232 lines
26 KiB
XML
232 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="A35B1359C6033EE4A69683CD90350B8C" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3278c375-6c89-42a2-b7ac-24b9bb91730e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="251860" ID-ZooBank="8FECCFC1-7CA9-4A90-B881-4BD40157AD99" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460928091107" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, T. Colin E." docDate="2014" docId="03AA87B3FFD43512FF79FC54273ADDAB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03872p354.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3872 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pardaleodes tibullus subsp. torensis Bethune-Baker 1906" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="320" masterDocId="FF93FFCBFFC63501FFEEFFD82603DF67" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders" masterLastPageNumber="354" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="319" updateTime="1698362795193" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BAEF480C1A5C4E111D7997B11087CE2E">
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<mods:title id="409EC530653B9641BAD6DB52318550E2">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7340AFE2D827D085E89F923B17436387">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="86D5AA543047998E5D8308969818441B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="EF6F149945E5B66F8C49D7B02C605C01">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E7260F3AF9BD93F54625693EC6C41FC1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BC5DEEED4FA6490261CF0EBD422560B0">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2D1F4F6F3B8DAA0F91840582AA2A2E59">3872</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AA87B3FFD43512FF79FC54273ADDAB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680984" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589811" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680984" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B3FFD43512FF79FC54273ADDAB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B3FFD43512FF79FC54273ADDAB" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="320" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<subSubSection id="C319652EFFD43512FF79FC54273ADDAB" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="320" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD43513FF79FC5424F8DCC1" blockId="18.[151,763,908,934]" box="[151,763,908,934]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<heading id="D0F481C9FFD43513FF79FC5424F8DCC1" bold="true" box="[151,763,908,934]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FF79FC5424F8DCC1" ID-CoL="5K7GF" authority="Bethune-Baker 1906" authorityName="Bethune-Baker" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,763,908,934]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tibullus" subSpecies="torensis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FF79FC5424F8DCC1" bold="true" box="[151,763,908,934]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FF79FC5427F0DCC1" bold="true" box="[151,499,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Pardaleodes tibullus torensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD43513FE15FC5424F8DCC1" author="Bethune-Baker" box="[507,763,908,934]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Bethune-Baker, G. T. (1906) Descriptions of African Lepidoptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 18, 339 - 346. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930608562623" type="journal article" year="1906">Bethune-Baker 1906</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD43513FF79FC0B24BEDA6C" blockId="18.[151,1436,978,1291]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD43513FF79FC0B272EDC8C" author="Evans" box="[151,301,979,1003]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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and earlier authors treated this species as
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FCE8FC0C2233DC8C" authority="Plotz 1879" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1879" box="[774,1072,978,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reichenowi">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FCE8FC0C259DDC8C" box="[774,926,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">P. reichenowi</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD43513FC42FC0A222BDC8C" author="Plotz" box="[940,1064,978,1003]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Plotz, C. (1879) Verzeichniss vom verstorbenen Prof. Dr. R. Buchholz in West-Africa - beim Meerbusem von Guinea - gesammelten Hesperien. Entomologische Zeitung, 40, 353 - 364. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / pdf 3 / 003834500035940. pdf (accessed 9 September 2014)" type="journal article" year="1879">Plötz 1879</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(described from Aburi (
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD43513FAAFFC0A238CDC8C" box="[1345,1423,978,1003]" name="Ghana" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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), Bonjongo (
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD43513FEF4FC2F2796DB68" box="[282,405,1015,1039]" name="Cameroon" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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), Eningo (
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD43513FDFDFC2F24B6DB68" box="[531,693,1014,1039]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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)). Later,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD43513FCCBFC2F25C2DB68" author="Evans" box="[805,961,1014,1039]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Evans, W. H. (1951) Revisional notes on African Hesperiidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 4, 1268 - 1272. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935108654256" type="journal article" year="1951">Evans (1951)</bibRefCitation>
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stated that the previously unrecognised
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FF79FBC2276DDB54" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[151,366,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibullus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FF79FBC226EFDB54" box="[151,236,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">tibullus</emphasis>
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(Fabricius)
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</taxonomicName>
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was the senior synonym.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD43513FD7BFBC22592DB54" author="Bethune-Baker" box="[661,913,1050,1075]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Bethune-Baker, G. T. (1906) Descriptions of African Lepidoptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 18, 339 - 346. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930608562623" type="journal article" year="1906">Bethune-Baker (1906)</bibRefCitation>
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described
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FBE2FBC42283DB54" box="[1036,1152,1052,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torensis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FBE2FBC42283DB54" box="[1036,1152,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">P. torensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Toro,
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD43513FAE4FBC22367DB54" box="[1290,1380,1050,1075]" name="Uganda" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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, as a valid species, but recognised that it might be the eastern form of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FC6FFBE725F1DB30" box="[897,1010,1086,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibullus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FC6FFBE725F1DB30" box="[897,1010,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">P. tibullus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD43513FBEFFBE7229ADB30" author="Evans" box="[1025,1177,1087,1111]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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treated the
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD43513FACFFBE72369DB30" box="[1313,1386,1087,1111]" name="Kenya" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD43513FF79FBBA26EDDB1C" box="[151,238,1122,1147]" name="Uganda" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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population as
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FE7DFBBC27E9DB1C" box="[403,490,1124,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torensis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FE7DFBBC27E9DB1C" box="[403,490,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">torensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which he considered a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FC74FBBC2209DB1C" box="[922,1034,1122,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibullus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FC74FBBC2209DB1C" box="[922,1034,1122,1147]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">P. tibullus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD43513FBF7FBBA2333DB1C" author="Lindsey" box="[1049,1328,1122,1147]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Lindsey, A. W. Jr. & Miller, L. D. (1965) Superfamily Hesperioidea. Family Hesperiidae. In: Fox, R. M., Lindsey, A. W. Jr., Clench, H. K. & Miller, L. D. (Eds.), The butterflies of Liberia. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 19, pp. 47 - 146." type="journal article" year="1965">Lindsey & Miller (1965)</bibRefCitation>
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found no reliable way to distinguish the two subspecies, and so considered
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FC6FFB5F25F1DBF8" box="[897,1010,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibullus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FC6FFB5F25F1DBF8" box="[897,1010,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">P. tibullus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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monotypic, which has been followed by some subsequent authors (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD43513FDF4FB7324CCDBA4" author="Carcasson" box="[538,719,1195,1219]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Carcasson, R. H. (1981) Collins Handguide to the Butterflies of Africa. Collins, London, 188 pp." type="book" year="1981">Carcasson 1981</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD43513FD33FB7225B5DBA4" author="Ackery" box="[733,950,1194,1219]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FCD6FB74256ADBA4" box="[824,873,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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). However,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD43513FBAEFB7322DCDBA4" author="Larsen" box="[1088,1247,1195,1219]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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recognised both subspecies, and in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD43513FE86FB17240BDB80" author="Larsen" box="[360,520,1230,1255]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. Vols. 1. & 2. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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, justified their separation as ‘the orange markings of the forewing are consistently broader in ssp.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FEACFB2A2795DA6C" box="[322,406,1266,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibullus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FEACFB2A2795DA6C" box="[322,406,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">tibullus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and more strongly fused’.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7C662DFFD43513FF79F8F826CCD833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251876/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" targetBox="[151,1436,1346,1799]" targetPageId="18">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD43513FF79F8F826CCD833" blockId="18.[151,1436,1824,1876]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FF79F8F8271CD852" bold="true" box="[151,287,1824,1846]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
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Adults of
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FE66F8F8245CD851" box="[392,607,1824,1846]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FE66F8F82458D851" box="[392,603,1824,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibullus">Pardaleodes tibullus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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Kakamega Forest, Kenya, 6 Apr 1990.
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FC00F8F825F8D852" bold="true" box="[1006,1019,1824,1845]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">1</emphasis>
|
||
, male sunbathing;
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FB54F8F822C5D852" bold="true" box="[1210,1222,1824,1845]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">2</emphasis>
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, at flower of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FAA3F8F926C9D833" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FAA3F8F926C9D833" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Justicia flava</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD43512FF29F85A239ADF9F" blockId="18.[151,1436,1921,2018]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,151,392]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="320" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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In
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD43513FF05F8592734D8FD" box="[235,311,1921,1946]" name="Ghana" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD43513FEA9F859248AD8FD" author="Sourakov" box="[327,649,1921,1946]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Sourakov, A. & Emmel, T. C. (1997) Notes on life histories of Pyrrhochalcia iphis and Pardaleodes tibullus (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Tropical Lepidoptera, 8 (Supplement 3), 32." type="journal article" year="1997">Sourakov & Emmel (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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found caterpillars of ssp.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FC28F8592219D8FD" box="[966,1050,1921,1946]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibullus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FC28F8592219D8FD" box="[966,1050,1921,1946]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">tibullus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
on a ‘wide-leaved forest grass’,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FF79F87D2700D8D9" box="[151,259,1957,1982]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FF79F87D2700D8D9" box="[151,259,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Cenchrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FEC2F87E27ACD8DA" box="[300,431,1958,1981]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FEC2F87E27ACD8DA" box="[300,431,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Pennisetum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) sp. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD43513FE1FF87D250BD8D9" box="[497,776,1957,1982]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Chemisquy, M. A., Giussani, L. M., Scataglini, M. A., Kellogg, E. A. & Morrone, O. N. (2010) Phylogenetic studies favour the unification of Pennisetum, Cenchrus and Odontelytrum (Poaceae): a combined nuclear, plastid and morphological analysis, and nomenclatural combinations in Cenchrus. Annals of Botany, 106, 107 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aob / mcq 090" type="journal article">
|
||
Chemisquy
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FD95F87E24AED8D9" box="[635,685,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
show that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FC69F87E2209D8DA" box="[903,1034,1958,1981]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FC69F87E2209D8DA" box="[903,1034,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Pennisetum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FBADF87D22ADD8D9" box="[1091,1198,1957,1982]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FBADF87D22ADD8D9" box="[1091,1198,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Cenchrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be combined under the older name,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FE7BF8112403D885" box="[405,512,1993,2018]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FE7BF8112403D885" box="[405,512,1993,2018]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Cenchrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although this is not followed universally; accordingly we show the synonymy in this paper where the earlier identification was as a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD53512FD30FF412563DFD7" box="[734,864,153,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD53512FD30FF412563DFD7" box="[734,864,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Pennisetum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.). They illustrate and briefly describe a mature caterpillar from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD53512FEBFFF64279DDFB2" box="[337,414,188,213]" name="Ghana" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
: ‘The larvae have little pigmentation, so that some areas of the body are translucent. The subdorsal areas are coated with a wax-type substance, which creates white longitudinal stripes. The head is black.’
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD53512FF29FEDD220BDEEF" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,392]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD53512FF07FEDD2736DE7A" box="[233,309,261,285]" name="Kenya" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, this is another species of western forests, particularly Kakamega Forest, where it is moderately common, and a species regularly seen. MJWC would consider it more common as an adult than
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD53512FAFBFEF12361DE27" box="[1301,1378,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">P. b ul e</emphasis>
|
||
, but collected only one pupa compared to several collections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD53512FCD3FE952589DE02" box="[829,906,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bule">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD53512FCD3FE952589DE02" box="[829,906,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">P. bule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
early stages. The adult behaviour is similar to the last: resting, sunbathing (Figure 16.1) and feeding at flowers (Figure 16.2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD53512FF79FE602714DEB7" blockId="19.[151,1437,439,717]" box="[151,279,439,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD53512FF79FE602714DEB7" box="[151,279,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Life history</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD53512FF79FE0425AEDD5B" blockId="19.[151,1437,439,717]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
|
||
MJWC found the food plant in Kakamega Forest,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD53512FD24FE052515DE92" box="[714,790,477,501]" name="Kenya" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD53512FCB1FE052239DE92" box="[863,1082,476,501]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD53512FCB1FE052239DE92" box="[863,1082,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, growing at the edge of a small clearing in the forest. Early stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD53512FDBAFE272518DD7F" box="[596,795,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bule">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD53512FDBAFE272518DD7F" box="[596,795,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Pardaleodes bule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected from the same plants in the immediate vicinity. The leaf shelters were not distinguished from those of
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD53512FCB5FDFD25A0DD5B" box="[859,931,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">P. b ul e</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD53512FF29FD90273ADDAB" blockId="19.[151,1437,439,717]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
|
||
No caterpillars were found, but the cast final instar skin and head capsule associated with the field-collected pupa showed that the head is 2.6 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFD53512FDC4FDB4247ADDE3" box="[554,633,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=1), dark brown, slightly paler on the dorsal part of the face, on the epicranium each side of the epicranial suture. The
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFD53512FCB6FD4825A3DDCF" box="[856,928,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="23.0">23mm</quantity>
|
||
pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFD53512FC02FD572258DDCF" box="[1004,1115,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1388,1410]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,772,1364]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,772,1364]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 17. Pupa of Pardaleodes tibullus, ventral view; collected on Setaria sp., Kakamega Forest, Kenya, 18 Jun 1990; photographed 18 Jun; adult 5 Jul; 23 mm; 91 / 45 C. The long pointed cremaster is partially obscured." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Figure 17</figureCitation>
|
||
) was not distinguished from that of
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD53512FF08FD6D272DDDAB" box="[230,302,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">P. b ul e</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |