94 - 131, Atlas 3 pls. 28 - 30 and 4 pls. 46 - 47." type="journal article" year="1844">Gervais (1844)</bibRefCitation>
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, where part of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FE4EC410FD85FF02" box="[451,569,260,285]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
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(the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FDF5C410FD40FF02" box="[632,764,260,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Cosmetidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cosmetidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
only) is included along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FBD9C410FB61FF02" box="[1108,1245,260,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Phalangium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E03FFB7FBD9C410FB61FF02" box="[1108,1245,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Phalangium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among the nongonyleptid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FE98C433FE3AFF5F" box="[277,390,295,320]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These were the only attempts to challenge the monophyly of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FBEBC433FB5CFF5F" box="[1126,1248,295,320]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C66279E03FFB7FF1AC3F7FD72F929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287980/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" targetBox="[276,1287,447,1704]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E03FFB7FF1AC3F7FD72F929" blockId="6.[151,1436,1763,1846]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E03FFB7FF1AC3F7FC4BF8E6" bold="true" box="[151,1015,1763,1785]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
FIGURE 2. Hypothesis O2 of phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FD4FC3F7FC4DF8E6" authority="Sundevall 1833" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[706,1009,1763,1785]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones (Sundevall 1833)</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The original concept of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FAB7C3F7FA20F8E6" box="[1338,1436,1763,1785]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
|
||
(“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FF25C215FEB3F908" box="[168,271,1793,1815]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
|
||
” in green) excluded the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FD83C215FD10F908" box="[526,684,1793,1815]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Cyphophthalmi">Cyphophthalmi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(here represented by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FC03C215FC00F908" box="[910,956,1793,1815]" class="Arachnida" family="Sironidae" genus="Siro" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Siro</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This group is currently called Phalangida (in blue).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E03FFB7FF5AC234FEE1F929" box="[215,349,1824,1846]" class="Arachnida" family="Ischyropsalididae" genus="Ischyropsalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E03FFB7FF5AC234FEE1F929" box="[215,349,1824,1846]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Ischyropsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was still to be unknown for 6 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E02FFB6FF4AC583FDFCFF02" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
Hypothesis
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E02FFB6FEC1C58CFEDEFEAF" box="[332,354,152,176]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
3 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E02FFB6FEF0C583FE7CFEAF" box="[381,448,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1690,1712]" captionTargetBox="[235,1324,373,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[235,1352,373,1669]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Hypothesis O 3 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Thorell 1876). Thorell created the name Palpatores (green) as opposed to the also new group Laniatores (here represented by Gonyleptes). Thorell’s Palpatores is currently called Cyphopalpatores Martens (blue), a name coined a century later, while the name Palpatores is used for another group (see Fig. 4 below). Thorell also recognized what later was to be known as Dyspnoi (blue), following Sørensen (1873)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287981/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E02FFB6FE74C583FD23FEAF" author="Thorell" box="[505,671,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refString="Thorell, T. T. T. (1876) Sopra alcuni Opilioni (Phalangidea) d'Europa e dell' Asia occidentale, con un quadro dei generi europei di quest' Ordine. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Series 1, 8, 452 - 508." type="journal article" year="1876">Thorell (1876)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, launched the Palpatores, a name that would frequently be used later with a different concept (equaled to the Plagiostethi, see below). At the same time, Thorell, following the then recent work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E02FFB6FECFC5F4FE47FEE7" author="Sorensen" box="[322,507,224,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refString="Sorensen, W. E. (1873) Bidrag til Phalangidernes Morphologi og Systematik samt Beskrivelse af nogle nye, herhen horende Former [Contributions to phalangid morphology and systematics and description of some new, hither associated species]. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Series 3, 8, 489 - 525, pl. 15." type="journal article" year="1873">Sørensen (1873)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
united the groups that would be much later called the Dyspnoi, a concept that was widely disclaimed, but prevails today.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C66279E02FFB6FF1AC38EFB6EF913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287981/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" targetBox="[235,1324,373,1632]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E02FFB6FF1AC38EFB6EF913" blockId="7.[151,1436,1690,1804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E02FFB6FF1AC38EFC0EF8AF" bold="true" box="[151,946,1690,1712]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
FIGURE 3. Hypothesis O3 of phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E02FFB6FD2CC38EFC11F8AF" authority="Thorell 1876" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[673,941,1690,1712]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones (Thorell 1876)</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Thorell created the name Palpatores (green) as opposed to the also new group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E02FFB6FD8CC3ADFDD0F8D0" box="[513,620,1721,1743]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
|
||
(here represented by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E02FFB6FCEAC3ADFC65F8D0" box="[871,985,1721,1743]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E02FFB6FCEAC3ADFC65F8D0" box="[871,985,1721,1743]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Gonyleptes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Thorell’s Palpatores is currently called Cyphopalpatores Martens (blue), a name coined a century later, while the name Palpatores is used for another group (see Fig. 4 below). Thorell also recognized what later was to be known as Dyspnoi (blue), following Sørensen (1873).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E0DFFB9FF4AC583FC88FEE7" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">
|
||
Hypothesis
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E0DFFB9FEC2C58CFEDFFEAF" box="[335,355,152,176]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
4 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E0DFFB9FE0EC583FE76FEAF" box="[387,458,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1722,1744]" captionTargetBox="[267,1288,377,1625]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[267,1319,377,1652]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Hypothesis O 4 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Simon 1879). Simon was the first to define a group that he called Plagiostethi (green), as opposed to the Mecostethi (here represented by Gonyleptes and identical to Thorell’s Laniatores). This name as of today has been abandoned in favor of a different usage of the name Palpatores Thorell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287982/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E0DFFB9FD85C583FD14FEAF" author="Simon" box="[520,680,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" refString="Simon, E. (1879 b) Les Arachnides de France. Tome 7. Contenant les ordres des Chernetes, Scorpiones et Opiliones. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 1 - 332, pl. 17 - 24." type="journal article" year="1879">Simon (1879)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, defined the Plagiostethi, a name that afterwards was extensively (and wrongly) regarded as a less-favored synonym of Palpatores. This concept is favored until now in recent analyses, although under the name “Palpatores hypothesis”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C66279E0DFFB9FF1AC3AEFBC6F912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287982/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" targetBox="[267,1288,377,1625]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E0DFFB9FF1AC3AEFBC6F912" blockId="8.[151,1436,1722,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E0DFFB9FF1AC3AEFC2FF8CF" bold="true" box="[151,915,1722,1744]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">
|
||
FIGURE 4. Hypothesis O4 of phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0DFFB9FD1CC3AEFC32F8CF" authority="Simon 1879" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[657,910,1722,1744]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones (Simon 1879)</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Simon was the first to define a group that he called Plagiostethi (green), as opposed to the Mecostethi (here represented by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0DFFB9FCFDC3CCFC5EF8F1" box="[880,994,1752,1774]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E0DFFB9FCFDC3CCFC5EF8F1" box="[880,994,1752,1774]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Gonyleptes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and identical to Thorell’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0DFFB9FB63C3CCFAE2F8F1" box="[1262,1374,1752,1774]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This name as of today has been abandoned in favor of a different usage of the name Palpatores Thorell.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E0CFFB8FF4AC583FE06FEE7" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
|
||
Hypothesis
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E0CFFB8FEDDC583FED9FEAF" box="[336,357,151,176]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
5 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E0CFFB8FE0BC583FE71FEAF" box="[390,461,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1687,1709]" captionTargetBox="[264,1303,373,1611]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[264,1323,373,1632]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Hypothesis O 5 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Pocock 1902). Pocock suggested a group formed by today’s Phalangioidea + Ischyropsalidoidea, thus introducing the name and the concept of Apagosterni. Loman (1903) was the first to accept this clade, which alternately lost and regained favor, but endured for a century." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287983/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E0CFFB8FD0CC583FC95FEAF" author="Pocock" box="[641,809,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" refString="Pocock, R. I. (1902) Some points in the morphology and classification of the Opiliones. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London, Series 7, 10 (60), 504 - 516." type="journal article" year="1902">Pocock (1902)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and espoused by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E0CFFB8FB8CC58CFB14FEAF" author="Loman" box="[1025,1192,152,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" refString="Loman, J. C. C. (1903) On the classification of Opiliones. Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche dierkundige vereeniging, Rotterdam, Series 2, 8 (1),, 62 - 66. [" 1904 "]" type="journal article" year="1903">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E0CFFB8FB8CC58CFBECFEB0" box="[1025,1104,152,175]" name="Oman" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Loman</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1903)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, maintained Simon’s Plagiostethi, refining their inner relationships by creating the Apagosterni, a clade not supported by the most recent analyses (e.g.,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E0CFFB8FEB0C5F4FEEFFEE7" box="[317,339,224,248]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
10,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E0CFFB8FEF6C5F4FE2EFEE7" box="[379,402,224,248]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
11).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C66279E0CFFB8FF1AC383FC46F8F4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287983/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" targetBox="[264,1303,373,1611]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E0CFFB8FF1AC383FC46F8F4" blockId="9.[151,1436,1687,1771]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E0CFFB8FF1AC383FC07F8B2" bold="true" box="[151,955,1687,1709]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
|
||
FIGURE 5. Hypothesis O5 of phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0CFFB8FD27C383FC09F8B2" authority="Pocock 1902" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1902" box="[682,949,1687,1709]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones (Pocock 1902)</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Pocock suggested a group formed by today’s Phalangioidea + Ischyropsalidoidea, thus introducing the name and the concept of Apagosterni. Loman (1903) was the first to accept this clade, which alternately lost and regained favor, but endured for a century.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E0FFFBBFF4AC583FD85FEE7" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
|
||
Hypothesis
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E0FFFBBFEC6C583FEDCFEAF" box="[331,352,151,176]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
6 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E0FFFBBFEF1C583FE7CFEAF" box="[380,448,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1704,1726]" captionTargetBox="[258,1313,373,1625]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[258,1329,373,1642]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Hypothesis O 6 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Hansen & Sørensen 1904). The Danes kept the solid Plagiostethi (= “ Palpatores ” in blue) and dismantled the Apagosterni resurrecting and firstly naming Thorell’s Dyspnoi as opposed to the Eupnoi. This hypothesis was also defended by Roewer (1923) and Shear (1975) and became the classic triad of the 20 th century: Cyphophthalmi, Palpatores and Laniatores." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287984/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E0FFFBBFDE9C58CFC28FEAF" author="Hansen" box="[612,916,152,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" refString="Hansen, H. J. & Sorensen, W. (1904) On two orders of Arachnida Opiliones, especially the suborder Cyphophthalmi, and Ricinulei, namely the family Cryptostemmatoidae. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 174 pp., VII pls." type="book" year="1904">Hansen & Sørensen (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, also kept Plagiostethi, but changed their inner relationships by recovering (and for the first time naming) Thorell’s Dyspnoi. This classical hypothesis has been used during most of the 20th century.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C66279E0FFFBBFF1AC3BCFD1BF905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287984/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" targetBox="[258,1313,373,1625]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E0FFFBBFF1AC3BCFD1BF905" blockId="10.[151,1436,1704,1818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E0FFFBBFF1AC3BCFBA3F8A1" bold="true" box="[151,1055,1704,1726]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
|
||
FIGURE 6. Hypothesis O6 of phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0FFFBBFD03C3BCFBA6F8A1" authority="Hansen & Sorensen 1904" authorityName="Hansen & Sorensen" authorityYear="1904" box="[654,1050,1704,1726]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones (Hansen & Sørensen 1904)</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The Danes kept the solid Plagiostethi (= “Palpatores” in blue) and dismantled the Apagosterni resurrecting and firstly naming Thorell’s Dyspnoi as opposed to the Eupnoi. This hypothesis was also defended by Roewer (1923) and Shear (1975) and became the classic triad of the 20th century:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0FFFBBFF7DC210FE2CF905" box="[240,400,1796,1818]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Cyphophthalmi">Cyphophthalmi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Palpatores and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0FFFBBFDB8C210FD1FF905" box="[565,675,1796,1818]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E0EFFBAFF4AC583FB63FEE7" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
|
||
Hypothesis
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E0EFFBAFEC0C58CFEDEFEAF" box="[333,354,152,176]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
7 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E0EFFBAFEF2C583FE79FEAF" box="[383,453,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1669,1691]" captionTargetBox="[257,1315,331,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[257,1329,331,1597]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hypothesis O 7 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Mello-Leitão 1944). This author combined some older hypotheses such as the dichotomy Laniatores versus Palpatores (still using the original Thorell’s concept) and reintroduced the Apagosterni." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287985/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E0EFFBAFDE0C583FCEAFEAF" author="Mello-Leitao" box="[621,854,151,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Mello-Leitao, C. F. de (1944) Comentarios a respeito da possivel filogenia dos opilioes. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 16 (3), 197 - 209." type="journal article" year="1944">Mello-Leitão (1944)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, was presented as a branching cactus instead of the standard “tree” (see reproduction in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E0EFFBAFDCDC5A8FC87FECB" author="Giribet" box="[576,827,188,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refString="Giribet, G. & Kury, A. B. (2007) Chapter 3. Phylogeny and Biogeography. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R. Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (Eds.), Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 62 - 87." type="book chapter" year="2007">Giribet & Kury 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mello-Leitão managed to combine the concepts of Cyphopalpatores, Palpatores and Apagosterni into a single hypothesis. It did not gain much favor.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C66279E0EFFBAFF1AC391FEA6F8C7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287985/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" targetBox="[257,1315,331,1597]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E0EFFBAFF1AC391FEA6F8C7" blockId="11.[151,1436,1669,1752]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E0EFFBAFF1AC391FBACF884" bold="true" box="[151,1040,1669,1691]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
|
||
FIGURE 7. Hypothesis O7 of phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0EFFBAFD45C391FBACF884" authority="Mello-Leitao 1944" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1944" box="[712,1040,1669,1691]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones (Mello-Leitão 1944</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). This author combined some older hypotheses such as the dichotomy
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0EFFBAFE7BC3B0FDDDF8A5" box="[502,609,1700,1722]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus Palpatores (still using the original Thorell’s concept) and reintroduced the Apagosterni.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E09FFBDFF4AC583FAD6FECA" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
|
||
Hypothesis
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E09FFBDFEC2C58CFED8FEAF" box="[335,356,152,176]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
8 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E09FFBDFE0EC583FE76FEAF" box="[387,458,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1541,1563]" captionTargetBox="[242,1326,265,1494]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[242,1344,265,1520]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Hypothesis O 8 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Šilhavý 1961). This author presented a hypothesis with very little information putting almost all groups as coordinate categories." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287986/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
), proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E09FFBDFDF7C583FC9BFEAF" author="Silhavy" box="[634,807,151,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" refString="Silhavy, V. (1961) Die Grundsatze der modernen Weberknechttaxonomie und Revision des bisherigen Systems der Opilioniden. XI. Internationaler Kongress fur Entomologie (Vienna, Aug. 17 - 25, 1960) Verhandlungen, 1, 262 - 267." type="journal article" year="1961">Šilhavý (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, was a large step back, because it did not contain any branching information besides keeping the Dyspnoi. For this reason, it was heavily criticized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E09FFBDFB5FC5A8FADBFECA" author="Shear" box="[1234,1383,188,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" refString="Shear, W. A. (1975) The opilionid family Caddidae in North America, with notes on species from other regions (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). The Journal of Arachnology, 2 (2), 65 - 88." type="journal article" year="1975">Shear (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C66279E09FFBDFF1AC311FCAEF825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287986/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" targetBox="[242,1326,265,1494]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E09FFBDFF1AC311FCAEF825" blockId="12.[151,1435,1541,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E09FFBDFF1AC311FC21F804" bold="true" box="[151,925,1541,1563]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
|
||
FIGURE 8. Hypothesis O8 of phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E09FFBDFD1DC311FC24F804" authority="Silhavy 1961" authorityName="Silhavy" authorityYear="1961" box="[656,920,1541,1563]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones (Šilhavý 1961)</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This author presented a hypothesis with very little information putting almost all groups as coordinate categories.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E08FFBCFF4AC583FEEDFF97" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
|
||
Hypothesis
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E08FFBCFEC1C58CFEDDFEAF" box="[332,353,152,176]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
9 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E08FFBCFEF0C583FE7EFEAF" box="[381,450,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[248,1308,481,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[248,1339,481,1744]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Hypothesis O 9 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Martens 1980, morphological, non-numerical). By the end of the 20 th century, the original concept of Palpatores was lost, so that a hypothesis recovering this clade received the new name Cyphopalpatores Martens. This was the first cladistic analysis of the Opiliones." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287987/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E08FFBCFDE5C58CFCABFEAF" author="Martens" box="[616,791,152,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Martens, J. (1980) Versuch eines Phylogenetischen Systems der Opiliones. In: Gruber, J. (Ed). 8. Internationaler Arachnologen-Kongress. Universitat fur Bodenkultur Wien 1980. Verhandlungen, H. Egerman, Wien, pp. 355 - 360. [total page number 506 pp.]" type="book chapter" year="1980">Martens (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, was the first cladistic analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E08FFBCFB1AC583FABBFEAF" box="[1175,1287,151,176]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
|
||
, representing a development of his earlier work (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E08FFBCFDC1C5A8FD49FECA" author="Martens" box="[588,757,188,213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Martens, J. (1976) Genitalmorphologie, System und Phylogenie der Weberknechte (Arachnida: Opiliones). Entomologica Germanica, 3 (1 / 2), 51 - 68." type="journal article" year="1976">Martens 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It was non-numerical, used only a few morphological characters, and did not use real outgroups. However, it represented an immense advance in relation to the status quo and because of its solid scientific content, was target to many critics (see for example extended criticism in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E08FFBCFF1AC433FE9DFF5F" author="Shultz" box="[151,289,295,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refString="Shultz, J. W. (1998) Phylogeny of Opiliones (Arachnida): an assessment of the " Cyphopalpatores " concept. The Journal of Arachnology, 26 (3), 257 - 272." type="journal article" year="1998">Shultz 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 257-258). Martens’ (1980) hypothesis resembled Mello-Leitão’s hypothesis
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E08FFBCFB0FC43CFB2BFF5F" box="[1154,1175,296,320]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">O</collectingCountry>
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||
<quantity id="4CFB9B4A9E08FFBCFB1AC43CFB7DFF5F" box="[1175,1217,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" unit="in" value="7.0">7 in</quantity>
|
||
that it retrieved the Palpatores (there called “Cyphopalpatores”, because Palpatores was then held as a synonym of Plagiostethi) and the Apagosterni.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C66279E08FFBCFF1AC3F1FC07F927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287987/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" targetBox="[248,1308,481,1708]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E08FFBCFF1AC3F1FC07F927" blockId="13.[151,1436,1765,1848]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E08FFBCFF1AC3F1FAB4F8E4" bold="true" box="[151,1288,1765,1787]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
|
||
FIGURE 9. Hypothesis O9 of phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E08FFBCFD14C3F1FCBCF8E4" box="[665,768,1765,1787]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Martens 1980, morphological, non-numerical).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
By the end of the 20th century, the original concept of Palpatores was lost, so that a hypothesis recovering this clade received the new name Cyphopalpatores Martens. This was the first cladistic analysis of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E08FFBCFCDCC236FC0BF927" box="[849,951,1826,1848]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E0BFFBFFF4AC583FC1DFF02" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
Hypothesis
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E0BFFBFFEC1C58CFEDDFEAF" box="[332,353,152,176]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
10 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E0BFFBFFE01C583FE62FEAF" box="[396,478,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[213,1359,337,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[213,1374,337,1573]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Hypothesis O 10 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Shultz 1998, morph). This analysis recovered the old Sundevall’s concept (Cyphophthalmi versus Phalangida), and Simon’s Plagiostethi (by then already universally called “ Palpatores ”). Within Palpatores, he recognized the Dyspnoi, burying the Apagosterni. Surprisingly, a molecular analysis by Shultz & Regier (2001, mol) recovered the same configuration. After some analyses which did not recover the Palpatores (see hypothesis K in Fig. 11 below), Giribet et al. (2010, mol) obtained the same pattern." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287988/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
) is the classic molecular hypothesis, defended in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E0BFFBFFB80C583FAA9FEAF" author="Shultz" box="[1037,1301,151,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refString="Shultz, J. W. & Regier, J. C. (2001) Phylogenetic analysis of Phalangida (Arachnida, Opiliones) using two nuclear proteinencoding genes supports monophyly of Palpatores. The Journal of Arachnology, 29, 189 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1636 / 0161 - 8202 (2001) 029 [0189: PAOPAO] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2001">Shultz & Regier (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Giribet
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E0BFFBFFF1AC5A9FF6EFECA" box="[151,210,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010). Also supported by the purely morphological analysis by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E0BFFBFFC46C5A8FBD6FECB" author="Shultz" box="[971,1130,188,213]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refString="Shultz, J. W. (1998) Phylogeny of Opiliones (Arachnida): an assessment of the " Cyphopalpatores " concept. The Journal of Arachnology, 26 (3), 257 - 272." type="journal article" year="1998">Shultz (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, it resurrected the original
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0BFFBFFF1AC5CBFEB8FEE7" box="[151,260,223,248]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
|
||
concept, by making the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0BFFBFFDADC5CBFD72FEE7" box="[544,718,223,248]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Cyphophthalmi">Cyphophthalmi</taxonomicName>
|
||
the sister group of all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0BFFBFFB9AC5CBFB38FEE7" box="[1047,1156,223,248]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
|
||
(called “Phalangida” by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E0BFFBFFF1AC410FED4FF03" author="Giribet" box="[151,360,260,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refString="Giribet, G., Rambla, M., Carranza, S., Baguna, J., Riutort, M. & Ribera, C. (1999) Phylogeny of the arachnid order Opiliones (Arthropoda) inferred from combined approach of compile 18 S and partial 28 S ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 11 (2), 296 - 307. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 1998.0583" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Giribet
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E0BFFBFFF60C411FE99FF02" box="[237,293,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It also recovered the Palpatores and the Dyspnoi.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C66279E0BFFBFFF1AC32FFC57F8D4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287988/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" targetBox="[213,1359,337,1554]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E0BFFBFFF1AC32FFC57F8D4" blockId="14.[151,1436,1595,1740]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E0BFFBFFF1AC32FFBFCF84E" bold="true" box="[151,1088,1595,1617]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
FIGURE 10. Hypothesis O10 of phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0BFFBFFD5AC32FFC82F84E" box="[727,830,1595,1617]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Shultz 1998, morph).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This analysis recovered the old Sundevall’s concept (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0BFFBFFEF3C34EFDA1F86F" box="[382,541,1626,1648]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Cyphophthalmi">Cyphophthalmi</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus Phalangida), and Simon’s Plagiostethi (by then already universally called “Palpatores”). Within Palpatores, he recognized the Dyspnoi, burying the Apagosterni. Surprisingly, a molecular analysis by Shultz & Regier (2001, mol) recovered the same configuration. After some analyses which did not recover the Palpatores (see hypothesis K in Fig. 11 below), Giribet
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E0BFFBFFDA7C3A3FDE1F8D4" box="[554,605,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010, mol) obtained the same pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E0AFFBEFF4AC583FBB6FF02" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
|
||
Hypothesis
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E0AFFBEFEDEC58CFED5FEAF" box="[339,361,152,176]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
11 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E0AFFBEFE15C583FE52FEAF" box="[408,494,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1654,1676]" captionTargetBox="[200,1361,373,1614]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[200,1386,373,1633]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Hypothesis O 11 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Giribet et al. 1999, comb; 2002, comb). Following his 1997 thesis, Giribet recovered the early branching off for the Cyphophthalmi and resurrected the name Phalangida for its sister group. A new clade was also firstly proposed and named, causing the diphyly of the Palpatores—the Dyspnolaniatores. Both this hypothesis and J are the modern contrasting views of the deep relationships among Opiliones groups." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287989/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
) is recovered by the two only combined molecular + morphological analyses conducted so far (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E0AFFBEFEFFC5A8FDE4FECB" author="Giribet" box="[370,600,188,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" refString="Giribet, G., Rambla, M., Carranza, S., Baguna, J., Riutort, M. & Ribera, C. (1999) Phylogeny of the arachnid order Opiliones (Arthropoda) inferred from combined approach of compile 18 S and partial 28 S ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 11 (2), 296 - 307. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 1998.0583" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Giribet
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E0AFFBEFE5DC5A9FDB3FECA" box="[464,527,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E0AFFBEFDE7C5A8FD1AFECB" author="Giribet" box="[618,678,188,212]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" refString="Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G. D. Wheeler, W. C. & Babbitt, C. (2002) Phylogeny of the Arachnida and Opiliones: a combined approach using morphological and molecular sequence data. Cladistics, 18 (1), 5 - 70." type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which recovered Lehtinen’s (1975) Phalangida (= Sundevall’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0AFFBEFF1AC5CBFEB4FEE7" box="[151,264,223,248]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and for the first time proposed a sister group relationship of the Eupnoi against the rest of Phalangida (named Dyspnolaniatores by Giribet), something hinted at by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E0AFFBEFCC0C410FBBAFF02" author="Lehtinen" box="[845,1030,260,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" refString="Lehtinen, P. T. (1975) Notes on suborders of Opilionida. Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Arachnological Society, Warrensburg, Missouri, USA, 24 - 26 June 1975. Abstracts, 4." type="book chapter" year="1975">Lehtinen (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |