590 lines
88 KiB
XML
590 lines
88 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.7717/peerj.9071" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ae249662-d6f6-4acf-ae69-420220f5034b" ID-ISSN="2167-8359" ID-PMC="PMC7261123" ID-PubMed="32518717" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4621673" approvedBy="poa" checkinTime="1616165761888" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Zhang, Ruiyan, Zhou, Yadong, Xiao, Ning & Wang, Chunsheng" docDate="2020" docId="03AA5044842EFFD80E14FEEAFDBFFC55" docLanguage="en" docName="PeerJ.8.e9071.pdf" docOrigin="PeerJ 8" docTitle="Astrolirus patricki Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FF93283C842AFFD10C16FF8AFF95FFB2" masterDocTitle="A new sponge-associated starfish, Astrolirus patricki sp. nov. (Asteroidea: Brisingida: Brisingidae), from the northwestern Pacific seamounts" masterLastPageNumber="e 9071" masterPageNumber="e 9071" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1668138814430" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new sponge-associated starfish, Astrolirus patricki sp. nov. (Asteroidea: Brisingida: Brisingidae), from the northwestern Pacific seamounts</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhang, Ruiyan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhou, Yadong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Xiao, Ning</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wang, Chunsheng</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PeerJ</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2020-05-27</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>8</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>e 9071</mods:start>
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<mods:end>e 9071</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.7717/peerj.9071</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">ae249662-d6f6-4acf-ae69-420220f5034b</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">2167-8359</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC7261123</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">32518717</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">4621673</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621679" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180598412" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4621679" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA5044842EFFD80E14FEEAFDBFFC55" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA5044842EFFD80E14FEEAFDBFFC55" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection box="[514,803,352,376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[514,1264,352,412]" box="[514,803,352,376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading bold="true" box="[514,803,352,376]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[514,803,352,376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" box="[514,714,352,376]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[514,714,352,376]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Astrolirus patricki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[719,803,352,376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[514,1264,352,412]" box="[514,1264,388,412]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<uri box="[514,1264,388,412]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid box="[767,1264,388,412]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">0F238379-CD10-4E51-A74A-0FEF055D72A5</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[523,648,433,460]" box="[523,648,433,460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[534,637,433,460]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStartId-0="2.[507,571,801,823]" captionStartId-1="5.[507,571,1392,1414]" captionStartId-2="6.[507,571,1556,1578]" captionStartId-3="7.[507,571,542,564]" captionTargetBox-0="[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetBox-1="[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetBox-2="[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetBox-3="[491,1514,229,497]" captionTargetId-0="figure-8@2.[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetId-1="figure-8@5.[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetId-2="figure-8@6.[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetId-3="figure-8@7.[491,1514,229,497]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionText-0="Figure 1 In situ photographs of Astrolirus patricki sp. nov. (A) Holotype RSIOAS044. (B) Paratype RSIOAS028. (C) Paratype RSIOAS003. (D) Paratype RSIOAS052. (E) Paratype MBM286625. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-1" captionText-1="Figure 2 Astrolirus patricki sp. nov., abactinal view. (A) Paratype RSIOAS028. (B) Paratype RSIOAS003. (C), (D), (H), holotype RSIOAS044, (C) Abactinal surface of disk and proximal part of arms, with red arrow pointing at the madreporite body, white arrow at the interradial plate and yellow arrows at the marginal plates. The red frame indicates the proximal region of arm connecting the disk and genital region, where pedicellariae do no form regular costae. (D) Abactinal surface of arm genital area with mosaic plating, red arrows show the costae bands. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, abactinal surface of arm genital area, red arrows show the costae bands. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, zoom in view of the abactinal disk, showing the multiple sharp spinelets on disk plates. (G) Paratype RSIOAS052, a piece of dissected skin from abactinal disk, shot from the inner side of the skin, showing the small round disk plates. (H) Abactinal surface at the middle of arm, black arrows indicate the pedicellariae bands. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-2" captionText-2="Figure 3 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. actinal view. (A D), (G), holotype RSIOAS044. (A) Actinal surface of the disk. (B) oral plates and spines; (C) Interradial angle between arms, red arrow shows the first marginal plates, yellow arrow shows the second marginal plate. (D) Lateral view of the disk, showing the conjunction of plates in the interradii. Red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, lateral view of the disk, red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, adambulacral plates and spines at the middle of arm, yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrows show the furrow spines, red arrows show the lateral spines. (G) One of the paired gonads and digestive caeca in genital area. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-3" captionText-3="Figure 4 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. holotype RSIOAS044, mosaic image of abactinal arm. Yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrow shows the aboral furrow spine, black arrow shows the adoral furrow spine, red arrows show the lateral spines. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-4" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621677" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621681" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621683" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621685" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4621677/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4621681/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4621683/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4621685/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[491,1542,504,1914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,619,504,530]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Arms 7, robust. Intercostal integument densely covered by irregular, abutting plates. No syzygy between proximal arm plates. The first pair of adambulacral plates separated byapair of marginal plates. Alargeinterradial plateabove thefirst marginal plates, visible from the abactinal side, covered by scattered spinelets. Mouth spines and proximal adambulacral spines robust, densely distributed. Suboral spines 3 4; subambulacral spines 1 2, proximal ones truncate, capitate. One lateral spine to each adambulacral plate, starting from about the 8th. Apair of gonads to each arm.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="etymology">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[491,1542,504,1914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,629,781,807]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The name is originatedfrom the character ‘‘Patrick Star’’ inthe famous cartoon ‘‘SpongeBob Squarepants’’, who always spends time with his best friend ‘‘SpongeBob’’, a benthic sponge. Since all specimens of the new species were observed in situ living on sponges (
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<figureCitation box="[602,666,900,926]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[507,571,801,823]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1 In situ photographs of Astrolirus patricki sp. nov. (A) Holotype RSIOAS044. (B) Paratype RSIOAS028. (C) Paratype RSIOAS003. (D) Paratype RSIOAS052. (E) Paratype MBM286625. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621677/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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), it was name by Patrick to reflect this curious relationship.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[491,1542,504,1914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,725,939,965]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3057243301" box="[733,995,939,966]" collectionCode="RSIOAS" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="RSIOAS044" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus box="[733,845,940,966]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holotype</typeStatus>
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,
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<specimenCode box="[857,995,939,965]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">RSIOAS044</specimenCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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(
|
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<figureCitation box="[1014,1098,939,966]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[507,571,801,823]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1 In situ photographs of Astrolirus patricki sp. nov. (A) Holotype RSIOAS044. (B) Paratype RSIOAS028. (C) Paratype RSIOAS003. (D) Paratype RSIOAS052. (E) Paratype MBM286625. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621677/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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), 7 arms, of which 3 attached to the disk, others detached.
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||
<emphasis box="[753,763,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">r</emphasis>
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||
=
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||
<quantity box="[798,891,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5 mm</quantity>
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||
, the longest broken arm measures
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<quantity box="[1299,1396,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="153.0">153 mm</quantity>
|
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without the missing tip. Length of genital area
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<quantity box="[895,980,1018,1045]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
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, broadest part of arm measures
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<quantity box="[1356,1428,1018,1044]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="4.[491,1542,504,1914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3057243302" box="[523,771,1058,1084]" collectionCode="RSIOAS" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="RSIOAS028" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[523,625,1058,1084]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paratype</typeStatus>
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||
<specimenCode box="[633,771,1058,1084]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">RSIOAS028</specimenCode>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[790,872,1058,1084]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[507,571,801,823]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1 In situ photographs of Astrolirus patricki sp. nov. (A) Holotype RSIOAS044. (B) Paratype RSIOAS028. (C) Paratype RSIOAS003. (D) Paratype RSIOAS052. (E) Paratype MBM286625. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621677/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
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), 7 arms, including 3 regenerating ones, all attaching to the disk;
|
||
<emphasis box="[598,608,1098,1123]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">r</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity box="[644,716,1097,1123]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, the longest arm measures
|
||
<quantity box="[1035,1134,1097,1124]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="153.0">153 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1147,1166,1097,1123]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R</collectionCode>
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||
/r = 21.9; length of genital area
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||
<quantity box="[491,577,1137,1163]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity>
|
||
, broadest part of arm measures nine mm wide.
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||
<typeStatus box="[1141,1243,1137,1163]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paratype</typeStatus>
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RSIOAS003 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1408,1492,1137,1163]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[507,571,801,823]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1 In situ photographs of Astrolirus patricki sp. nov. (A) Holotype RSIOAS044. (B) Paratype RSIOAS028. (C) Paratype RSIOAS003. (D) Paratype RSIOAS052. (E) Paratype MBM286625. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621677/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
), 7 arms, all arm detached from the disk;
|
||
<emphasis box="[937,947,1177,1202]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">r</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity box="[983,1068,1176,1202]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1080,1098,1176,1202]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R</collectionCode>
|
||
= 190
|
||
<quantity box="[1192,1292,1176,1202]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1304,1323,1176,1202]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R</collectionCode>
|
||
/r = 19 20; length of genital area about
|
||
<quantity box="[739,824,1216,1242]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
, broadest part of arm 9
|
||
<quantity box="[1114,1199,1216,1242]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
, at 15
|
||
<quantity box="[1283,1366,1216,1242]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
from the disk.
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3057243303" box="[491,739,1255,1282]" collectionCode="RSIOAS" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="RSIOAS052" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[491,593,1255,1281]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[601,739,1256,1282]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">RSIOAS052</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[758,844,1255,1282]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[507,571,801,823]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1 In situ photographs of Astrolirus patricki sp. nov. (A) Holotype RSIOAS044. (B) Paratype RSIOAS028. (C) Paratype RSIOAS003. (D) Paratype RSIOAS052. (E) Paratype MBM286625. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621677/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
), 7 arms,
|
||
<emphasis box="[964,974,1256,1281]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">r</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity box="[1010,1104,1255,1282]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, the longest arm measures
|
||
<quantity box="[1424,1524,1255,1282]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.68" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="168.0">168 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[491,510,1295,1321]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R</collectionCode>
|
||
/r = 22.4.
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||
<typeStatus box="[628,730,1295,1321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paratype</typeStatus>
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||
<collectionCode box="[737,806,1295,1321]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fc7c-p25f" name="San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammals" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MBM</collectionCode>
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286625 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[907,986,1295,1321]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[507,571,801,823]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1 In situ photographs of Astrolirus patricki sp. nov. (A) Holotype RSIOAS044. (B) Paratype RSIOAS028. (C) Paratype RSIOAS003. (D) Paratype RSIOAS052. (E) Paratype MBM286625. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621677/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
), 7 arms,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1103,1113,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">r</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity box="[1148,1240,1295,1321]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1251,1269,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1251,1269,1295,1320]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R</collectionCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity box="[1301,1400,1295,1321]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="171.0">171 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1411,1430,1295,1321]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R</collectionCode>
|
||
/r = 22.8; length of genital area about
|
||
<quantity box="[818,904,1334,1360]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
|
||
, broadest part of arm
|
||
<quantity box="[1164,1257,1334,1361]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[491,1542,504,1914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,829,1373,1400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Description of the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[715,824,1374,1400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Arms 7. Disk thick, elevated from the plane of arms (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[507,571,1392,1414]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2 Astrolirus patricki sp. nov., abactinal view. (A) Paratype RSIOAS028. (B) Paratype RSIOAS003. (C), (D), (H), holotype RSIOAS044, (C) Abactinal surface of disk and proximal part of arms, with red arrow pointing at the madreporite body, white arrow at the interradial plate and yellow arrows at the marginal plates. The red frame indicates the proximal region of arm connecting the disk and genital region, where pedicellariae do no form regular costae. (D) Abactinal surface of arm genital area with mosaic plating, red arrows show the costae bands. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, abactinal surface of arm genital area, red arrows show the costae bands. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, zoom in view of the abactinal disk, showing the multiple sharp spinelets on disk plates. (G) Paratype RSIOAS052, a piece of dissected skin from abactinal disk, shot from the inner side of the skin, showing the small round disk plates. (H) Abactinal surface at the middle of arm, black arrows indicate the pedicellariae bands. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621681/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 2A 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abactinal surface of disk covered by small rounded plates (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1307,1394,1413,1440]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[507,571,1392,1414]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2 Astrolirus patricki sp. nov., abactinal view. (A) Paratype RSIOAS028. (B) Paratype RSIOAS003. (C), (D), (H), holotype RSIOAS044, (C) Abactinal surface of disk and proximal part of arms, with red arrow pointing at the madreporite body, white arrow at the interradial plate and yellow arrows at the marginal plates. The red frame indicates the proximal region of arm connecting the disk and genital region, where pedicellariae do no form regular costae. (D) Abactinal surface of arm genital area with mosaic plating, red arrows show the costae bands. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, abactinal surface of arm genital area, red arrows show the costae bands. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, zoom in view of the abactinal disk, showing the multiple sharp spinelets on disk plates. (G) Paratype RSIOAS052, a piece of dissected skin from abactinal disk, shot from the inner side of the skin, showing the small round disk plates. (H) Abactinal surface at the middle of arm, black arrows indicate the pedicellariae bands. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621681/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
) bearing multiple sharp, thin spinelets, with few scattered pedicellariae between and at the base of the spinelets (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[655,793,1492,1519]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[507,571,1392,1414]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2 Astrolirus patricki sp. nov., abactinal view. (A) Paratype RSIOAS028. (B) Paratype RSIOAS003. (C), (D), (H), holotype RSIOAS044, (C) Abactinal surface of disk and proximal part of arms, with red arrow pointing at the madreporite body, white arrow at the interradial plate and yellow arrows at the marginal plates. The red frame indicates the proximal region of arm connecting the disk and genital region, where pedicellariae do no form regular costae. (D) Abactinal surface of arm genital area with mosaic plating, red arrows show the costae bands. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, abactinal surface of arm genital area, red arrows show the costae bands. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, zoom in view of the abactinal disk, showing the multiple sharp spinelets on disk plates. (G) Paratype RSIOAS052, a piece of dissected skin from abactinal disk, shot from the inner side of the skin, showing the small round disk plates. (H) Abactinal surface at the middle of arm, black arrows indicate the pedicellariae bands. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621681/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 2C, 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Madreporite body locates at the margin of the disk, elliptical with a curved rift in the center (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[866,949,1531,1558]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[507,571,1392,1414]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2 Astrolirus patricki sp. nov., abactinal view. (A) Paratype RSIOAS028. (B) Paratype RSIOAS003. (C), (D), (H), holotype RSIOAS044, (C) Abactinal surface of disk and proximal part of arms, with red arrow pointing at the madreporite body, white arrow at the interradial plate and yellow arrows at the marginal plates. The red frame indicates the proximal region of arm connecting the disk and genital region, where pedicellariae do no form regular costae. (D) Abactinal surface of arm genital area with mosaic plating, red arrows show the costae bands. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, abactinal surface of arm genital area, red arrows show the costae bands. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, zoom in view of the abactinal disk, showing the multiple sharp spinelets on disk plates. (G) Paratype RSIOAS052, a piece of dissected skin from abactinal disk, shot from the inner side of the skin, showing the small round disk plates. (H) Abactinal surface at the middle of arm, black arrows indicate the pedicellariae bands. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621681/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Papulae absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[491,1542,504,1914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Abactinal surface of arm within genital area densely covered by abutting plates of irregular scale forms. Pedicellariae scattered in the proximal region connecting disk and the genital area, not forming costae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[918,1001,1650,1677]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[507,571,1392,1414]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2 Astrolirus patricki sp. nov., abactinal view. (A) Paratype RSIOAS028. (B) Paratype RSIOAS003. (C), (D), (H), holotype RSIOAS044, (C) Abactinal surface of disk and proximal part of arms, with red arrow pointing at the madreporite body, white arrow at the interradial plate and yellow arrows at the marginal plates. The red frame indicates the proximal region of arm connecting the disk and genital region, where pedicellariae do no form regular costae. (D) Abactinal surface of arm genital area with mosaic plating, red arrows show the costae bands. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, abactinal surface of arm genital area, red arrows show the costae bands. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, zoom in view of the abactinal disk, showing the multiple sharp spinelets on disk plates. (G) Paratype RSIOAS052, a piece of dissected skin from abactinal disk, shot from the inner side of the skin, showing the small round disk plates. (H) Abactinal surface at the middle of arm, black arrows indicate the pedicellariae bands. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621681/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Costae present within the genital area, about
|
||
<quantity box="[491,552,1689,1716]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="in" value="30.0">30 in</quantity>
|
||
number; costae thin, densely located (two to each adambulacral plate), composed of raised band of pedicellariae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[861,1001,1729,1756]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[507,571,1392,1414]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2 Astrolirus patricki sp. nov., abactinal view. (A) Paratype RSIOAS028. (B) Paratype RSIOAS003. (C), (D), (H), holotype RSIOAS044, (C) Abactinal surface of disk and proximal part of arms, with red arrow pointing at the madreporite body, white arrow at the interradial plate and yellow arrows at the marginal plates. The red frame indicates the proximal region of arm connecting the disk and genital region, where pedicellariae do no form regular costae. (D) Abactinal surface of arm genital area with mosaic plating, red arrows show the costae bands. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, abactinal surface of arm genital area, red arrows show the costae bands. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, zoom in view of the abactinal disk, showing the multiple sharp spinelets on disk plates. (G) Paratype RSIOAS052, a piece of dissected skin from abactinal disk, shot from the inner side of the skin, showing the small round disk plates. (H) Abactinal surface at the middle of arm, black arrows indicate the pedicellariae bands. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621681/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 2D 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Beyond the genital area, pedicellariae forms bands wider than costae, two to each adambulacrals (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1123,1210,1768,1795]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[507,571,1392,1414]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2 Astrolirus patricki sp. nov., abactinal view. (A) Paratype RSIOAS028. (B) Paratype RSIOAS003. (C), (D), (H), holotype RSIOAS044, (C) Abactinal surface of disk and proximal part of arms, with red arrow pointing at the madreporite body, white arrow at the interradial plate and yellow arrows at the marginal plates. The red frame indicates the proximal region of arm connecting the disk and genital region, where pedicellariae do no form regular costae. (D) Abactinal surface of arm genital area with mosaic plating, red arrows show the costae bands. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, abactinal surface of arm genital area, red arrows show the costae bands. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, zoom in view of the abactinal disk, showing the multiple sharp spinelets on disk plates. (G) Paratype RSIOAS052, a piece of dissected skin from abactinal disk, shot from the inner side of the skin, showing the small round disk plates. (H) Abactinal surface at the middle of arm, black arrows indicate the pedicellariae bands. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621681/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Apair of gonads to each arm. Each gonad with 3 6 oval pedals (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[952,1037,1808,1835]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1556,1578]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. actinal view. (A D), (G), holotype RSIOAS044. (A) Actinal surface of the disk. (B) oral plates and spines; (C) Interradial angle between arms, red arrow shows the first marginal plates, yellow arrow shows the second marginal plate. (D) Lateral view of the disk, showing the conjunction of plates in the interradii. Red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, lateral view of the disk, red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, adambulacral plates and spines at the middle of arm, yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrows show the furrow spines, red arrows show the lateral spines. (G) One of the paired gonads and digestive caeca in genital area. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621683/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[491,1542,504,1914]" lastBlockId="5.[491,1541,1761,1907]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Adambulacral plate in proximal area subquadrate, elongated in middle and distal part of the arms (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[646,711,1887,1914]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[507,571,542,564]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,497]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[491,1514,229,497]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. holotype RSIOAS044, mosaic image of abactinal arm. Yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrow shows the aboral furrow spine, black arrow shows the adoral furrow spine, red arrows show the lateral spines. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621685/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Proximally the ambulacral groove almost completely concealed by adambulacral spines (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[744,806,1761,1788]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[507,571,542,564]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,497]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[491,1514,229,497]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. holotype RSIOAS044, mosaic image of abactinal arm. Yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrow shows the aboral furrow spine, black arrow shows the adoral furrow spine, red arrows show the lateral spines. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621685/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The first pair of adambulacral plates on adjacent arms entirely separated by a pair of marginal plates (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[948,1091,1801,1828]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1556,1578]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. actinal view. (A D), (G), holotype RSIOAS044. (A) Actinal surface of the disk. (B) oral plates and spines; (C) Interradial angle between arms, red arrow shows the first marginal plates, yellow arrow shows the second marginal plate. (D) Lateral view of the disk, showing the conjunction of plates in the interradii. Red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, lateral view of the disk, red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, adambulacral plates and spines at the middle of arm, yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrows show the furrow spines, red arrows show the lateral spines. (G) One of the paired gonads and digestive caeca in genital area. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621683/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 3C 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). No syzygy between proximal plates. The first pair of marginal plates unit closely with an interradial plate (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1307,1392,1841,1867]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1556,1578]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. actinal view. (A D), (G), holotype RSIOAS044. (A) Actinal surface of the disk. (B) oral plates and spines; (C) Interradial angle between arms, red arrow shows the first marginal plates, yellow arrow shows the second marginal plate. (D) Lateral view of the disk, showing the conjunction of plates in the interradii. Red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, lateral view of the disk, red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, adambulacral plates and spines at the middle of arm, yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrows show the furrow spines, red arrows show the lateral spines. (G) One of the paired gonads and digestive caeca in genital area. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621683/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Interradial plate large, nearly naked, extending to the abactinal side of disk (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1269,1354,1881,1907]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[507,571,1392,1414]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2 Astrolirus patricki sp. nov., abactinal view. (A) Paratype RSIOAS028. (B) Paratype RSIOAS003. (C), (D), (H), holotype RSIOAS044, (C) Abactinal surface of disk and proximal part of arms, with red arrow pointing at the madreporite body, white arrow at the interradial plate and yellow arrows at the marginal plates. The red frame indicates the proximal region of arm connecting the disk and genital region, where pedicellariae do no form regular costae. (D) Abactinal surface of arm genital area with mosaic plating, red arrows show the costae bands. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, abactinal surface of arm genital area, red arrows show the costae bands. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, zoom in view of the abactinal disk, showing the multiple sharp spinelets on disk plates. (G) Paratype RSIOAS052, a piece of dissected skin from abactinal disk, shot from the inner side of the skin, showing the small round disk plates. (H) Abactinal surface at the middle of arm, black arrows indicate the pedicellariae bands. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621681/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Proximally
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621681" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4621681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621681/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[507,571,1392,1414]" targetBox="[491,1516,229,1347]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[507,1526,1392,1707]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,1024,1392,1415]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Figure 2
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" box="[607,786,1393,1415]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[607,786,1393,1415]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Astrolirus patricki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[790,867,1393,1414]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, abactinal view.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) Paratype RSIOAS028. (B) Paratype RSIOAS003. (C), (D), (H), holotype RSIOAS044, (C) Abactinal surface of disk and proximal part of arms, with red arrow pointing at the madreporite body, white arrow at the interradial plate and yellow arrows at the marginal plates. The red frame indicates the proximal region of arm connecting the disk and genital region, where pedicellariae do no form regular costae. (D) Abactinal surface of arm genital area with mosaic plating, red arrows show the costae bands. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, abactinal surface of arm genital area, red arrows show the costae bands. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, zoom in view of the abactinal disk, showing the multiple sharp spinelets on disk plates. (G) Paratype RSIOAS052, a piece of dissected skin from abactinal disk, shot from the inner side of the skin, showing the small round disk plates. (H) Abactinal surface at the middle of arm, black arrows indicate the pedicellariae bands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[507,1526,1392,1707]" box="[1125,1526,1685,1707]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-2</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621683" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4621683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621683/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[507,571,1556,1578]" targetBox="[491,1514,229,1511]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[507,1526,1556,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,1000,1556,1578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Figure 3
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[607,791,1556,1578]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1917" box="[607,706,1556,1578]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrolirus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" box="[714,791,1556,1578]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">patricki</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[796,872,1556,1577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
actinal view.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A D), (G), holotype RSIOAS044. (A) Actinal surface of the disk. (B) oral plates and spines; (C) Interradial angle between arms, red arrow shows the first marginal plates, yellow arrow shows the second marginal plate. (D) Lateral view of the disk, showing the conjunction of plates in the interradii. Red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, lateral view of the disk, red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, adambulacral plates and spines at the middle of arm, yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrows show the furrow spines, red arrows show the lateral spines. (G) One of the paired gonads and digestive caeca in genital area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[507,1526,1556,1842]" box="[1125,1526,1820,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-3</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621685" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4621685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621685/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[507,571,542,564]" targetBox="[491,1514,229,497]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[507,1525,542,652]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,1403,542,564]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Figure 4
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[607,791,542,564]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1917" box="[607,706,542,564]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrolirus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" box="[714,791,542,564]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">patricki</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[796,872,542,563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
holotype RSIOAS044, mosaic image of abactinal arm.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrow shows the aboral furrow spine, black arrow shows the adoral furrow spine, red arrows show the lateral spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[507,1525,542,652]" box="[1125,1525,630,652]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-4</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[491,1542,706,1914]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
2 3 marginal plates well-developed, present on the lateral side of the arm (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1373,1457,706,732]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[507,571,1392,1414]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2 Astrolirus patricki sp. nov., abactinal view. (A) Paratype RSIOAS028. (B) Paratype RSIOAS003. (C), (D), (H), holotype RSIOAS044, (C) Abactinal surface of disk and proximal part of arms, with red arrow pointing at the madreporite body, white arrow at the interradial plate and yellow arrows at the marginal plates. The red frame indicates the proximal region of arm connecting the disk and genital region, where pedicellariae do no form regular costae. (D) Abactinal surface of arm genital area with mosaic plating, red arrows show the costae bands. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, abactinal surface of arm genital area, red arrows show the costae bands. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, zoom in view of the abactinal disk, showing the multiple sharp spinelets on disk plates. (G) Paratype RSIOAS052, a piece of dissected skin from abactinal disk, shot from the inner side of the skin, showing the small round disk plates. (H) Abactinal surface at the middle of arm, black arrows indicate the pedicellariae bands. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621681/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The following marginal plates degrade to a line of protuberances on the side and corresponding to each adambulacral plates, bearing long lateral spine. Lateral spine present from about the 8th adambulacral plate, one to each plate (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1043,1134,824,851]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1556,1578]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. actinal view. (A D), (G), holotype RSIOAS044. (A) Actinal surface of the disk. (B) oral plates and spines; (C) Interradial angle between arms, red arrow shows the first marginal plates, yellow arrow shows the second marginal plate. (D) Lateral view of the disk, showing the conjunction of plates in the interradii. Red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, lateral view of the disk, red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, adambulacral plates and spines at the middle of arm, yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrows show the furrow spines, red arrows show the lateral spines. (G) One of the paired gonads and digestive caeca in genital area. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621683/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1149,1163,824,850]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[507,571,542,564]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,497]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[491,1514,229,497]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. holotype RSIOAS044, mosaic image of abactinal arm. Yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrow shows the aboral furrow spine, black arrow shows the adoral furrow spine, red arrows show the lateral spines. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621685/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The longest measures 15
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[491,1542,706,1914]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Adambulacral plate armature includes: (1) 2 subambulacral spines and 1 aboral furrow spine, forming a diagonal row; the outer subambulacral spine usually the largest and most robust; (2) 1 adoral furrow spine, thinner than the aboral one (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1243,1308,981,1008]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[507,571,542,564]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,497]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[491,1514,229,497]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. holotype RSIOAS044, mosaic image of abactinal arm. Yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrow shows the aboral furrow spine, black arrow shows the adoral furrow spine, red arrows show the lateral spines. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621685/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The first pair of adambulacral plate bear a diagonal line of 4 5 spines, two on the surface of the plate, and 2 3 smaller ones on the distal furrow corner (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1034,1175,1060,1087]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1556,1578]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. actinal view. (A D), (G), holotype RSIOAS044. (A) Actinal surface of the disk. (B) oral plates and spines; (C) Interradial angle between arms, red arrow shows the first marginal plates, yellow arrow shows the second marginal plate. (D) Lateral view of the disk, showing the conjunction of plates in the interradii. Red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, lateral view of the disk, red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, adambulacral plates and spines at the middle of arm, yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrows show the furrow spines, red arrows show the lateral spines. (G) One of the paired gonads and digestive caeca in genital area. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621683/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 3B 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). At middle and distal part of arm, the number of subambulacral spine on each adambulacral plate reduces to 1 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1460,1524,1100,1126]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[507,571,542,564]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,497]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[491,1514,229,497]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. holotype RSIOAS044, mosaic image of abactinal arm. Yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrow shows the aboral furrow spine, black arrow shows the adoral furrow spine, red arrows show the lateral spines. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621685/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Proximal subambulacral spinestruncate form, capitate (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1135,1216,1139,1165]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1556,1578]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. actinal view. (A D), (G), holotype RSIOAS044. (A) Actinal surface of the disk. (B) oral plates and spines; (C) Interradial angle between arms, red arrow shows the first marginal plates, yellow arrow shows the second marginal plate. (D) Lateral view of the disk, showing the conjunction of plates in the interradii. Red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, lateral view of the disk, red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, adambulacral plates and spines at the middle of arm, yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrows show the furrow spines, red arrows show the lateral spines. (G) One of the paired gonads and digestive caeca in genital area. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621683/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The furrow spines become shorter and thinner on distal plates. All adambulacral spines bear pedicellariae, leaving only the tip of the spines naked.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[491,1542,706,1914]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Mouth plate large, bearing 3 4 robust suboral spines, forming a diagonal line, similar in form with the proximal subambulacral spines (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1086,1226,1296,1323]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1556,1578]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. actinal view. (A D), (G), holotype RSIOAS044. (A) Actinal surface of the disk. (B) oral plates and spines; (C) Interradial angle between arms, red arrow shows the first marginal plates, yellow arrow shows the second marginal plate. (D) Lateral view of the disk, showing the conjunction of plates in the interradii. Red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, lateral view of the disk, red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, adambulacral plates and spines at the middle of arm, yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrows show the furrow spines, red arrows show the lateral spines. (G) One of the paired gonads and digestive caeca in genital area. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621683/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 3A 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
); 2 small furrow spines present on the aboral corner of the plate, close to the first adambulacral plate; on the oral margin, the plate bears 2 very minute spines, one pointing to the actinostome and one pointing rather to the furrow, forming a sharp angle with the former. All oral spines bear pedicellariae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[491,1542,706,1914]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,780,1493,1519]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Variations in
|
||
<typeStatus box="[656,775,1493,1519]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[867,981,1494,1520]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, adambulacral plates at middle and distal part of arm bear equal number of spines as the proximal adambulacral plates (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1354,1433,1533,1559]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1556,1578]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. actinal view. (A D), (G), holotype RSIOAS044. (A) Actinal surface of the disk. (B) oral plates and spines; (C) Interradial angle between arms, red arrow shows the first marginal plates, yellow arrow shows the second marginal plate. (D) Lateral view of the disk, showing the conjunction of plates in the interradii. Red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, lateral view of the disk, red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, adambulacral plates and spines at the middle of arm, yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrows show the furrow spines, red arrows show the lateral spines. (G) One of the paired gonads and digestive caeca in genital area. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621683/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
), instead of having one less subambulacral spine as in the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1059,1165,1573,1599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. In several undeveloped arms in the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[535,649,1612,1638]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, gonads were not spotted. The shape and size of the marginal and interradial plates vary slightly in
|
||
<typeStatus box="[744,845,1651,1677]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
RSIOAS003 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1008,1089,1651,1677]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1556,1578]" captionTargetBox="[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1514,229,1511]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3 Astrolirus. patricki sp. nov. actinal view. (A D), (G), holotype RSIOAS044. (A) Actinal surface of the disk. (B) oral plates and spines; (C) Interradial angle between arms, red arrow shows the first marginal plates, yellow arrow shows the second marginal plate. (D) Lateral view of the disk, showing the conjunction of plates in the interradii. Red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, lateral view of the disk, red arrows show the first marginal plates, yellow arrows show the first adambulacral plates, white arrow shoes the interradial plate. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, adambulacral plates and spines at the middle of arm, yellow arrows show the subambulacral spines, white arrows show the furrow spines, red arrows show the lateral spines. (G) One of the paired gonads and digestive caeca in genital area. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621683/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[491,1542,706,1914]" box="[491,1069,1690,1717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,631,1690,1716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
Color in life orange (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[885,959,1690,1717]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[507,571,801,823]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[491,1516,229,757]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1 In situ photographs of Astrolirus patricki sp. nov. (A) Holotype RSIOAS044. (B) Paratype RSIOAS028. (C) Paratype RSIOAS003. (D) Paratype RSIOAS052. (E) Paratype MBM286625. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-1" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621677/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[974,1051,1690,1716]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[507,571,1392,1414]" captionTargetBox="[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[491,1516,229,1347]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2 Astrolirus patricki sp. nov., abactinal view. (A) Paratype RSIOAS028. (B) Paratype RSIOAS003. (C), (D), (H), holotype RSIOAS044, (C) Abactinal surface of disk and proximal part of arms, with red arrow pointing at the madreporite body, white arrow at the interradial plate and yellow arrows at the marginal plates. The red frame indicates the proximal region of arm connecting the disk and genital region, where pedicellariae do no form regular costae. (D) Abactinal surface of arm genital area with mosaic plating, red arrows show the costae bands. (E) Paratype RSIOAS003, abactinal surface of arm genital area, red arrows show the costae bands. (F) Paratype RSIOAS052, zoom in view of the abactinal disk, showing the multiple sharp spinelets on disk plates. (G) Paratype RSIOAS052, a piece of dissected skin from abactinal disk, shot from the inner side of the skin, showing the small round disk plates. (H) Abactinal surface at the middle of arm, black arrows indicate the pedicellariae bands. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621681/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2A 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[491,1542,706,1914]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,651,1729,1755]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Known from the northwestern Pacific Ocean, on seamounts, 1458
|
||
<quantity box="[1448,1536,1730,1756]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.125" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="2125.0">2125 m</quantity>
|
||
depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[491,1542,706,1914]" lastBlockId="8.[491,1542,1154,1857]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,921,1808,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Molecular and phylogenetic results.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[928,977,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">COI</emphasis>
|
||
K2P distances between specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" box="[1420,1538,1808,1835]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1420,1538,1808,1835]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. patricki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,584,1848,1874]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[491,584,1848,1874]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are less than 0.003, which are considered to be intraspecific distances.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" box="[1415,1533,1848,1874]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1415,1533,1848,1874]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. patricki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,584,1887,1913]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[491,584,1887,1913]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is closest to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Asbjlrnsen" authorityYear="1856" box="[731,824,1888,1913]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Brisinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[731,824,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brisinga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, with distances between
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1201,1264,1887,1913]" degrees="0.123" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="55" value="0.123">0.123</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1278,1344,1888,1914]" degrees="0.159" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="55" value="0.159">0.159</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. The topology of the Bayes tree is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[801,866,1154,1180]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[507,571,930,952]" captionTargetBox="[491,1515,229,886]" captionTargetId="figure-8@8.[491,1515,229,886]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5 Phylogenetic tree of order Brisingida including Astrolirus patricki sp. nov. and 4 new specimens based on a concatenated dataset of COI, 16S, H3, 12S and 18S genes. Topology follows the re- sult of Bayes tree, bootstrap values and posterior probabilities are shown for each node. Nodes marked by black dots are support by both Maximum Likelihood Tree and Bayes Tree. The new species and new data reported in this study are colored red in the tree. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-5" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621687/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
and the nodes marked by black dots are support by both Bayes tree and ML tree. This tree is overall in line with results of the previous studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mah C & Foltz D." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="646" part="162" refId="ref6450" refString="Mah C, Foltz D. 2011. Molecular phylogeny of the Forcipulatacea (Asteroidea: Echinodermata): systematics and biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (3): 646 660 DOI 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00688. x." title="Molecular phylogeny of the Forcipulatacea (Asteroidea: Echinodermata): systematics and biogeography" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mah & Foltz, 2011</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang R & Wang C & Zhou Y & Zhang H." box="[658,861,1233,1259]" journalOrPublisher="Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="103163" part="154" refId="ref6776" refString="Zhang R, Wang C, Zhou Y, Zhang H. 2019. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of two new species in genus Freyastera (Asteroidea: Brisingida: Freyellidae), with a revised key to close species and ecological remarks. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 154: 103163 DOI 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2019.103163." title="Morphology and molecular phylogeny of two new species in genus Freyastera (Asteroidea: Brisingida: Freyellidae), with a revised key to close species and ecological remarks" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<emphasis box="[658,861,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zhang et al., 2019</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621687" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4621687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4621687/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[507,571,930,952]" targetBox="[491,1515,229,886]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[507,1526,930,1099]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Figure 5 Phylogenetic tree of order
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1928" box="[868,971,930,952]" class="Asteroidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Brisingida</taxonomicName>
|
||
including
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" box="[1076,1255,931,953]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1076,1255,931,953]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Astrolirus patricki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1259,1335,931,952]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and 4 new specimens based on a concatenated dataset of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[917,959,960,981]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">COI</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[969,1091,960,981]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">16S, H3, 12S</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1138,1173,960,981]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">18S</emphasis>
|
||
genes.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Topology follows the result of Bayes tree, bootstrap values and posterior probabilities are shown for each node. Nodes marked by black dots are support by both Maximum Likelihood Tree and Bayes Tree. The new species and new data reported in this study are colored red in the tree.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[507,1526,930,1099]" box="[1125,1526,1077,1099]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9071/fig-5</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[491,1542,1154,1857]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,875,1272,1299]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Remarks for
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" box="[649,775,1272,1299]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[649,775,1272,1299]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. patricki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[783,875,1273,1299]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus box="[884,953,1273,1299]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" box="[993,1111,1273,1299]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[993,1111,1273,1299]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. patricki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1120,1212,1273,1299]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1120,1212,1273,1299]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from different seamounts show little intraspecific divergences other than size and adambulacral spine number. The difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" box="[720,838,1353,1379]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[720,838,1353,1379]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. patricki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[846,939,1352,1378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[846,939,1352,1378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1045,1095,1353,1379]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[1351,1515,1353,1379]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1351,1515,1353,1379]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. panamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are listed in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[635,722,1392,1419]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[106,162,246,267]" captionTargetBox="[107,1563,301,685]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 2 Major morphological differences between A. patricki sp. nov. and A. panamansis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7CB1DA8423FFD80C7CFF7CFC70FEB9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="DF7CB1DA8423FFD80C7CFF7CFC70FEB9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
. Although both species are characterized by the presence of abactinal plates, in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[607,771,1432,1458]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[607,771,1432,1458]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. panamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the plates locate between the transverse costae, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. patricki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[586,679,1472,1498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[586,679,1472,1498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a mosaic of abutting plates forms the abactinal arm skeleton. The two species further differ in arm number, adambulacral spine number and distribution, as well as the number of genital organs. It should be noticed that, in Ludwig’s original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[522,687,1592,1618]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[522,687,1592,1618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. panamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ‘‘several, consecutive pairs of branched gonads on each arm (4
|
||
<quantity box="[1445,1490,1592,1618]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
|
||
one male specimen)’’ were recorded, each branch has their own gonopore (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ludwig H." box="[1323,1476,1631,1658]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="97" part="32" refId="ref6317" refString="Ludwig H. 1905. Asteroidea. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard 32: 97 100 [in Germany]." title="Asteroidea" type="journal article" year="1905">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1323,1476,1631,1658]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ludwig, 1905</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but later when Fisher established the new genus, he described
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1917" box="[1171,1281,1672,1698]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1171,1281,1672,1698]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Astrolirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as having 2 4 gonads to each arm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fisher WK" box="[650,787,1711,1738]" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 20" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="418" part="120" refId="ref6091" refString="Fisher WK. 1917. LI. New genera and species of Brisingidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 20 120: 418 431." title="LI. New genera and species of Brisingidae" type="journal article" year="1917">
|
||
<emphasis box="[650,787,1711,1738]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fisher, 1917</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Whether this new description resulted from a reexamination of the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[567,617,1751,1777]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens was not clearly indicated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fisher WK" box="[1059,1196,1751,1778]" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 20" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="418" part="120" refId="ref6091" refString="Fisher WK. 1917. LI. New genera and species of Brisingidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 20 120: 418 431." title="LI. New genera and species of Brisingidae" type="journal article" year="1917">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1059,1196,1751,1778]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fisher, 1917</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, in this study we choose to follow Ludwig’s original descriptions when evaluate the differences between the new species and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[685,849,1831,1857]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[685,849,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. panamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF7CB1DA8423FFD80C7CFF7CFC70FEB9" box="[106,997,246,268]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7CB1DA8423FFD80C7CFF7CFC70FEB9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[107,1563,301,685]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[106,997,246,268]" box="[106,997,246,268]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Table 2 Major morphological differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" box="[615,718,246,268]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[615,718,246,268]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. patricki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[723,798,246,267]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[846,991,246,267]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="panamansis">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[846,991,246,267]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. panamansis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<table box="[107,1563,301,685]" gridcols="3" gridrows="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<tr box="[107,1563,301,324]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[107,383,301,324]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnostic characteristics</th>
|
||
<th box="[432,962,301,324]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" box="[432,535,301,324]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[432,535,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. patricki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[540,615,302,323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1000,1563,301,324]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1000,1145,301,322]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="panamansis">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1000,1145,301,322]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. panamansis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[107,1563,343,365]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[107,383,343,365]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">arm number</th>
|
||
<td box="[432,962,343,365]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">7</td>
|
||
<td box="[1000,1563,343,365]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">8 9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[107,1563,379,401]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[107,383,379,401]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">costae</th>
|
||
<td box="[432,962,379,401]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">raised bands of pedicellariae</td>
|
||
<td box="[1000,1563,379,401]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">a transverse line of up to 11 strong, thick plates</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[107,1563,415,437]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[107,383,415,437]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">intercostal plates</th>
|
||
<td box="[432,962,415,437]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">abutting</td>
|
||
<td box="[1000,1563,415,437]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">usually isolated by small distances</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[107,1563,457,508]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[107,383,457,508]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">adambulacral plate armature</th>
|
||
<td box="[432,962,457,508]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1 2 subambulacral spines, 1 adoral and 1 aboral furrow spines</td>
|
||
<td box="[1000,1563,457,508]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1 subambulacral spine, 1 adoral and 1 aboral furrow spines in most specimen</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[107,1563,527,578]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[107,383,527,578]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">lateral spines</th>
|
||
<td box="[432,962,527,578]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1 to each adambulacral plate</td>
|
||
<td box="[1000,1563,527,578]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">on every second or third adambulacral plate (in irregular change)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[107,1563,592,614]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[107,383,592,614]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">suboral spine</th>
|
||
<td box="[432,962,592,614]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3 4</td>
|
||
<td box="[1000,1563,592,614]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[107,1563,633,685]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[107,383,633,685]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">genital organ</th>
|
||
<td box="[432,962,633,685]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1 pair to each arm</td>
|
||
<td box="[1000,1563,633,685]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">several, consecutive pairs on each arm (4 5 in one male specimen)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[491,1541,733,999]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang, 2020" authorityName="Zhang & Zhou & Xiao & Wang" authorityYear="2020" box="[664,782,733,760]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patricki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[664,782,733,760]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. patricki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[787,879,733,759]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[787,879,733,759]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ischaracterized bya largenumber of suboralspines (3 4), whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[625,789,773,799]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[625,789,773,799]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. panamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only 1 suboral spine present on each oral plate. Interestingly, in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[524,688,813,839]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Astrolirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[524,688,813,839]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. panamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, some large specimens (
|
||
<emphasis box="[978,988,813,838]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">r</emphasis>
|
||
= 13 or
|
||
<quantity box="[1096,1203,813,839]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="10.5">10.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) have the 2 suboral spines on a pair of oral plates covered in a same membrane (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ludwig H." box="[1132,1285,853,879]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="97" part="32" refId="ref6317" refString="Ludwig H. 1905. Asteroidea. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard 32: 97 100 [in Germany]." title="Asteroidea" type="journal article" year="1905">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1132,1285,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ludwig, 1905</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This characteristic has only been reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891" authorityName="Wood-Mason & Alcock" authorityYear="1891" box="[796,1391,893,919]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Brisinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="andamanica">
|
||
<emphasis box="[796,1036,893,919]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brisinga andamanica</emphasis>
|
||
Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891" authorityName="Wood-Mason & Alcock" authorityYear="1891" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Brisinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brisinga bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Alcock A." box="[993,1134,932,959]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="73" part="11" refId="ref5827" refString="Alcock A. 1893. XV Natural history notes from HM Indian marine survey Steamer ' Investigator, ' Commander CF Oldham, RN, commanding. Series II. (7) An account of the collection of deep-sea Asteroidea. Journal of Natural History 11 (62): 73 121 DOI 10.1080 / 00222939308677478." title="XV Natural history notes from HM Indian marine survey Steamer ' Investigator, ' Commander CF Oldham, RN, commanding. Series II. (7) An account of the collection of deep-sea Asteroidea" type="journal article" year="1893">
|
||
<emphasis box="[993,1134,932,959]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Alcock, 1893</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whose biological function is not clear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |