238 lines
25 KiB
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238 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="FD786C46287A14EE6E7FE79EB0509344" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3278c375-6c89-42a2-b7ac-24b9bb91730e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="251860" ID-ZooBank="8FECCFC1-7CA9-4A90-B881-4BD40157AD99" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460928091107" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, T. Colin E." docDate="2014" docId="03AA87B3FFC43503FF79FD4822C0DA34" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03872p354.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3872 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Tsitana Evans 1937" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="303" masterDocId="FF93FFCBFFC63501FFEEFFD82603DF67" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders" masterLastPageNumber="354" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="303" updateTime="1698362795193" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="4126353629EA2785C5256BDBBE97A388">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C6200483ABD5DF41C0AD6B696B014C37">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5023F3F6EC3E6BF6CFDCE5CBC135D251">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="BF57B82EA27096A39240B8A990B065FE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D3FAEB8AE81BD09CE582CA9BA1B94222">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="3CFDB090CFD61250D06BC678CFF419B9">
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<mods:date id="E87D175A8CD6E7D81C80D5D00FBD7320">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="2B15696330A01BD2E634B95BEE4E6854" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="B69E4CC7DF12FA2C7A189720BAFA15AE">3872</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="EF8F41235BADC90B4A951570D2AFC15F">4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="5CEFCD97E2F2ED70D6F8566B3DC8803A" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AA87B3FFC43503FF79FD4822C0DA34" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680958" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589794" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680958" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B3FFC43503FF79FD4822C0DA34" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B3FFC43503FF79FD4822C0DA34" lastPageNumber="303" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<subSubSection id="C319652EFFC43503FF79FD4822FCDC50" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC43503FF79FD48278FDDCD" blockId="2.[151,396,656,682]" box="[151,396,656,682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<heading id="D0F481C9FFC43503FF79FD48278FDDCD" bold="true" box="[151,396,656,682]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FF79FD48278FDDCD" ID-CoL="92PZ5" authority="Evans, 1937" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,396,656,682]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tsitana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FF79FD48278FDDCD" bold="true" box="[151,396,656,682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FF79FD4826EEDDCD" bold="true" box="[151,237,656,682]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Tsitana</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FF18FD48278FDDCD" author="Evans" box="[246,396,656,682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC43503FF79FD0E22FCDC50" blockId="2.[151,1436,726,1363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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There are five species of this exclusively southern African genus, four from
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFC43503FBE1FD0E22A1DD88" box="[1039,1186,726,751]" name="South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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discussed below, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FF79FD24279FDC75" authority="Neave" authorityName="Neave" box="[151,412,762,787]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tsitana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wallacei">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FF79FD24274DDC74" box="[151,334,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Tsitana wallacei</emphasis>
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Neave
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFC43503FE0FFD222434DC74" box="[481,567,762,787]" name="Zambia" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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and the adjoining
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFC43503FCE9FD23257CDC74" box="[775,895,763,787]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFC43503FC5BFD222219DC74" box="[949,1050,762,787]" name="Tanzania" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FBC7FD2322B2DC74" author="Evans" box="[1065,1201,763,787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FB52FD22238CDC74" author="Ackery" box="[1212,1423,762,787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FAFBFD242346DC74" box="[1301,1349,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The four South African species are grass feeders, but only
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FCC6FCC725FDDC51" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[808,1022,798,823]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tsitana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uitenhaga">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FCC6FCC725B0DC50" box="[808,947,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">T. uitenhaga</emphasis>
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Evans
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</taxonomicName>
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has been documented.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319652EFFC43503FF29FC9C22C0DA34" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC43503FF29FC9C22E8DB1C" blockId="2.[151,1436,726,1363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FF29FC9C27C1DC3C" ID-CoL="59HKX" authority="Trimen" authorityName="Trimen" box="[199,450,834,859]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tsitana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tsita">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FF29FC9C2750DC3C" box="[199,339,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Tsitana tsita</emphasis>
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(Trimen)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FDEFFC9C2492DC3C" ID-CoL="9BJDY" box="[513,657,834,859]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tsitana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uitenhaga">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FDEFFC9C2492DC3C" box="[513,657,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">T. uitenhaga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are reported to feed on
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FC5AFC9B2262DC3C" ID-CoL="52QWW" box="[948,1121,834,859]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stipa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dregeana">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FC5AFC9B2262DC3C" box="[948,1121,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Stipa dregeana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FB9DFC9B230CDC3C" author="Murray" box="[1139,1295,834,859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Murray, D. (1959) The genitalia and food-plants of the South African Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Durban Museum Novitates, 5, 219 - 227, plates i - iii." type="journal article" year="1959">Murray 1959</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FAF0FC9A2726DC18" author="Dickson" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FEDBFCBE2415DC18" author="Pringle" box="[309,534,870,895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
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Pringle
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FE7CFCBF27CBDC18" box="[402,456,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
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. 1994
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FDC8FCBE251BDC18" author="Henning" box="[550,792,870,895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Vol. I. Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
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Henning
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FD7DFCBF24C9DC18" box="[659,714,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
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. 1997
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FCDFFCBF25DDDC18" ID-CoL="52QWW" box="[817,990,870,895]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stipa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dregeana">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FCDFFCBF25DDDC18" box="[817,990,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Stipa dregeana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been treated as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FA69FCBF26FDDCC4" ID-CoL="52R42" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stipa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="keniensis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FA69FCBF26FDDCC4" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">S. keniensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but this does not seem to be generally accepted as yet. Although
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FC07FC53227CDCC4" author="Evans" box="[1001,1151,907,931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FB59FC52239FDCC4" box="[1207,1436,906,931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FAFFFC542340DCC4" box="[1297,1347,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
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. (1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
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treat
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FF3DFC762740DCA0" ID-CoL="9BJDY" box="[211,323,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tsitana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uitenhaga">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FF3DFC762740DCA0" box="[211,323,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">uitenhaga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FDC6FC772477DCA1" ID-CoL="59HKX" box="[552,628,943,966]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tsitana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tsita">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FDC6FC772477DCA1" box="[552,628,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">T. tsita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, South African workers treat the two as separate species (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FAF3FC76271CDC8C" author="Dickson" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FEC4FC0A27F9DC8C" author="Pringle" box="[298,506,978,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
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Pringle
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FE6FFC0C27B1DC8C" box="[385,434,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
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. 1994
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FDEAFC0A24E7DC8C" author="Henning" box="[516,740,978,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Vol. I. Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
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Henning
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FD85FC0C249FDC8C" box="[619,668,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
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. 1997
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FD00FC0A259DDC8C" author="Woodhall" box="[750,926,978,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Woodhall, S. (2005) Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa, 440 pp." type="book" year="2005">Woodhall 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). Clark (in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FBF4FC0A2323DC8C" author="Dickson" box="[1050,1312,978,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
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) illustrates the complete life history of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FE07FC2F2479DB68" ID-CoL="9BJDY" box="[489,634,1014,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tsitana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uitenhaga">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FE07FC2F2479DB68" box="[489,634,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">T. uitenhaga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The ovum is dome-shaped, relatively tall, and rather smooth. The caterpillars are green, long and cylindrical, and there are six instars; the head is marked with brown and white in the final instar, black and white in the earlier instars, and plain black in the first instar. The pupa is white, cylindrical, downturned at the cremaster, with a dark head bearing a pair of short, upward-directed projections.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC43503FF29FB5F22C0DA34" blockId="2.[151,1436,726,1363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FF29FB5F27D9DBF9" ID-CoL="59HKY" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[199,474,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tsitana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tulbagha">
|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FF29FB5F278ADBF8" box="[199,393,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Tsitana tulbagha</emphasis>
|
|
Evans
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was recorded from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FD3DFB5E222ADBF8" ID-CoL="4P6DR" box="[723,1065,1158,1183]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pseudopentameris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrantha">
|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FD3DFB5E222ADBF8" box="[723,1065,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Pseudopentameris macrantha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FB8AFB5F236ADBF8" ID-CoL="76NCT" box="[1124,1385,1158,1183]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pentameris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrantha">
|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FB8AFB5F236ADBF8" box="[1124,1385,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Pentameris macrantha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FF79FB732740DBA4" author="Murray" box="[151,323,1194,1219]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Murray, D. (1959) The genitalia and food-plants of the South African Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Durban Museum Novitates, 5, 219 - 227, plates i - iii." type="journal article" year="1959">Murray (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. However, subsequent authors refer to the food plant as a coarse tussock grass,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FB02FB722367DBA4" ID-CoL="8VWR6" box="[1260,1380,1194,1219]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Danthonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FB02FB722367DBA4" box="[1260,1380,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Danthonia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
spp. (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FF70FB1627AFDB80" author="Dickson" box="[158,428,1230,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) or
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FE35FB16247ADB80" ID-CoL="8WHNR" box="[475,633,1230,1255]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Merxmuellera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FE35FB16247ADB80" box="[475,633,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Merxmuellera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
spp. (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FD51FB162596DB80" author="Pringle" box="[703,917,1230,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
|
Pringle
|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FCF4FB17254FDB80" box="[794,844,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 1994
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FC4FFB162285DB80" author="Henning" box="[929,1158,1230,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Vol. I. Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
|
|
Henning
|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FBE4FB17223FDB80" box="[1034,1084,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 1997
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), the latter genus having been separated from the former, and correctly applied to the African species.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FBFEFB2C2316DA6D" ID-CoL="59HKW" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[1040,1301,1266,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tsitana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dicksoni">
|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FBFEFB2C22CBDA6C" box="[1040,1224,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Tsitana dicksoni</emphasis>
|
|
Evans
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is recorded from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FF3BFACE2426DA48" ID-CoL="4P6DR" box="[213,549,1302,1327]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pseudopentameris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrantha">
|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FF3BFACE2426DA48" box="[213,549,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Pseudopentameris macrantha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FDB8FACF2554DA48" ID-CoL="76NCT" box="[598,855,1302,1327]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pentameris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrantha">
|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FDB8FACF2554DA48" box="[598,855,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Pentameris macrantha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FC62FACF2236DA48" author="Murray" box="[908,1077,1302,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Murray, D. (1959) The genitalia and food-plants of the South African Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Durban Museum Novitates, 5, 219 - 227, plates i - iii." type="journal article" year="1959">Murray (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, which is subsequently referred to as probably
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FED2FAE427D2DA34" ID-CoL="76NCT" box="[316,465,1338,1363]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pentameris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrantha">
|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FED2FAE427D2DA34" box="[316,465,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">P. macrantha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FE0EFAE224E8DA34" author="Dickson" box="[480,747,1338,1363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FD19FAE225CADA34" author="Pringle" box="[759,969,1338,1363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
|
Pringle
|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FCA1FAE42583DA34" box="[847,896,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 1994
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FC3AFAE222B4DA34" author="Henning" box="[980,1207,1338,1363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Vol. I. Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
|
|
Henning
|
|
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FBD2FAE4226FDA34" box="[1084,1132,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 1997
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |