124 lines
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124 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document id="3C859A5E3EB426D8506F36E23153C163" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3278c375-6c89-42a2-b7ac-24b9bb91730e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="251860" ID-ZooBank="8FECCFC1-7CA9-4A90-B881-4BD40157AD99" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460928091107" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, T. Colin E." docDate="2014" docId="03AA87B3FFC13509FF79F8DF27CFDC73" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03872p354.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3872 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Kedestes Watson 1893" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="309" masterDocId="FF93FFCBFFC63501FFEEFFD82603DF67" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders" masterLastPageNumber="354" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="308" updateTime="1698362795193" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="5550835CBD4D6DB661983DC051D5913D">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="089CF602026DF4B535AB84135AF602E3">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CEF4A349DD3052BA6EA1BB2C698A2854">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A30B460051856D6E2E3BF2B18DE7C946">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A3822C30DDA26D844F5AEA0726F70B6D">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8505DEF3AB5C5E0C8E1E79FEFD538011">3872</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AA87B3FFC13509FF79F8DF27CFDC73" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680970" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589768" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680970" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B3FFC13509FF79F8DF27CFDC73" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B3FFC13509FF79F8DF27CFDC73" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="309" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
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<subSubSection id="C319652EFFC13509FF79F8DF27CFDC73" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="309" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC13506FF79F8DF27ADD846" blockId="7.[151,430,1799,1825]" box="[151,430,1799,1825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
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<heading id="D0F481C9FFC13506FF79F8DF27ADD846" bold="true" box="[151,430,1799,1825]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC13506FF79F8DF27ADD846" ID-CoL="92CPD" authority="Watson, 1893" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,430,1799,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC13506FF79F8DF27ADD846" bold="true" box="[151,430,1799,1825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC13506FF79F8DF26FCD846" bold="true" box="[151,255,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Kedestes</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC13506FEE8F8DF27ADD846" author="Watson" box="[262,430,1799,1825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refString="Watson, E. Y. (1893) A proposed classification of the Hesperiidae, with a revision of the genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1893, 3 - 132, plates I - III." type="proceedings paper" year="1893">Watson, 1893</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC13509FF79F89F239FDDE2" blockId="7.[151,1436,1863,2032]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,789]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="309" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
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This is a purely Afrotropical genus of about 25 species, most of which occur in central and southern Africa, although two occur in West Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC13506FDDDF8B424BED8E3" author="Evans" box="[563,701,1900,1924]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC13506FD24F8B325A0D8E3" author="Ackery" box="[714,931,1899,1924]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC13506FCCBF8B4255BD8E3" box="[805,856,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC13506FC5EF8B42241D8E3" author="Larsen" box="[944,1090,1899,1924]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. Vols. 1. & 2. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC13506FBB8F8B422F5D8E3" author="Larsen" box="[1110,1270,1899,1924]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. Vols. 1. & 2. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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has suggested that it may be paraphyletic. There are food plant records for ten species, all from
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC13506FBBEF84822ACD8C0" box="[1104,1199,1936,1959]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
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, and nearly all from
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFC13506FF79F86B2724D8AB" box="[151,295,1971,1996]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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(
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<tableCitation id="C681031EFFC13506FED8F86B2789D8AB" box="[310,394,1971,1996]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[165,1420,205,1049]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Food plant records and illustrations of the early stages of Kedestes spp. from the literature." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7C662DFFC13506FF79FF4022D4DFC8" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" tableUuid="DF7C662DFFC13506FF79FF4022D4DFC8">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). The early stages of three were documented in detail by Clark (in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC13506FB6CF86B2393D8AB" author="Dickson" box="[1154,1424,1971,1996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
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):
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC13506FF79F800278FD897" authority="Trimen" authorityName="Trimen" box="[151,396,2007,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberae">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC13506FF79F800271DD897" box="[151,286,2007,2032]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">K. barberae</emphasis>
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(Trimen)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC13506FE79F80024A2D897" authority="Trimen" authorityName="Trimen" box="[407,673,2007,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niveostriga">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC13506FE79F8002435D888" box="[407,566,2008,2031]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">K. niveostriga</emphasis>
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(Trimen)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC13506FD36F80025C5D897" authority="Trimen" authorityName="Trimen" box="[728,966,2007,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macomo">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC13506FD36F8002554D888" box="[728,855,2008,2031]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">K. macomo</emphasis>
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(Trimen)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC13506FC3FF80F22EDD888" author="Pringle" box="[977,1262,2007,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refString="Pringle, E. L. & Schlosz, M. J. (1997) Description of a new subspecies of Kedestes niveostriga (Trimen) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from the Greyton District of the south-western Cape. Metamorphosis, 8 (4), 167 - 171." type="journal article" year="1997">Pringle & Schlosz (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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describe a new subspecies,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCE3509FECDFF4F24D6DFD7" authority="Pringle" authorityName="Pringle" box="[291,725,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="niveostriga" subSpecies="schloszi">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCE3509FECDFF4F2474DFD7" box="[291,631,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Kedestes niveostriga schloszi</emphasis>
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Pringle
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</taxonomicName>
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and document its life history, which closely resembles the nominate subspecies documented by Clark (in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCE3509FD4DFF6425AFDFB3" author="Dickson" box="[675,940,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
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) apart from the anal plate being black in the third instar (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCE3509FEF1FF0724AADF9F" author="Pringle" box="[287,681,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" refString="Pringle, E. L. & Schlosz, M. J. (1997) Description of a new subspecies of Kedestes niveostriga (Trimen) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from the Greyton District of the south-western Cape. Metamorphosis, 8 (4), 167 - 171." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="b">
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Pringle & Schlosz 1997,
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<figureCitation id="13382A20FFCE3509FDD4FF07249ADF9F" box="[570,665,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,654,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[148,1433,654,1685]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Early stages of Astictopterus stellata, collected as ovum on unidentified grass, Rondo Plateau, south-east Tanzania [TCEC]. 1, ovum, 29 Mar 1998; 2, first instar caterpillar in shelter, 4 Apr 1998; 3, second instar caterpillar, 25 Apr 1998; 4, third instar caterpillar, 9 May 1998; 5, unknown instar, newly moulted, 4 Jul 1998; 10 mm (MJWC 98 / 200)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251862/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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b
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The ovum measures
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<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFCE3509FC48FF3825FFDF90" box="[934,1020,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
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in diameter. The detailed description of feeding habits and shelters is informative: ‘After consuming the eggshell, the larva crawls to within a short distance of the tip of the grass blade, where it stitches the edges of the blade together to form a tube. It then feeds on the end of the blade and on the tube itself; as the tube shortens, the larva stitches the blade together at the lower end, thereby continually shortening the grass blade. At the end of the first instar, the larva moults … it then retreats down the grass blade and forms a new tube before eating away the bottom edge of the old tube. When the vacated tube has been severed, the larva reverts to feeding at the outer edge of the new tube. The blades of the host-plant grow to more than a metre in length, and become wider towards the base; the wider blade, when tubed, therefore more easily accommodates the growing larva. There are five larval instars; the first three are completed on a single blade of the host plant; in their final two stages, however, the larvae join two fresh blades together, using one or two large stitches to secure the two blades lower down, as well as a short distance from the tips; the tube is then formed midway between these two points. … Pupation takes place in a tube of dry grass which the larva stitches together.’
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCE3509FF29FD4827CFDC73" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">
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Most authors suggest that the whole genus will be found to be grass-feeders and this seems reasonable to us. The known ova are domed and smooth; the caterpillars are elongate, cylindrical, mostly green, the heads marked in shades of pale and dark colours; the pupa are cylindrical with extensive dark areas (Clark in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCE3509FB20FD0F26D1DC73" author="Dickson" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCE3509FF33FD2427BCDC73" author="Henning" box="[221,447,764,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Vol. I. Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
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Henning
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCE3509FEAAFD252776DC72" box="[324,373,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">et al</emphasis>
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. 1997
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |