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<document id="B94FF56FB98DAF39D6779F2570004B79" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3278c375-6c89-42a2-b7ac-24b9bb91730e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="251860" ID-ZooBank="8FECCFC1-7CA9-4A90-B881-4BD40157AD99" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460928091107" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. &amp; Congdon, T. Colin E." docDate="2014" docId="03AA87B3FFDD351AFF79FDFC27CBDA84" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03872p354.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3872 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Chondrolepis Mabille 1904" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="328" masterDocId="FF93FFCBFFC63501FFEEFFD82603DF67" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders" masterLastPageNumber="354" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="328" updateTime="1698362795193" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="344F71AF635648A780531C6A9CB95DA7">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DADE39A1A8F2FCE30F34BCE617AA165D">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9DEB36533F182106CFB9CF44C5472793">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="0053F2E0D311A5202BA8D8FB7022342D">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CC8EA90A7CEC9D2430769A416547AD4E">3872</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AA87B3FFDD351AFF79FDFC27CBDA84" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681004" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589640" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5681004" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B3FFDD351AFF79FDFC27CBDA84" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B3FFDD351AFF79FDFC27CBDA84" lastPageNumber="328" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<subSubSection id="C319652EFFDD351AFF79FDFC27CBDA84" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDD351AFF79FDFC2513DD59" blockId="27.[151,784,548,574]" box="[151,784,548,574]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<heading id="D0F481C9FFDD351AFF79FDFC2513DD59" bold="true" box="[151,784,548,574]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFF79FDFC2513DD59" bold="true" box="[151,784,548,574]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFF79FDFC27E8DD59" ID-CoL="925C5" authority="Mabille, 1904" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,491,548,574]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFF79FDFC2739DD59" bold="true" box="[151,314,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Chondrolepis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFEAFFDFC27E8DD59" author="Mabille" box="[321,491,548,574]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="Mabille, P. (1903 - 1904) Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. Fam. Hesperidae. Genera Insectorum. L. Desmet-Verteneuil, Brussels, 17 a, 1 - 78 (1903); 17 b, 79 - 142 (1904); 17 c, 143 - 182 (1904); 17 d, 183 - 210, plates 1 - 4 (1904)." type="journal article" year="1904">Mabille, 1904</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(in Mabille
<date id="FFBD1065FFDD351AFD6DFDFC250BDD59" box="[643,776,548,574]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" value="1903" valueMax="1904">1903–1904</date>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDD351AFF79FDB32758DC74" blockId="27.[151,1437,618,1507]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
In his review of the genus,
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFE29FDB32475DDE4" box="[455,630,618,643]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="De Jong, R. (1986) Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the chiefly afromontane genus Chondrolepis Mabille (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 231, 1 - 40." type="journal article">De Jong (1986)</bibRefCitation>
found that based on an analysis of adult characters
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFB57FDB22353DDE4" box="[1209,1360,618,643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFB57FDB22353DDE4" box="[1209,1360,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Chondrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to form a monophyletic group with
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFDAFFD56249EDDC0" box="[577,669,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ploetzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFDAFFD56249EDDC0" box="[577,669,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Ploetzia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFD32FD56253ADDC0" box="[732,825,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFD32FD56253ADDC0" box="[732,825,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Moltena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFC66FD56220ADDC0" box="[904,1033,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zophopetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFC66FD56220ADDC0" box="[904,1033,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Zophopetes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as their nearest relative. We have treated the early stages of the palm feeders
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFD68FD6A24E1DDAC" box="[646,738,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ploetzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFD68FD6A24E1DDAC" box="[646,738,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Ploetzia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFCF5FD6A259FDDAC" box="[795,924,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zophopetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFCF5FD6A259FDDAC" box="[795,924,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Zophopetes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFC2DFD6A2296DDAC" box="[963,1173,690,715]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="Cock, M. J. W., Congdon, T. C. E. &amp; Collins, S. C. (2014) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 6. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: palm feeders. Zootaxa, 3831 (1), 1 - 61. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3831.1.1" type="journal article">
Cock
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFBE8FD6C223CDDAC" box="[1030,1087,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
, while
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFB06FD6A2346DDAC" box="[1256,1349,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFB06FD6A2346DDAC" box="[1256,1349,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Moltena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will be considered in a future part of this series. We defer comparison of the characters of the early stages of this group of genera until then.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDD351AFF29FCC622A9DCA1" blockId="27.[151,1437,618,1507]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFF29FCC627FADC50" author="Congdon" box="[199,505,798,823]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="Larsen, T. B. &amp; Congdon, T. C. E. (2012) The genus Ampittia in Africa with the description of a new species (Hesperiinae; Aeromachini) and three new species in the genera Andronymus and Chondrolepis (Hesperiinae, incertae sedis) (Lepidoptera; Hesperiidae). Zootaxa, 3322, 49 - 62." type="journal article" year="2012">Congdon &amp; Larsen (2012)</bibRefCitation>
described two further species making a total of nine now known.
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFAEAFCC627D3DC3C" authority="Larsen &amp; Congdon" authorityName="Larsen &amp; Congdon" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uluguru">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFAEAFCC626F3DC3C" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Chondrolepis uluguru</emphasis>
Larsen &amp; Congdon
</taxonomicName>
was described and reared from the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFC8DFC9A25C3DC3C" box="[867,960,834,859]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uluguru">Uluguru</taxonomicName>
Mountains of north-east
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFDD351AFB31FC9A2345DC3C" box="[1247,1350,834,859]" name="Tanzania" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFA6CFC9B27E2DC18" authority="Larsen &amp; Congdon" authorityName="Larsen &amp; Congdon" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ducarmei">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFA6CFC9B2702DC18" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">C. ducarmei</emphasis>
Larsen &amp; Congdon
</taxonomicName>
was described from North Kivu Province,
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFDD351AFC23FCBF2249DC18" box="[973,1098,871,895]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
. The genus is associated with montane forests in Africa.
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFE2DFC522532DCC4" authority="Plotz" authorityName="Plotz" box="[451,817,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niveicornis">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFE2DFC5224DCDCC4" box="[451,735,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Chondrolepis niveicornis</emphasis>
(Plötz)
</taxonomicName>
is relatively widespread and adapted to more open and lowland habitats, but the other species are restricted to particular highland or mountain areas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDD351AFF29FC0A26F4DBF8" blockId="27.[151,1437,618,1507]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
The conspicuously white antennae seem to be associated with red eyes and crepuscular habits. They are certainly effective signals at dusk; for example, MJWC has watched a male
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFC10FC2F22C5DB68" authority="Heron" authorityName="Heron" box="[1022,1222,1014,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leggei">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFC10FC2F2266DB68" box="[1022,1125,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">C. leggei</emphasis>
(Heron)
</taxonomicName>
feeding in the last light, with only the antennae visible. Similarly, in the Aberdare Mountains of
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFDD351AFBF3FBC3226ADB54" box="[1053,1129,1051,1075]" name="Kenya" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, T.B. Larsen (pers. comm. 2014) observed a male courtship flight in dull weather in very dark montane forest, hovering above a seated female; only the white antennae of the male were visible as they moved slightly forwards and backwards as a fine white-V.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDD351AFF29FB722578DA10" blockId="27.[151,1437,618,1507]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
When
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFEF9FB7327D2DBA4" box="[279,465,1194,1219]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="De Jong, R. (1986) Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the chiefly afromontane genus Chondrolepis Mabille (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 231, 1 - 40." type="journal article">De Jong (1986)</bibRefCitation>
reviewed the genus, the only food plant record available was for
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFB17FB73276BDB80" authority="Plotz" authorityName="Plotz" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="niveicornis" subSpecies="niveicornis">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFB17FB732717DB81" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">C. niveicornis niveicornis</emphasis>
(Plötz)
</taxonomicName>
feeding on a broad leaved grass of river banks and swamps.
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFBF0FB1722DFDB80" box="[1054,1244,1230,1255]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="Le Pelley, R. H. (1959) Agricultural insects of East Africa. Nairobi, Kenya; East Africa High Commission, 307 pp." type="book">Le Pelley (1959)</bibRefCitation>
records the food plant in
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFDD351AFF16FB2A274CDA6C" box="[248,335,1266,1291]" name="Uganda" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Uganda</collectingCountry>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFE97FB2C2458DA6C" box="[377,603,1266,1291]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Imperata" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFE97FB2C2458DA6C" box="[377,603,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Imperata cylindrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and this is probably the origin of this food plant record in
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFAFDFB2A26E0DA48" author="Sevastopulo" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. [1975 - 1978] (Ed.), A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, pp. 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, pp. 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, pp. 45 - 50; 37, pp. 147 - 172, 202 - 216." type="journal article" year="1975">Sevastopulo (1975)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFF1CFACE27ABDA48" author="Kielland" box="[242,424,1302,1327]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFE58FACF245ADA48" author="Larsen" box="[438,601,1303,1327]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFD88FACE2552DA48" box="[614,849,1302,1327]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. &amp; Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book">
Ackery
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFD2CFACF24F7DA48" box="[706,756,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">et al</emphasis>
. (1995)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFC7FFACE226DDA48" box="[913,1134,1302,1327]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. &amp; Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book">
Heath
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFC33FACF2212DA48" box="[989,1041,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">et al</emphasis>
. (2002)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFB95FACE239FDA48" author="Dickson" box="[1147,1436,1302,1327]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. &amp; Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson &amp; Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
describe the food plant as a broad-leaved grass that grows on river banks and in swamps, which is referred to as
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDD351AFF79FA87275DDA10" box="[151,350,1374,1399]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deustum">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFF79FA87275DDA10" box="[151,350,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Panicum deustum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFE67FA862469DA10" box="[393,618,1374,1399]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. &amp; Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book">
Pringle
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFE0EFA872412DA10" box="[480,529,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">et al</emphasis>
. (1994)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFD4EFA862574DA10" box="[672,887,1374,1399]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. &amp; Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book">
Heath
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDD351AFD04FA872519DA10" box="[746,794,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">et al</emphasis>
. (2002)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDD351AFF29FA5A27CBDA84" blockId="27.[151,1437,618,1507]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
Observations reported here (and in
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFDD351AFD8CFA5B24F2DAFC" author="Larsen" box="[610,753,1411,1435]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
) suggest that grasses will be the food plants for the whole genus. Although several different broad leaved species seem acceptable, probably the habitat is just as critical in determining the food plant.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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