treatments-xml/data/03/F5/87/03F587C6FFB4FF8F4C75CDB3FBAFFD73.xml

<document id="2C8EA0DA9AF154C443196EA502444619" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.156344" ID-GBIF-Dataset="860bf3ef-e499-4090-b8eb-f077ee6d9e89" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="156344" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459615018862" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Currie, Douglas C. &amp; Hunter, Fiona F." docDate="2003" docId="03F587C6FFB4FF8F4C75CDB3FBAFFD73" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00214.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 214" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Stegopterna diplomutata Currie &amp; Hunter, n.sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFCCFFBEFFB5FF8A4D7DC83DFFC7FF9D" masterDocTitle="A new species of Stegopterna Enderlein, and its relationship to the allotriploid species St. mutata (Malloch, 1914) (Diptera: Simuliidae)" masterLastPageNumber="11" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698203147638" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="EB9E33F4E9AE6F95652AAD4146687437" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="ACA5DBCFFCA1F1FD4CA517BC67BE03DB">
<mods:title id="341ABC75FE169982F9C725172C1ADBDF">A new species of Stegopterna Enderlein, and its relationship to the allotriploid species St. mutata (Malloch, 1914) (Diptera: Simuliidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="8E24D29E44CB8FA86478E499750953E4" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6FA5EF29E74AFBAFA4A15A3C8D953EBB">
<mods:roleTerm id="D53806C162E1DD6ABE9CEB10E2CFCA07">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C9C5A8472A46431BBD000339D3D2412B">Currie, Douglas C.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="17796CC38B6B8662EE33E3825565BFC5" type="personal">
<mods:role id="674EFC001F12DEB8B19190B1DC6E662A">
<mods:roleTerm id="FC67D11DE029420C3D11331661CFB0B9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C9ED429E1BF83E6029AAD0F9597028F1">Hunter, Fiona F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="1B3E71DEA7AA319361F032F12581C5A3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="6785ADE82ABC06B543A4ED34E63FF5AF" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="331F860DD95A6A816231FD7985CA7F1B">
<mods:title id="125E40CBACBB3AE85D4C28F786CA1277">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="FA88ABD402FCCFD0AC364A976BFDB0E7">
<mods:date id="0F2A4247930A9D5B135D0D6D85E9C93E">2003</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="03217671CCA39A6AB74A23FF93483EF7" type="volume">
<mods:number id="F5DF84A10F7FC830651FE901E7EE640F">214</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="6EE494E7A0163201B6237A7BBD3D4CFF" unit="page">
<mods:start id="BA6319D3E3B3BEB6290ACC8DE66ACC56">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="73904A7538AC375128F9E53C6219D1BC">11</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="7A0E4E49B2FCF8BC3F886F072A2ADE57">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="E97631CE209CE0C75C29142931B1BEDB" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.156344</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="EAFB02DCFC4F28CA30C4A0BEB865C1C5" type="GBIF-Dataset">860bf3ef-e499-4090-b8eb-f077ee6d9e89</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="6295841B60BF0A882071BE40FA1F2E80" type="ISSN">1175­5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8A38BF13A1233E392291370CC81CD87D" type="Zenodo-Dep">156344</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03F587C6FFB4FF8F4C75CDB3FBAFFD73" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6276899" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119331631" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6276899" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587C6FFB4FF8F4C75CDB3FBAFFD73" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F587C6FFB4FF8F4C75CDB3FBAFFD73" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<subSubSection id="C346655BFFB4FF8B4C75CDB3FDC9F996" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB4FF8B4C75CDB3FC97FA35" blockId="1.[264,848,1422,1448]" box="[264,848,1422,1448]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<heading id="D0AB81BCFFB4FF8B4C75CDB3FC97FA35" bold="true" box="[264,848,1422,1448]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB4FF8B4C75CDB3FC97FA35" bold="true" box="[264,848,1422,1448]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB4FF8B4C75CDB3FCCAFA35" ID-CoL="4ZP8N" authority="Currie &amp; Hunter" authorityName="Currie &amp; Hunter" box="[264,781,1422,1448]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB4FF8B4C75CDB3FDE8FA35" bold="true" box="[264,559,1422,1448]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Stegopterna diplomutata</emphasis>
Currie &amp; Hunter
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57B9FFB4FF8B4E68CDB3FC97FA35" box="[789,848,1422,1448]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB4FF8B4C75CDE9FDC9F996" blockId="1.[264,1323,1492,1675]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB4FF8B4C75CDE9FE73FA76" box="[264,436,1492,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB4FF8B4C75CDE9FE73FA76" box="[264,436,1492,1515]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cnephia mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: of authors, not 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B21FFB4FF8B4F1BCDE9FCC4FA76" author="Malloch" box="[614,771,1492,1515]" pageId="1" pageNumber="11" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1914) American black flies or buffalo gnats. United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Entomology Technical Series, 26, 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1914">Malloch, 1914</bibRefCitation>
(numerous references to diploid populations of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB4FF8B4C45CDC9FE64F996" box="[312,419,1524,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB4FF8B4C45CDC9FE64F996" box="[312,419,1524,1547]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">St. mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346655BFFB4FF894C75CE29FD39F8C5" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB4FF8B4C75CE29FD68F9B6" blockId="1.[264,1323,1492,1675]" box="[264,687,1556,1579]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4C11FEFFB4FF8B4C75CE29FD68F9B6" box="[264,687,1556,1579]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB4FF8B4C75CE29FE74F9B6" box="[264,435,1556,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB4FF8B4C75CE29FE74F9B6" box="[264,435,1556,1579]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cnephia mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
'2n': 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFD10C1FFB4FF8B4C91CE29FD4BF9B6" author="Basrur" box="[492,652,1556,1579]" page="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1957">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B21FFB4FF8B4C91CE29FDB4F9B6" author="Basrur" box="[492,627,1556,1579]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" refString="Basrur, V. R. (1957) Cytotaxonomic Studies in Black Flies and Midges. Ph. D. thesis. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, 49 pp." type="book" year="1957">Basrur 1957</bibRefCitation>
: 4
</treatmentCitation>
­28
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB4FF8B4C75CE09FC70F9D6" blockId="1.[264,1323,1492,1675]" box="[264,951,1588,1611]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4C11FEFFB4FF8B4C75CE09FC70F9D6" box="[264,951,1588,1611]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB4FF8B4C75CE09FE74F9D6" box="[264,435,1588,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB4FF8B4C75CE09FE74F9D6" box="[264,435,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cnephia mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
'diploid form' 
<treatmentCitation id="0AFD10C1FFB4FF8B4F2DCE09FC41F9D6" author="Basrur" box="[592,902,1588,1611]" page="571" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B21FFB4FF8B4F2DCE09FC94F9D6" author="Basrur" box="[592,851,1588,1611]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" refString="Basrur, V. R. &amp; Rothfels, K. H. (1959) Triploidy in natural populations of the black fly Cnephia mutata (Malloch). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 37, 571 - 589." type="journal article" year="1959">Basrur &amp; Rothfels 1959</bibRefCitation>
: 571
</treatmentCitation>
­589
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB4FF8B4C75CE69FDF1F916" blockId="1.[264,1323,1492,1675]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB4FF8B4C75CE69FE1EF9F6" box="[264,473,1620,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB4FF8B4C75CE69FE1EF9F6" box="[264,473,1620,1643]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Stegopterna mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: of authors, not 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B21FFB4FF8B4FF0CE69FCEDF9F6" author="Malloch" box="[653,810,1620,1643]" pageId="1" pageNumber="11" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1914) American black flies or buffalo gnats. United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Entomology Technical Series, 26, 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1914">Malloch, 1914</bibRefCitation>
(numerous references to diploid populations of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB4FF8B4C22CE49FE0DF916" box="[351,458,1652,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB4FF8B4C22CE49FE0DF916" box="[351,458,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">St. mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB4FF8B4C75CE8AFE51F8EC" blockId="1.[264,1323,1719,1905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
The name 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB4FF8B4CF9CE8AFDF1F94D" box="[388,566,1719,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB4FF8B4CF9CE8AFDF1F94D" box="[388,566,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">St. diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is here associated with diploid (i.e., bisexual) populations of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB4FF8B4C75CEE2FE44F965" box="[264,387,1759,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB4FF8B4C75CEE2FE44F965" box="[264,387,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">St. mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex because triploid (i.e., parthenogenetic) populations are much more common of the two species in eastern North 
<collectingCountry id="F34B7640FFB4FF8B4E6DCF3AFCBEF8BC" box="[784,889,1799,1825]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">America</collectingCountry>
. Accordingly, the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB4FF8B49EECF3AFB23F8BD" box="[1171,1252,1799,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB4FF8B49EECF3AFB23F8BD" box="[1171,1252,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably applies validly to Malloch’s (1914) 
<typeStatus id="54E78872FFB4FF8B4F8FCF12FCE2F8D4" box="[754,805,1839,1865]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
for that species – a female from Glassboro, New 
<collectingCountry id="F34B7640FFB4FF8B4C3ACF6AFE55F8EC" box="[327,402,1879,1905]" name="Jersey" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Jersey</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB7FF884C75C921FE9CFEAB" blockId="2.[264,1323,284,550]" box="[264,347,284,310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">MALE</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB7FF884C45C979FE35FDBB" blockId="2.[264,1323,284,550]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Wing length ca. 2.5 mm. Scutum velvety brown. All hairs golden. Legs brown; calcipala large, lamellate, more than half as wide as apex of basitarsus. Terminalia (
<figureCitation id="13672A55FFB7FF8849B2C951FADFFE1B" box="[1231,1304,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1743,1767]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,660,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[255,1324,650,1713]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Male terminalia of Stegopterna diplomutata n. sp.: a, ventral view; b, lateral view of ventral plate, median sclerite, paramere, and aedeagal membrane; c, terminal view of same structures; d, inner (dorsal) view of gonostylus; e, alternate view of ventral plate showing shape of posterior margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156345/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
): gonostylus not markedly tapered, bearing two medially directed spinules; ventral plate in ventral view moderately tapered anteriorly; paramere elongate, without apical spines (although closely associated with those adorning the aedeagal membrane); median sclerite with apex bifurcate.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF236658FFB7FF884C75CEF2FE5CF8D2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156345/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" targetBox="[268,1320,660,1704]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB7FF884C75CEF2FE5CF8D2" blockId="2.[264,1322,1743,1871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB7FF884C75CEF2FE43F97A" bold="true" box="[264,388,1743,1767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
. Male terminalia of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB7FF884F18CEEDFCA9F97A" box="[613,878,1744,1767]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB7FF884F18CEEDFCA9F97A" box="[613,878,1744,1767]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stegopterna diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57B9FFB7FF884E08CEF2FC74F97A" box="[885,947,1743,1767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB7FF884E08CEF2FC6BF97A" bold="true" box="[885,940,1743,1767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n. sp</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: a, ventral view; b, lateral view of ventral plate, median sclerite, paramere, and aedeagal membrane; c, terminal view of same structures; d, inner (dorsal) view of gonostylus; e, alternate view of ventral plate showing shape of posterior margin.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB6FF894C75C921FEBAFEAB" blockId="3.[264,1323,284,550]" box="[264,381,284,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FEMALE</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB6FF894C45C979FD27FDBB" blockId="3.[264,1323,284,550]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Wing length ca. 
<quantity id="4CA49B35FFB6FF894C84C979FD86FEC3" box="[505,577,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
. Scutum dark brown. All hairs golden. Mouthparts with mandibles serrated; lacinia with retrorse teeth; sensory vesicle about one­third as long as palpomere III. Legs brown; calcipala large, lamellate, more than half as wide as apex of basitarsus. Terminalia: anal lobe in lateral view with anterior margin scarcely sclerotized; genital fork with arms expanded into a large, subrectangular, lateral plate. Spermatheca almost spherical with polygonal pattern.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB6FF894C75CA61FE70FDEB" blockId="3.[264,1323,604,790]" box="[264,439,604,630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
PUPA (
<figureCitation id="13672A55FFB6FF894C1DCA61FE6EFDEB" box="[352,425,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1339,1363]" captionTargetBox="[264,1318,894,1309]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[258,1329,889,1312]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pupa of Stegopterna diplomutata n. sp. in lateral view with cocoon removed." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156346/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB6FF894C45CAB9FC7FFC8B" blockId="3.[264,1323,604,790]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Length ca. 
<quantity id="4CA49B35FFB6FF894CC7CAB9FDC6FD03" box="[442,513,644,670]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
. Gill of 12 fine filaments arranged in two vertically divergent groups; a dorsal group of 7 filaments branching (1 + 2) (2 + 2), and a ventral group of 5 filaments branching (1 + 2) (1 + 1). Head and thorax with numerous rounded granules; trichomes simple. Cocoon a shapeless sac covering most of the body.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF236658FFB6FF894C75CD06FB0FFACF" box="[264,1224,1339,1363]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156346/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[264,1318,894,1309]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB6FF894C75CD06FB0FFACF" blockId="3.[264,1224,1339,1363]" box="[264,1224,1339,1363]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB6FF894C75CD06FE44FACE" bold="true" box="[264,387,1339,1363]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. Pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB6FF894C97CD06FD36FACF" box="[490,753,1339,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB6FF894C97CD06FD36FACF" box="[490,753,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stegopterna diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B57B9FFB6FF894F85CD06FCF3FACF" box="[760,820,1339,1363]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB6FF894F85CD06FCEAFACE" bold="true" box="[760,813,1339,1363]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">n. sp</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
in lateral view with cocoon removed.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB6FF894C75CD93FEA1FA55" blockId="3.[264,1322,1454,1680]" box="[264,358,1454,1480]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LARVA</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB6FF894C45CDEBFACFF90D" blockId="3.[264,1322,1454,1680]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Length ca. 
<quantity id="4CA49B35FFB6FF894CC0CDEBFDF5FA6D" box="[445,562,1494,1520]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6 – 7 mm</quantity>
. Body color grayish brown. Head capsule brownish yellow with contrastingly dark headspots. Antenna extended anteriorly well beyond apex of labral fan stalk. Hypostoma with teeth arranged in 3 prominent groups consisting of an elongate median tooth and two lateral lobes. Postgenal cleft inverted v­shaped, extending anteriorly as far as one­third the distance to hypostomal groove. Rectal papillae of 3 simple lobes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB6FF894C75CEFBFEA6F97D" blockId="3.[264,1323,1734,1880]" box="[264,353,1734,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="54E78872FFB6FF894C75CEFBFEA6F97D" box="[264,353,1734,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TYPES</typeStatus>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB6FF894C45CED3FD39F8C5" blockId="3.[264,1323,1734,1880]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The 
<typeStatus id="54E78872FFB6FF894C13CED3FE66F895" box="[366,417,1774,1800]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
series was selected from a single locality because two or more species may be included under this name, which is here applied to all diploid populations of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB6FF894870CF2BFE9EF8CA" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB6FF894870CF2BFE9EF8CA" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">St. mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex in eastern North 
<collectingCountry id="F34B7640FFB6FF894FECCF03FD3DF8C5" box="[657,762,1854,1880]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">America</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346655BFFB1FF8E4C45C921FE5EFC8B" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB1FF8E4C45C921FDFAFE33" blockId="4.[264,1323,284,590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<typeStatus id="54E78872FFB1FF8E4C45C921FE1FFEAB" box="[312,472,284,310]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
: Male, frozen dried, double mounted with minuten pinned through dorsum of scutum, and with pupal exuvia in glycerin pinned beneath in microvial. 
<collectingCountry id="F34B7640FFB1FF8E49D9C979FAE1FEC3" box="[1188,1318,324,350]" name="Canada" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CANADA</collectingCountry>
: Ontario, Nipissing District, Algonquin Provincial Park, Booth Lake, Booth's Rock Trail, 
<date id="FFE21010FFB1FF8E4C75C9A9FE60FE33" box="[264,423,404,430]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1992-05-18">18 May 1992</date>
, F.F. Hunter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB1FF8E4C45C981FB13FDD3" blockId="4.[264,1323,284,590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The 
<typeStatus id="54E78872FFB1FF8E4C13C981FE13FE4B" box="[366,468,444,470]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and some larval 
<typeStatus id="54E78872FFB1FF8E4FD9C981FCD3FE4B" box="[676,788,444,470]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa. Additional 
<typeStatus id="54E78872FFB1FF8E4F93C9D9FC99FE63" box="[750,862,484,510]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are deposited in the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, and the Clemson University Arthropod Collection, Clemson, SC.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB1FF8E4C75CAB9FD03FD03" blockId="4.[264,1323,644,790]" box="[264,708,644,670]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC 
<collectionCode id="ED4DAE15FFB1FF8E4F13CAB9FD03FD03" box="[622,708,644,670]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">NAME</collectionCode>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB1FF8E4C45CA91FE5EFC8B" blockId="4.[264,1323,644,790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The specific name is derived from the combination of “diplo” (a reference to the diploid configuration of the chromosomes) and “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4E61CAE9FCB3FD73" box="[796,884,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">mutata</taxonomicName>
”, the name of the closely related triploid species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346655BFFB1FF8E4C75CB71FD35F8BB" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB1FF8E4C75CB71FE61FCFB" blockId="4.[264,1323,844,1830]" box="[264,422,844,870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">DIAGNOSIS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB1FF8E4C45CB49FE0CFADB" blockId="4.[264,1323,844,1830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4C45CB49FD9CFC10" box="[312,603,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4C45CB49FD9CFC10" box="[312,603,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stegopterna diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically indistinguishable from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4923CB49FB13FC10" box="[1118,1236,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4923CB49FB13FC10" box="[1118,1236,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except for the presence of males in the former species. The male and female of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4933CBA1FAC7FC28" box="[1102,1280,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4933CBA1FAC7FC28" box="[1102,1280,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are easily distinguished from those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4FDCCBF9FCF2FC40" box="[673,821,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emergens">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4FDCCBF9FCF2FC40" box="[673,821,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. emergens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4E0CCBF9FC3DFC40" box="[881,1018,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decafilis">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4E0CCBF9FC3DFC40" box="[881,1018,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. decafilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of their relatively large calcipala (half or more as wide as apex of basitarsus versus markedly less than half that width in the other two species). Furthermore, the lacinia and mandible of female 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4C75CC01FE7DFBC8" box="[264,442,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4C75CC01FE7DFBC8" box="[264,442,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are armed with retrorse teeth and serrations, respectively. Such armature is lacking from the laciniae and mandibles of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4E51CC59FC03FBE0" box="[812,964,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emergens">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4E51CC59FC03FBE0" box="[812,964,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. emergens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4977CC59FB58FBE0" box="[1034,1183,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4977CC59FB5BFBE0" box="[1034,1180,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decafilis">St. decafilis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Males and females of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4CF3CCB1FD86FB38" box="[398,577,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4CF3CCB1FD86FB38" box="[398,577,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are structurally similar to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4E9ACCB1FB42FB38" box="[999,1157,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="permutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4E9ACCB1FB42FB38" box="[999,1157,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. permutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the other currently recognized cytotypes of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4FDACC89FCF3FB50" box="[679,820,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4FDACC89FCF3FB50" box="[679,820,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stegopterna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from North 
<collectingCountry id="F34B7640FFB1FF8E4EACCC89FBF1FB53" box="[977,1078,1204,1230]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">America</collectingCountry>
(viz., cytotypes 'O', 'W', and 'Y' of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B21FFB1FF8E4CC2CCE1FD4AFB6B" author="Madahar" box="[447,653,1244,1270]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" refString="Madahar, D. P. (1969) The salivary gland chromosomes of seven taxa in the subgenus Stegopterna (Diptera, Simuliidae, Cnephia). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47, 115 - 119." type="journal article" year="1969">Madahar (1969))</bibRefCitation>
. However, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4E6BCCE1FC0EFB68" box="[790,969,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4E6BCCE1FC0EFB68" box="[790,969,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed from the Great Plains eastward, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4F4ACD39FD13FA80" box="[567,724,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="permutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4F4ACD39FD13FA80" box="[567,724,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. permutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the informally named cytotypes occur west of the Great Plains.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB1FF8E4C45CD69FB10F9AB" blockId="4.[264,1323,844,1830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<bibRef id="52FCA226FFB1FF8E4C45CD69FB10F9AB" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="journal article">
<title id="F958DDE6FFB1FF8E4C45CD69FEB7FA23" jopScore="0.66572905" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Chromosomally, 
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4F7ACD69FD78FAF0" box="[519,703,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. diplomutata</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4E7ECD69FCBAFAF0" box="[771,893,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. mutata</emphasis>
differ from other members of the genus 
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4C29CD41FE26FA08" box="[340,481,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stegopterna</emphasis>
(e.g., 
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4F56CD41FD7AFA08" box="[555,701,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. emergens</emphasis>
) by not having the fixed inversion IS­1 described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B21FFB1FF8E4C75CD99FEB7FA23" author="Madahar" box="[264,368,1444,1470]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" refString="Madahar, D. P. (1969) The salivary gland chromosomes of seven taxa in the subgenus Stegopterna (Diptera, Simuliidae, Cnephia). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47, 115 - 119." type="journal article" year="1969">Madahar</bibRefCitation>
</title>
(
<year id="FFF47783FFB1FF8E4CF9CD99FE03FA23" box="[388,452,1444,1470]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1969</year>
). 
<journalOrPublisher id="519D3C1CFFB1FF8E4CA1CD99FDFBFA23" box="[476,572,1444,1470]" jopScore="0.7714823" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">The IS­</journalOrPublisher>
<part id="FFF89C4DFFB1FF8E4F40CD99FD80FA23" box="[573,583,1444,1470]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="volume">1</part>
inversion has breakpoints (relative to the centromere) in the proximal region of section 3 and the distal region of section 6. Furthermore, 
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E49F9CDF1FB3EFA78" box="[1156,1273,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. mutata</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4C75CDC9FE7EF990" box="[264,441,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. diplomutata</emphasis>
have the nucleolar organizer (NO) in the base of 
<collectingCountry id="F34B7640FFB1FF8E4E85CDC9FBD3F993" box="[1016,1044,1524,1550]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">IL</collectingCountry>
as compared with other species in genus 
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4CB3CE21FD9CF9A8" box="[462,603,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stegopterna</emphasis>
which have the NO in the base of IS (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B21FFB1FF8E4967CE21FB0DF9AB" author="Madahar" box="[1050,1226,1564,1590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" refString="Madahar, D. P. (1969) The salivary gland chromosomes of seven taxa in the subgenus Stegopterna (Diptera, Simuliidae, Cnephia). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47, 115 - 119." type="journal article" year="1969">
Madahar 
<pagination id="B295C824FFB1FF8E49F6CE21FB0DF9AB" box="[1163,1226,1564,1590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="pagination">1969</pagination>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</bibRef>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB1FF8E4C45CE79FD35F8BB" blockId="4.[264,1323,844,1830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4C45CE79FD9CF9C0" box="[312,603,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4C45CE79FD9CF9C0" box="[312,603,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stegopterna diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4F86CE79FCB5F9C0" box="[763,882,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4F86CE79FCB5F9C0" box="[763,882,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the following features (
<figureCitation id="13672A55FFB1FF8E49CCCE79FAE2F9C3" box="[1201,1317,1604,1630]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 ­ 4. a" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1707,1731]" captionTargetBox="[276,1310,894,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[269,1317,889,1681]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 ­ 4. a, Chromosome photomicrographs of Stegopterna diplomutata; b, diagrams showing pairing of homologues. Fig. 3, IS, Short arm of Chromosome I showing a heterozygote for the IS­ 1 floating inversion; Fig. 4, IL, Long arm of Chromosome I showing a double heterozygote for the IL­ 5 and IL­ 6 floating inversions." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168728/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 3, 4</figureCitation>
, and 5): 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4C18CE51FDDEF918" box="[357,537,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4C18CE51FDDEF918" box="[357,537,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is diploid and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4FB3CE51FC81F918" box="[718,838,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4FB3CE51FC81F918" box="[718,838,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is triploid. The floating inversions IL­1, IL­2, IL­3, IL­4, IIL­1 and IIL­2 have been found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E4E02CEA9FC32F930" box="[895,1013,1684,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E4E02CEA9FC32F930" box="[895,1013,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B21FFB1FF8E494BCEA9FE81F94B" author="Basrur" pageId="4" pageNumber="10" refString="Basrur, V. R. &amp; Rothfels, K. H. (1959) Triploidy in natural populations of the black fly Cnephia mutata (Malloch). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 37, 571 - 589." type="journal article" year="1959">Basrur and Rothfels, 1959</bibRefCitation>
), whereas floating inversions IS­1, IL­5, IL­6 and IIL­2 have been found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB1FF8E49BDCE81FE9EF960" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB1FF8E49BDCE81FE9EF960" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">St. diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is conceivable that additional floating inversions may be found in other as­yet undiscovered populations of both species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB0FF8F4C75C921FD15FE1B" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<table id="F95CC470FFB000754C75C921FAECFE1B" box="[264,1323,284,390]" gridcols="8" gridrows="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<tr id="356C3492FFB000754C75C921FAECFEAB" box="[264,1323,284,310]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76BD5DEEFFB000754C75C921FD3BFEAB" box="[264,764,284,310]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">DISTRIBUTION</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356C3492FFB000754C75C979FAECFEC3" box="[264,1323,324,350]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="76BD5DEEFFB000754C75C979FD3BFEC3" box="[264,764,324,350]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB0FF8F4C45C979FD9DFEC0" box="[312,602,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB0FF8F4C45C979FD9DFEC0" box="[312,602,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Stegopterna diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed
</th>
<td id="76BD5DEEFFB000754E78C979FC92FEC3" box="[773,853,324,350]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">widely</td>
<td id="76BD5DEEFFB000754E20C979FCB3FEC3" box="[861,884,324,350]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">in</td>
<td id="76BD5DEEFFB000754E01C979FC08FEC3" box="[892,975,324,350]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">eastern</td>
<td id="76BD5DEEFFB000754EA5C979FBDAFEC3" box="[984,1053,324,350]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">North</td>
<td id="76BD5DEEFFB000754958C979FB56FEC3" box="[1061,1169,324,350]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">America,</td>
<td id="76BD5DEEFFB0007549E7C979FB14FEC3" box="[1178,1235,324,350]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">from</td>
<td id="76BD5DEEFFB0007549A6C979FAECFEC3" box="[1243,1323,324,350]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">central</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356C3492FFB000754C75C951FAECFE1B" box="[264,1323,364,390]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76BD5DEEFFB000754C75C951FD3BFE1B" box="[264,764,364,390]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ontario and Quebec south to Alabama.</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C346655BFFB0FF8F4C75C981FBAFFD73" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB0FF8F4C75C981FE4CFE4B" blockId="5.[264,1323,444,750]" box="[264,395,444,470]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">BIOLOGY</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE336D0FFB0FF8F4C45C9D9FBAFFD73" blockId="5.[264,1323,444,750]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The immature stages of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB0FF8F4F2BC9D9FCCEFE60" box="[598,777,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB0FF8F4F2BC9D9FCCEFE60" box="[598,777,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">St. diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur typically in small sized, low productivity, temporary­ or permanent streams. Aspects of population dynamics have been discussed previously by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B21FFB0FF8F4F6FCA09FD07FDD3" author="Davies" box="[530,704,564,590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="11" refString="Davies, D. M. (1950) A study of the black fly population of a stream in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute, 28, 121 - 159." type="journal article" year="1950">Davies (1950)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B21FFB0FF8F4FADCA09FBD8FDD3" author="Basrur" box="[720,1055,564,590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" refString="Basrur, V. R. &amp; Rothfels, K. H. (1959) Triploidy in natural populations of the black fly Cnephia mutata (Malloch). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 37, 571 - 589." type="journal article" year="1959">Basrur and Rothfels (1959)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B21FFB0FF8F4952CA09FAE1FDD3" box="[1071,1318,564,590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="11" refString="Davies, D. M., Peterson, B. V. &amp; Wood, D. M. (1962) The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Ontario. Part I. Adult identification and distribution with descriptions of six new species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 92, 70 - 154." type="journal article">Davies et al. (1962)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B21FFB0FF8F4C75CA61FDEDFDEB" author="Back" box="[264,554,604,630]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" refString="Back, C. &amp; Harper, P. P. (1979) Succession saisonniere, emergence, voltinisme, et repartition de mouches noires des Laurentides (Diptera; Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 57, 627 - 639." type="journal article" year="1979">Back and Harper (1979)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B21FFB0FF8F4F14CA61FCB1FDEB" author="Adler" box="[617,886,604,630]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" refString="Adler, P. H. &amp; Kim, K. C. (1986) The black flies of Pennsylvania (Simuliidae, Diptera): bionomics, taxonomy, and distribution. Pennsylvania State University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 856, 1 - 88." type="journal article" year="1986">Adler and Kim (1986)</bibRefCitation>
. In northern Ontario, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB0FF8F490ACA61FAECFDE8" box="[1143,1323,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB0FF8F490ACA61FAECFDE8" box="[1143,1323,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">St. diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is among the earliest developing simuliids in the streams they inhabit (
<figureCitation id="13672A55FFB0FF8F4939CAB9FB4CFD03" box="[1092,1163,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[269,1305,329,1694]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[263,1323,321,1701]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Temporal succession of mature black fly larvae found at two different collection sites in Algonquin Provincial Park: Costello Creek, above and Booth’s Rock Trail Trickle, below. Along the x­axis, calendar week is given. Species are from four different genera: P., Prosimulium; Cn., Cnephia; St., Stegopterna; S., Simulium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156349/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). By the time larvae in the 
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB0FF8F4CDDCA91FCDCFD58" box="[416,795,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB0FF8F4CDDCA91FD46FD58" box="[416,641,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venustum">Simulium venustum</taxonomicName>
/verecundum
</emphasis>
complex appear, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB0FF8F4E96CA91FB5BFD58" box="[1003,1180,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB0FF8F4E96CA91FB5BFD58" box="[1003,1180,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">St. diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae have largely been replaced by those of the parthenogenetic 
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D53FFB0FF8F4EFCCAE9FC32FD70" box="[897,1013,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B928EAC2FFB0FF8F4EFCCAE9FC32FD70" box="[897,1013,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">St. mutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
triploids.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>