763 lines
111 KiB
XML
763 lines
111 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1174-219" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D0C94D1974975A4B9CD9EE6F18A21120" ID-ZooBank="608FAD80206A428E9743F8ED4F3139BB" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1174-219" checkinTime="1691771919581" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ballarin, Francesco & Eguchi, Katsuyuki" docDate="2023" docId="A74275A7B1BF5C1598CA279FCA285E09" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1174: 219-272" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1174" docPubDate="2023-08-11" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251" docTitle="Nesticella okinawaensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="D0C94D1974975A4B9CD9EE6F18A21120" lastPageNumber="219" masterDocId="D0C94D1974975A4B9CD9EE6F18A21120" masterDocTitle="Integrative taxonomic revision of the genera Nesticella and Howaia in Japan with the description of five new species (Araneae, Nesticidae, Nesticellini)" masterLastPageNumber="272" masterPageNumber="219" pageNumber="219" updateTime="1691771919581" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="7EE24C9100183DE7FF737FC7A8A64507">Integrative taxonomic revision of the genera Nesticella and Howaia in Japan with the description of five new species (Araneae, Nesticidae, Nesticellini)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E60B72287D4DC7A3E563EE3DF1E95FFD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0CB3DB4788F2A572CD0C4FC45FF51C37">Ballarin, Francesco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="36FC7DBFE08CB84C039D28BB7CC2316C" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1417-2519</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="B02E5A5210036FD2E428890438E5D0D1">Systematic Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1 - 1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, 192 - 0397, Tokyo, Japan & Department of Zoology, Museo di Storia Naturale of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria, 9, I- 37129 Verona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0482EB621913F9396FA58EFD6F9386E7" type="email">ballarin.francesco@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="69C3DB4F6791DDADB24A1FE4872CB904">Eguchi, Katsuyuki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1F1F3979996A3B6888FBC34361A9F4F0" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1054-1295</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="AEA8B1EAA2129F0F5B4E28FC520D517E">Systematic Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1 - 1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, 192 - 0397, Tokyo, Japan & Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1 - 12 - 4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, 852 - 8523, Nagasaki, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="62B71FBCA0E5F6021C4EBD755AD3393B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:date id="972BC4E7F61B1703EAA33239DDA4A52C">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C447511BD82AA5293173C58DB57A9E2E">2023-08-11</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7F230ED8BC9E4BAFA7DE8CEA6735B1CA">1174</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="BBF32083307E3ECD6E1D2E72561B124E">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="DD91E23DB7EA2BF43AA3196D51148B85">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="130D41592A77B65357349B4E410F281F" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251</mods:identifier>
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<subSection id="EC49E3AD3A5CF1309BB97E8C4AA7EC84" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="taxonomic account">
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<treatment id="A74275A7B1BF5C1598CA279FCA285E09" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A74275A7B1BF5C1598CA279FCA285E09" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A74275A7B1BF5C1598CA279FCA285E09" lastPageNumber="219" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<subSubSection id="012FC1026300BC932A9C14181C620BCA" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2837A62AD392A9BBDB8E0CEC1A192E4A" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<taxonomicName id="F3732260F1EDD95A446313626AC2112A" ID-CoL="73WVR" LSID="A74275A7-B1BF-5C15-98CA-279FCA285E09" authority="(Yaginuma 1979)" baseAuthorityName="Yaginuma" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">Nesticella okinawaensis (Yaginuma 1979)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0620266D646B2B3EC6F4FF89883C8017" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="D6EE8C527ED7971F5E81E19E14BA9CAC" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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<figureCitation id="DBBC8F1A16420975FE1F0351776D8FE2" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Figs 12A-J</figureCitation>
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||
<figureCitation id="1052B0B491B2F2030447DF54F22F84F6" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">, 13A-D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="B0F150601446EEFACD70E7F6140E8123" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Nesticella and Howaia species in life and their natural habitats A female of H. mogera B female of N. terrestris C female of H. alba sp. nov. D female of N. occulta sp. nov. E female of N. okinawaensis F example of the epigean habitat of Nesticella species in the Ryukyus G habitat of H. alba sp nov. (dark zone of Tsuzupisuki-abu cave) H habitat of N. occulta sp. nov. (dark zone of Kabirano-ana cave) (all photos by F. Ballarin)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891299" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">, 15E</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="7B471970D4BCCDE62E63A6DE1C2742D3" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Distribution of Nesticella and Howaia species in mainland Japan and Ryukyu Archipelago A distribution of N. brevipes and N. terrestris in mainland Japan and neighboring countries B distribution of Nesticella and Howaia species endemic to the Ryukyu Archipelago C distribution of H. mogera in mainland Japan and neighboring countries D distribution of H. mogera in the Ryukyu Archipelago and neighboring countries. Colored squares refer to the type localities of the species, colored dots indicate the locations of specimens whose morphology has been checked during this study, dashed areas refer to the generally known distribution of the species, question marks refer to unclear distributions (see " remarks on misidentifications " of N. brevipes and N. terrestris)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891300" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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, 16B (Japanese name: okinawa-horahimegumo
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<normalizedToken id="762573780DD555420F604FCDB0F6EE24" originalValue="オキナワホラヒメグモ">オキナワホラヒメグモ</normalizedToken>
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)
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</figureCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CD1BAE7D4ECBF5E8D836DFA13AE998FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="A5608389D8CAB9E0E1D01277A11A9A77" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
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||
<taxonomicName id="F0FA9A2D5BC623076128D51F496AC167" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticus okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">Nesticus okinawaensis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="09F05F7A70678F324C6217237B19FEE3" author="Yaginuma, T" journalOrPublisher="Otemon Gakuin University" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" pagination="255 - 287" refId="B60" refString="Yaginuma, T, 1979. A study of the Japanese species of nesticid spiders. Faculty of Letters Revue. Otemon Gakuin University 13: 255 - 287" title="A study of the Japanese species of nesticid spiders. Faculty of Letters Revue." volume="13" year="1979">Yaginuma 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 275, pl. 6, figs 6-8 (♂♀):
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="381FCB2A85B33A795F43BA3414231F8A" author="Yaginuma, T" journalOrPublisher="Hoikusha Publishing Co., Osaka" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" refId="B61" refString="Yaginuma, T, 1986. Spiders of Japan in color (new ed.). Hoikusha Publishing Co., Osaka" title="Spiders of Japan in color (new ed.)." year="1986">Yaginuma 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 55, fig. 31.7 (♂♀).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4D6643A332B42B4660779B6A4ED99E0C" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A27661D7D6B07B5D7E65F7E7DF2FC92" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Howaia okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">Howaia okinawaensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FE6EF004E7C6F5C57D733097B502C4F9" author="Lehtinen, PT" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici Fennici" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" pagination="47 - 66" refId="B27" refString="Lehtinen, PT, Saaristo, MI, 1980. Spiders of the Oriental-Australian region. II. Nesticidae. Annales Zoologici Fennici 17: 47 - 66" title="Spiders of the Oriental-Australian region. II. Nesticidae." volume="17" year="1980">Lehtinen and Saaristo 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 59 (♂♀, transferred from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="676E3450E370CE0853238E8ACFA7C264" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1869" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nesticus</taxonomicName>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CC96445D509C17036D0D674EC382D279" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C575E7BCA39A2E0D83364CFB885FE5B" baseAuthorityName="Yaginuma" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">Nesticella okinawaensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="84880741CE9B4302DDEAB9D52E90C182" author="Kamura, T" editor="Ono, H" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Kanagawa" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" pagination="345 - 355" refId="B20" refString="Kamura, T, Irie, T, 2009. Nesticidae. In: Ono, H, Ed., The spiders of Japan with keys to the families and genera and illustrations of the species. Tokai University Press, Kanagawa: 345 - 355" title="Nesticidae." volumeTitle="The spiders of Japan with keys to the families and genera and illustrations of the species." year="2009">Kamura and Irie 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 353, figs 111, 112 (♂♀).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FD5708A625127E2154925ACC7299C2DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="type locality">
|
||
<paragraph id="4A5DBD7F8873E798CF0908A0C73C9083" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F39D3EB7EDD110E99BF4EBBAA221822D" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Japan, Okinawa honto Is., Kakinohana,Tamagusuku-son, Yaaji-gama Cave.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0A87485213E1D47A547EB131BFE13767" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="0FCD4329DC8D7EB8608299D3F47BC88C" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F7C3F8D5DE5794530940EEE3CF35420" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="5A0DD7946DCFE87578910ECC6228F8DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="AC193F8A06B47D1A2200EF04DCA6A102" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" country="Japan" location="Is" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kagoshima Pref.">
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||
<collectingCountry id="6B6EA871F78E9ED2D7DFD99DAC0C8DED" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
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||
<collectingRegion id="C2CCEB9FDD5C63576703C884178550DE" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima">Kagoshima Pref.</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4385E9C44BA565FD6E1BB4A1A4FA410E" originalValue="Amami-Ōshima">Amami-Ōshima</normalizedToken>
|
||
<location id="366B6A457B42EA83A3C93F9344FFB5CF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A74275A7B1BF5C1598CA279FCA285E09:366B6A457B42EA83A3C93F9344FFB5CF" country="Japan" name="Is" stateProvince="Kagoshima Pref.">Is</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="9BF29B56C1C094C390125A183F7B50BB" collectingDate="2020-03-15" collectorName="Amami-shi" country="Japan" location="Naze" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Kagoshima">
|
||
<specimenCount id="2CACEE00EA802AD10F8CC8BD540E9C64" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="FB61C249BFAB4756595594C2327FB365" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="A49F841FA67DEF0129157E4DA2B84488">Amami-shi</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="D3B9C7A4AA2BA6CCAEAA97A98D0CD7D1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A74275A7B1BF5C1598CA279FCA285E09:D3B9C7A4AA2BA6CCAEAA97A98D0CD7D1" country="Japan" name="Naze" stateProvince="Kagoshima">Naze</location>
|
||
, forest litter,
|
||
<collectingDate id="CC084218A35F3E28C87743735B4444E6" value="2020-03-15">15.Mar.2020</collectingDate>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="270709C0A9DBF3A00AF82618B39F7C72" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" collectorName="R. Serita" country="Japan" location="Okinoerabu-jima Is" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kagoshima">
|
||
<collectorName id="C1C854EE924FDA27BEBC13EE4B372E86">R. Serita</collectorName>
|
||
leg. (FBPC);
|
||
<emphasis id="C2A6382DAF2BCD67CA444F10B41952E6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<location id="133A1BA6EA82407D4D77AF189854BA2B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A74275A7B1BF5C1598CA279FCA285E09:133A1BA6EA82407D4D77AF189854BA2B" country="Japan" name="Okinoerabu-jima Is" stateProvince="Kagoshima">Okinoerabu-jima Is</location>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="6C6192F6CC8BF923E104B96B5378FA0B" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Murauchi
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D99CD82C7F63E5ADBD9BDCFEF488CBB7" originalValue="Shindō">Shindō</normalizedToken>
|
||
cave (村内新洞),
|
||
<date id="ED3AF4344B6A112DEFB7814A9F770DA5" value="2004-05-04">4.May.2004</date>
|
||
, H. Tamura leg. (MNHAH);
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C77E174CCB0BC82317CD7FB2FF88921F" collectingDate="2004-04-27" collectorName="China-cho" country="Japan" location="Ginsuido cave" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kagoshima">
|
||
<specimenCount id="A1F304FFF4A9F6F9A9F59773AFAFA239" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="844F12EF78A83A1692CE21E29358723B">China-cho</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="F91BCEAFA1EBF95FB19C956FBA36FD51" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A74275A7B1BF5C1598CA279FCA285E09:F91BCEAFA1EBF95FB19C956FBA36FD51" country="Japan" name="Ginsuido cave" stateProvince="Kagoshima">Ginsuido cave</location>
|
||
(銀水洞),
|
||
<collectingDate id="BED341620CBEF720350B4AE6BD225DB9" value="2004-04-27">27.Apr.2004</collectingDate>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, H. Tamura leg. (MNHAH);
|
||
<emphasis id="F3DCA044924B695D6D44C769443A20DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="FC24E45E8EF97B25A65C36D4F01774EF" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" country="Japan" location="Okinawa-honto Is" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Okinawa Pref.">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="C0A95EB8DDA2165DDBAD9C11916CA22B" country="Japan" name="Okinawa">Okinawa Pref.</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="608B37E8555D3720BD73B6594530C2FC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A74275A7B1BF5C1598CA279FCA285E09:608B37E8555D3720BD73B6594530C2FC" country="Japan" name="Okinawa-honto Is" stateProvince="Okinawa Pref.">Okinawa-honto Is</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="11A1636CBEB13354848C544076DD14B1" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Kunigami-gun, Motobu-cho, Izumi,
|
||
<quantity id="10A2B9424C4C792B6603F3DEBB54D9A5" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.16" unit="m" value="216.0">216 m</quantity>
|
||
, forest litter along the road,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="65506D7769209604A3004B5823D8532D" degrees="26.63968" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.63968">26.63968°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="BDF813531C2BF0982E74660FDACFFC3E" degrees="127.93916" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.93916">127.93916°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="A15AD2B4928C873120A0BE60715E6313" value="2020-11-17">17.Nov.2020</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCount id="2DBC82E3936931026C89A46DB114460D" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Kunigami-son, Yona, Yambaru Park,
|
||
<quantity id="ED789ACE53EEA811811B34D1D19C476C" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" unit="m" value="185.0">185 m</quantity>
|
||
, humid forest litter,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9F11D2861D8752F666F3C3A545882416" degrees="26.74755" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.74755">26.74755°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="23A2BC4D8879768B496DE6E473F063C9" degrees="128.22347" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="128.22346">128.22347°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="0508B56BDDE2A5708B4B5F5F2EF5627D" value="2021-02-25">25.Feb.2021</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="639780B34123A95C19345B9542C385FC" collectingDate="2021-02-28" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" country="Japan" elevation="132" latitude="26.75168" location="Okinawa-honto Is" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="128.22227" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-female="10" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Okinawa">
|
||
<specimenCount id="BA4598542980AE30E3ADB9062CDAE81F" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="785938E94FEA87544B5D949B1C54CD28" type="female">10♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, same locality,
|
||
<quantity id="CD27CC537FC65D58C127E514E20CB14D" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" unit="m" value="132.0">
|
||
<elevation id="6FF614CDA4DA26F74A8C3D53ED12FB09" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" unit="m" value="132.0">132 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="018C3A091AEF1C7042EB3D1F141B0E50" degrees="26.75168" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.75168">26.75168°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="3EE9555BC9258DD653724374F3AB7C60" degrees="128.22227" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="128.22227">128.22227°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF9039037A1ADECB7A599D9BB1DACAE4" value="2021-02-28">28.Feb.2021</collectingDate>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="CA3EFBCFA6DB864516AEB9D29F2243FD" collectingDate="2021-02-28" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" country="Japan" elevation="206" latitude="26.74536" location="Okinawa-honto Is" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="128.22545" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Okinawa">
|
||
<specimenCount id="5C6EA97E13A2BD931D44C1A2031340C0" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, same locality,
|
||
<quantity id="502F2370886574C0E6C6386688436BDA" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.06" unit="m" value="206.0">
|
||
<elevation id="5D9059F51B90705F652D12031BF643D6" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.06" unit="m" value="206.0">206 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="210F6AFC2CD1F356E329B2F44A56CFCE" degrees="26.74536" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.74536">26.74536°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BC363DBB8DC860A8FF9B687DF653D7E" degrees="128.22545" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="128.22545">128.22545°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="52B2EA52F2880852130665ECD9D6FFE6" value="2021-02-28">28.Feb.2021</collectingDate>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="6144FECD604D4C64D84A91CD9F34EDFA" collectingDate="2021-03-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" country="Japan" elevation="55" latitude="6.75803" location="Okinawa-honto Is" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="128.22166" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Okinawa">
|
||
<specimenCount id="F5015C3631119E7D28255FD97D48105E" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, same locality,
|
||
<quantity id="B5F1F18CA844FC97A3E69529CEBC412D" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" unit="m" value="55.0">
|
||
<elevation id="AE86AD72C6BCD6F6FDD07A17D6588D7C" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" unit="m" value="55.0">55 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, 2
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="808CB04AD637578B072C1159CB1C0B2C" degrees="6.75803" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.75803">6.75803°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="CF2329677160303733B5491FEC74147A" degrees="128.22167" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="128.22166">128.22167°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="2A9D3DB6E70BBF48B44E1F171A9CAD1F" value="2021-03-01">01.Mar.2021</collectingDate>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, all F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC);
|
||
<materialsCitation id="70275E608C6261F3836ECF10AA6804A4" collectingDate="2020-03-07" country="Japan" location="Okuni-rindo Pass" municipality="Ogimi-son" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Okinawa">
|
||
<specimenCount id="0095FB0EDC6D2554A369C29FF8637BC7" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="7313A65D2FD2D02A010B6668AC734BED" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="8336394A74F2956EC4A62AA08074E7FC">Ogimi-son</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="AC309ECECD2E8E88F5B128E80FAAC2D5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A74275A7B1BF5C1598CA279FCA285E09:AC309ECECD2E8E88F5B128E80FAAC2D5" country="Japan" municipality="Ogimi-son" name="Okuni-rindo Pass" stateProvince="Okinawa">Okuni-rindo Pass</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="6498EAB56872F17EA327A7C78EE261F3" value="2020-03-07">7.Mar.2020</collectingDate>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="67C7667A886955B6A73CB0FA220A886F" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" collectorName="Y. Suzuki" country="Japan" location="Kume-jima Is" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Okinawa">
|
||
<collectorName id="B62F4F135DFFEBDD23FA908486482C25">Y. Suzuki</collectorName>
|
||
leg. (YSPC);
|
||
<emphasis id="CBD0BA88E3AF110A78D1E918CE6C2BF0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<location id="D14FEBB6503FDC9D50F4718D673BED72" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A74275A7B1BF5C1598CA279FCA285E09:D14FEBB6503FDC9D50F4718D673BED72" country="Japan" name="Kume-jima Is" stateProvince="Okinawa">Kume-jima Is</location>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="53E91EC0F8E74D8BE2EDD7CE04C6DCF6" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Shimajiri-gun, Maja,
|
||
<quantity id="84CE09371EFE04ECAE587C9F45819E57" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" unit="m" value="95.0">95 m</quantity>
|
||
, litter in a broadleaf forest,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="517DACF10B84CD65A7305B912A99D920" degrees="26.34819" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.34819">26.34819°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1DC4199A168F692C0BF7174ADE132193" degrees="126.80254" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="126.80254">126.80254° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="7F7233A2B8D727FA7A456767233EABF0" value="2022-05-18">18.May.2022</date>
|
||
, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC);
|
||
<specimenCount id="EF8369DE334E99847DD342E82D9DFE76" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Uegusuku,
|
||
<quantity id="18AB3C4652E1186DF41D2637B891265E" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.63" unit="m" value="263.0">263 m</quantity>
|
||
, litter in a broadleaf forest,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="3B25C6EC35B2E17EC24990EA242EDA93" degrees="26.37577" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.37577">26.37577°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C7A162D81E9D381179DAB5D80439E5B4" degrees="126.76990" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="126.7699">126.76990°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="B0A25406275BE7F1BBF947CE5CD1E3E9" value="2022-05-18">18.May.2022</date>
|
||
, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FE8A5BF936CD9A8DA230BBDC32DE5E7E" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="3431C259B8200E274B9F93B005BB5922" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="99CED7DD9D08E4C54B07AFD7A4D0A518" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
Male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D14F2F2EF71150A2169947694014B6FA" baseAuthorityName="Yaginuma" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9AE74BAC3578E35A346C7C0744191561" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from male of other Japanese congeners by the short and stocky beak-like median process of conductor (Cm) with a long ventral process (vs a longer, smaller, or thinner Cm, with a smaller or lacking ventral process in other species), by the presence of a long, lobated distal apophysis on the retrolateral process of conductor (Ca) (vs small Ca in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="854C20B94A925DD47AB322D3C754F6E6" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. silvicola" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="silvicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="81DBEBAE49DF4DF59E24D34D8FE19D16" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. silvicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. or lacking in other species), and by the shape of paracymbium having an elongated distal process I (Di-I) and a lobated and complex distal process II (Di-II) (vs a shorter Di-I, and a missing, simpler, smaller or thinner Di-II in other species) (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="737A058BFD22FD17218743C0FDB679FC" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="A172ABE7E8C27A2FCD6CEECF176AF4A7" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
cf. Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="AC24567E44C3753B4F45659030DF1494" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Howaia mogera A male palp (holotype), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne ventral view (specimen from Tokyo area) F same after dissection, shape variation G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male (specimen from Tokyo area) I habitus of female J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891285" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">1A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="D426A3523D65044B5E0CEB2AC62FE4A0" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Howaia alba sp. nov. A male palp (holotype), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne (one of the paratypes), ventral view F same, shape variation G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male (holotype) I habitus of female (one of the paratypes) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891286" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">2A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1C156B1BB0A1C6354D769BF7E522501A" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Genitalia of Howaia mogera and H. alba sp. nov. A male palp of H. mogera, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view E male palp of H. alba sp. nov., ventral view F same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view H female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di - distal process of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891288" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">4A-C, E-G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="4F3E3ED73283B47473F66A918268817E" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Nesticella brevipes A male palp (paratype), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne (holotype), ventral view F same, female from Kyushu G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male (old specimen from Kyushu); I habitus of female (specimen from Shikoku); J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891289" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">5A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="30B71182836AAC82DA07089DB09D8EA2" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesticella terrestris A male palp (one of the topotypes), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne (topotype), ventral view F same after dissection, shape variation G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male (topotype) I habitus of female J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891290" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">6A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1DE6640949C5B203D579205EBB60E7B4" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Genitalia of Nesticella brevipes and N. terrestris A male palp of N. brevipes, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view E male palp of N. terrestris, ventral view F same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view H female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal process (es) I and II of paracymbium; Do - dorsal process of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve I-II - ventral processes I and II of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891291" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">7A-C, E-G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="F8F339D0AC41F57710B3F8A668066CE7" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Nesticella silvicola sp. nov. A male palp (holotype), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne (one of the paratypes), ventral view F same, from shape variation G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male I habitus of female J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891292" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">8A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="A094D44E5C93BD3DC33C98BF84B204C8" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Nesticella insulana sp. nov. A male palp (holotype), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne (one of the paratypes), ventral view F same, from shape variation G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male I habitus of female J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891293" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">9A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="943CB4A1BE4569238DE1C6467DE10B6F" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Genitalia of Nesticella silvicola sp. nov. and N. insulana sp. nov. A male palp of N. silvicola sp. nov., ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view E male palp of N. insulana sp. nov., ventral view F same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view H female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal process (es) I and II of paracymbium; Do - dorsal process of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve I-II - ventral processes I and II of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891294" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">10A-C, E-G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9EEC5462A9C379E5B258652D7662D56" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A49BAA1F1834EACC8254C32CE9B1F92D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily distinguished from female of other Japanese species by the shape of the internal copulatory ducts (Cd), thin and convoluted (vs thicker and less convoluted Cd in other species) (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="98AB6FE9BB2D1E8E60D8BFDABDA3CF62" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12E-G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="780C32D6C2271CE7E40603FE452F8CCD" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13D</figureCitation>
|
||
cf. Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="D58A03063155F7B5FA3B6CD699971D44" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Howaia mogera A male palp (holotype), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne ventral view (specimen from Tokyo area) F same after dissection, shape variation G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male (specimen from Tokyo area) I habitus of female J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891285" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">1E-G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="11A940F2F62DF707EF174718B16DD593" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Howaia alba sp. nov. A male palp (holotype), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne (one of the paratypes), ventral view F same, shape variation G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male (holotype) I habitus of female (one of the paratypes) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891286" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">2E-G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0965174E3DF06C419A8DC2DBB8834248" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Howaia subterranea sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C habitus of female, lateral view D female epigyne, ventral view E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891287" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="411A4625AB5DB4E9952886E1C3055D30" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Genitalia of Howaia mogera and H. alba sp. nov. A male palp of H. mogera, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view E male palp of H. alba sp. nov., ventral view F same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view H female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di - distal process of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891288" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">4D, H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="419D276BBC8175F8D5C203C20DEFE313" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Nesticella brevipes A male palp (paratype), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne (holotype), ventral view F same, female from Kyushu G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male (old specimen from Kyushu); I habitus of female (specimen from Shikoku); J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891289" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">5E-G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="A5505ED882FBF2B2FA2303DC6BEE7CEF" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesticella terrestris A male palp (one of the topotypes), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne (topotype), ventral view F same after dissection, shape variation G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male (topotype) I habitus of female J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891290" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">6E-G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="74574F1AF46AE4857144E14294F6D638" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Genitalia of Nesticella brevipes and N. terrestris A male palp of N. brevipes, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view E male palp of N. terrestris, ventral view F same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view H female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal process (es) I and II of paracymbium; Do - dorsal process of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve I-II - ventral processes I and II of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891291" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">7D, H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="7843DEBC63E9C37A1B29FF16CE0CA7DE" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Nesticella silvicola sp. nov. A male palp (holotype), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne (one of the paratypes), ventral view F same, from shape variation G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male I habitus of female J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891292" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">8E-G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="20D44F4228C30129B797A004C6223612" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Nesticella insulana sp. nov. A male palp (holotype), ventral view B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne (one of the paratypes), ventral view F same, from shape variation G vulva, dorsal view H habitus of male I habitus of female J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 1.0 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891293" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">9E-G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="6C9BE96011D2524BAA19F7D493FEBD1A" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Genitalia of Nesticella silvicola sp. nov. and N. insulana sp. nov. A male palp of N. silvicola sp. nov., ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view E male palp of N. insulana sp. nov., ventral view F same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view H female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal process (es) I and II of paracymbium; Do - dorsal process of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve I-II - ventral processes I and II of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891294" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">10D, H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="09AD094F0822C54F2F0A6236787BCFB4" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nesticella occulta sp. nov. A habitus of female (holotype) B cephalic area of female, frontal view C female epigyne, ventral view D same, shape variation E vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; Id - insemination duct; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, C); 0.2 mm (B, D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891295" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">11C-E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8BAEA6942ED10E901AADFD4F67AFB7B5" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="D0D68B862C8504DC6E281D6F5B8A6D44" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
|
||
<paragraph id="25D8CAD6E155250FA07982A662C5800C" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="25880276C21C2E839B2B2961B1FD5022" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="27D93704E4C6FF14E2BE82CF69FB6177" baseAuthorityName="Yaginuma" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7F1571ACF19F45228A9B39885B6F4C13" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="CB60CE9AEE8BFF0EB3545AB731AA74D8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">A</emphasis>
|
||
male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru)
|
||
<emphasis id="9B5FCE0BDA6698670ECC59B6097E4BB1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">B</emphasis>
|
||
same, retrolateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="0D323086115050957B3CC68EE74ED5AF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">C</emphasis>
|
||
same, ventro-prolateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="8839BB56D0FD0E3E6EAC0D4383E9A787" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">D</emphasis>
|
||
same, dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="13404819DBA555F652F17F7D4F649769" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">E</emphasis>
|
||
female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru)
|
||
<emphasis id="802B896024AFF91DA498CF91A5AA6446" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">F</emphasis>
|
||
same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2B88A6345DDCBF980686232E905ED685" originalValue="Amami-Ōshima">Amami-Ōshima</normalizedToken>
|
||
Is.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B31B737F3A94077A58BE67C37EC2A23B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">G</emphasis>
|
||
vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru)
|
||
<emphasis id="8D4698AC44B325F839908BE7F20F92A8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H</emphasis>
|
||
habitus of male (specimen from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="13DB147C6B7DB216A1C9DE2975C20851" originalValue="Amami-Ōshima">Amami-Ōshima</normalizedToken>
|
||
Is.)
|
||
<emphasis id="2CC8D7A4D7009723667607DDC3141CB1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">I</emphasis>
|
||
habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru)
|
||
<emphasis id="440E947D70B274540A1B498CB5883132" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">J</emphasis>
|
||
cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="44B75379365DD096A5C6296395BF835D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">A-G, J</emphasis>
|
||
); 0.5 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="FAFBF5D35B20C0C506CE507DB9BCA591" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H, I</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="1AC590B9427CAD5446CE38B66BD68E20" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
|
||
<paragraph id="000508FDB7DA8E6C18151FE83E6C4824" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="401D7504730065E81EFE48DB7A502A3D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Figure 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BA9E4EC83CC7EA10525F8B73BD23B7C0" baseAuthorityName="Yaginuma" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="648B44CB268B88C1197C8CF269FE3C90" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D866081896DF379F788532C858C00D0F" authorityName="Ballarin & Eguchi" authorityYear="2023" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Howaia subterranea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subterranea">
|
||
<emphasis id="BA3BD308153732C4D8C8C365C387FA65" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Howaia subterranea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80FCB705D1DEF9D7C390F057C9633F2A" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. occulta" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="occulta">
|
||
<emphasis id="35B947C3664D8205E7F1979552372408" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. occulta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis id="7B7DB34D5BCCC4BEC340415693A80568" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">A</emphasis>
|
||
male palp of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7490E0234918623F21817C9A45D1D04" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BA63E8379959578BC4971F6A138F15BA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ventral view
|
||
<emphasis id="F09D4B81DAE2E37F8BFF6BD5E2F74CFB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">B</emphasis>
|
||
same, retrolateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="CECCB9DBAFE6707420A8A5585C9EDE4F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">C</emphasis>
|
||
detail or paracymbium, dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="CF08CB26F8485098DB36FD994CED721C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">D</emphasis>
|
||
female epigyne, ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="489F107EA0864F525D86EEEFA00FDD7B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">E</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09777D8AA96DAD308B6C4B3631E2F197" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. subterranea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="subterranea">
|
||
<emphasis id="52437D6CC532FD4FF5B362A71242E2BC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. subterranea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view
|
||
<emphasis id="821E01CBA4564B4E9A5B43E1DFDB0C64" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">F</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DF8CC5FB4184C231BC138660621BD8C" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. occulta" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="occulta">
|
||
<emphasis id="3446324AE5C35483C9B2C43039F95197" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. occulta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E4F4A9C0F7D4FBD3A41BF28962B93CCA" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="redescription">
|
||
<paragraph id="F19A4D38102449F98824E706A086930D" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Redescription of male</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="44B5B74E2F5EA46FB6069B4E3ABD733E" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="993DCC1B37DF0910D142F55F3A2069FE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">(from Yambaru Park, Okinawa-honto).</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9ECBCACC3244BBE33D10B7E9D0073BAD" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12H</figureCitation>
|
||
. Total length 1.89. Prosoma 1.02 long, 0.90 wide. Carapace rounded, yellowish with dark cephalic area, median stripe, and margins. Cervical groove and fovea distinct. Eyes well developed. Eyes measurements: AME = 0.04, ALE = 0.09, PME = 0.09, PLE = 0.09, AME-ALE = 0.03, ALE-PLE = 0.00. Chelicerae, labium, maxillae, and sternum of the same yellowish color as carapace. Legs yellowish with dark annulation on femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus. Legs measurement: I 5.46 (1.51, 0.40, 1.41, 1.41, 0.53), II 4.68 (1.41, 0.38, 1.17, 1.16, 0.56), III 3.43 (1.07, 0.33, 0.77, 0.83, 0.43), IV 5.15 (1.57, 0.41, 1.39, 1.21, 0.57). Opisthosoma dark grey with whitish dorsal mark on dorsal-anterior side.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="82CACA02B1EBA8260E50A3067EAC160A" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
Male palp as in Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="B73C860BA40CE2C835A40F6D9EB7D757" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="EF7A1B4AEA71CE03C59BB18E878302BF" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
. Cymbium elongated, five or six robust setae on the distal and distal-prolateral margin (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="3C897F5995DCEFF2FE3EAE5306E47004" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Paracymbium with 2 distal processes (Di-I-II) and 1 ventral process (Va). Distal process I (Di-I) long, laterally flattened, slightly bent internally, ending with a small lobated tip; distal process II (Di-II) wide, proximal part laterally flattened, headed frontally, distal part lobated, headed internally bearing 2 small spurs. Ventral process of paracymbium (Va) wide, flat, triangularly shaped. (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BD08BC42F932846F467EF74E488C2B7" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12A, B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8C62355D44C0938240A0B18BE42B3B7A" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Embolus (E) long and filiform, origin of embolus positioned at ~ 4:30
|
||
<normalizedToken id="53AA57FBA15E94DE48DCC5946E15066B" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
|
||
on radix (Rx). Radical apophysis (Ra) strongly sclerotized, rectangularly shaped, flat, and stocky with granulated surface. Conductor with 3 distinct processes (Cp, Cr, Cm) and a half-transparent distal lobe (Cl). Prolateral process (Cp) long and flat, ribbon-like, headed counterclockwise, wrapped around embolus. Retrolateral process (Cr) wide and thick, curved internally, distally bearing a long, lobated apophysis (Ca) and a flat, triangular outgrowth in the central part. Median process of conductor (Cm) beak-like, short and stocky, strongly sclerotized, with a long, strongly sclerotized ventral process (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8181B905186144F1E8D9A5E19318408" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="4F30F3353CEE2DE3CB1242166573AD18" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4E3A70C0D2329488BCABFE4DAC40B349" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="redescription">
|
||
<paragraph id="47713DDD06EE9BAA86C1EA2699E2869B" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Redescription of female</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B1E136C36939731CD5E49AE6DF33BE4D" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1E8A3DAC3C6F75AF82CACBD6806D8FD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">(from Yambaru Park, Okinawa-honto).</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus as in Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="B7F76487E177B309D23E57AF626F2773" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="D3A308205D119205F6A588D3E438467D" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Nesticella and Howaia species in life and their natural habitats A female of H. mogera B female of N. terrestris C female of H. alba sp. nov. D female of N. occulta sp. nov. E female of N. okinawaensis F example of the epigean habitat of Nesticella species in the Ryukyus G habitat of H. alba sp nov. (dark zone of Tsuzupisuki-abu cave) H habitat of N. occulta sp. nov. (dark zone of Kabirano-ana cave) (all photos by F. Ballarin)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891299" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">15E</figureCitation>
|
||
. Total length 1.84. Prosoma 0.87 long, 0.72 wide. Carapace piriform. Cephalic area as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9270A27094F6B09AD28790599B0E5AA5" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12J</figureCitation>
|
||
. Eyes well-developed. Eyes measurements: AME = 0.03, ALE = 0.08, PME = 0.08, PLE = 0.08, AME-ALE = 0.03, ALE-PLE = 0.00. Legs measurements: I 6.13 (1.51, 0.41, 1.36, 1.28, 0.57), II 3.66 (1.09, 0.36, 0.85, 0.83, 0.53), III 2.58 (0.70, 0.31, 0.56, 0.55, 0.46), IV 4.26 (1.33, 0.40, 1.04, 0.98, 0.51). Coloration and other details as in male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="92D4C1492E0EA3DF87E451023B2716CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
Epigyne and vulva as in Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="AD7149070C5492411ADB020C4F75F4F0" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12E-G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="377C26064A9F75A90CB600AFA5A6EE69" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13D</figureCitation>
|
||
. Scapus (Sc) short, rectangular, elongated laterally, ~ 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="19E50D7BC0AEB31269741AC2B100CD71" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
wider than long, bearing a flat posterior margin (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="6AC5B16E86A1EADD5CB2E2B5CF8D6FCB" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="30ED5FD8C93E04022BB9F7C11AA239F9" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Genitalia of Nesticella okinawaensis, Howaia subterranea sp. nov., and N. occulta sp. nov. A male palp of N. okinawaensis, ventral view B same, retrolateral view C detail or paracymbium, dorsal view D female epigyne, ventral view; E H. subterranea sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view F N. occulta sp. nov. female epigyne, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ca - apophysis of the retrolateral process of conductor; Cl - lobe of conductor; Cm - median process of conductor; Co - copulatory opening; Cp - prolateral process of conductor; Cr - retrolateral process of conductor; Di I-II - distal processes I and II of paracymbium; E - embolus; P - paracymbium; Ra - radical apophysis; Rx - radix; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus; Sd - sperm duct; St - subtegulum; Te - tegulum; Ve - ventral process of paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891297" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">13D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Copulatory opening (Co) at the inner-lateral sides of scapus. Internal ducts slightly visible through the transparent tegument, shaped as 2 inverted round brackets. Copulatory ducts (Cd), thin, coiled, reaching the spermathecae after 2 coils. Insemination ducts (Id) thin. Spermathecae (S) small and rounded, separated from each other by ~ 2.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F68D49E4B2A70CC6FFD6525A3FEAB2FF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
their diameter (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A8D0A16EA9AE5BED8EAB5BEDBD60FC" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FD219D0CB4EA5DA5272AC5D2B44E9EFB" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="50E5566D02BFD9C237325E775D8FC021" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Size variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8EDFFB008C003D7C8AD26DEAFD8D0275" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Male (based on 3 males) Total length: 1.85-1.89, prosoma length: 1.01-1.02, width: 0.88-0.90. Female (based on 8 females) Total length: 1.68-2.07, prosoma length: 0.88-0.92, width: 0.79-0.81.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6D4BC939B3ED6F9DEE71534E4D0BE2DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="CFB8C1A1710FA1A45EF74BBE9C80F6DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E70578901A2A9D0DD9ACF4F4DCC20B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="91D1584AD6D681C84F63F67CE2C04F64" baseAuthorityName="Yaginuma" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADDC938729D604F4D7403700F57A20D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed in the islands forming the Central Ryukyu arc (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4B8260BE586834EB6D826B3F75CD0A9D" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Distribution of Nesticella and Howaia species in mainland Japan and Ryukyu Archipelago A distribution of N. brevipes and N. terrestris in mainland Japan and neighboring countries B distribution of Nesticella and Howaia species endemic to the Ryukyu Archipelago C distribution of H. mogera in mainland Japan and neighboring countries D distribution of H. mogera in the Ryukyu Archipelago and neighboring countries. Colored squares refer to the type localities of the species, colored dots indicate the locations of specimens whose morphology has been checked during this study, dashed areas refer to the generally known distribution of the species, question marks refer to unclear distributions (see " remarks on misidentifications " of N. brevipes and N. terrestris)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891300" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">16B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The new records for
|
||
<normalizedToken id="36A54C242E762E40A851FEA820DB3E75" originalValue="Amami-Ōshima">Amami-Ōshima</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Okinoerabu-jima islands herein reported extend the known distribution of this species ~ 200 km to the North-East. Currently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="105C0ACA60C9221AE925C2C923FAB107" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9D95A7F4FE08847AF5C4BA9D4729ED68" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recorded from the islands of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A7035DCFE1C32D4B6D8B06BF9605CD5A" originalValue="Amami-Ōshima">Amami-Ōshima</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Okinoerabu-jima, Okinawa-honto, and Kume-jima (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7BEE8512F5BA948F052D1BB15FC8F352" author="Yaginuma, T" journalOrPublisher="Otemon Gakuin University" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" pagination="255 - 287" refId="B60" refString="Yaginuma, T, 1979. A study of the Japanese species of nesticid spiders. Faculty of Letters Revue. Otemon Gakuin University 13: 255 - 287" title="A study of the Japanese species of nesticid spiders. Faculty of Letters Revue." volume="13" year="1979">Yaginuma 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E7D006CBC0C15C96FA0C5810F7B29BC9" author="Tanikawa, A" journalOrPublisher="Kishidaia" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" pagination="61 - 101" refId="B53" refString="Tanikawa, A, Sasaki, T, 1999. A check list of spiders in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Kishidaia 76: 61 - 101" title="A check list of spiders in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan." volume="76" year="1999">Tanikawa and Sasaki 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; and this work) but its presence in other minor islands of the Central Ryukyu is also probable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28963B04AF88A4B766A6959B9290FD21" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph id="FF3837996D7713240B3952E87B0E1308" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="044D6E4BC6662E874F2E9A3D769DED99" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="734AB326596638DF1A2B1DBCEEB97366" baseAuthorityName="Yaginuma" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB70CDC12308F61FA4E5A506DEC1F46" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dwells in humid and shadowed habitats such as caves, narrow valleys, and vegetated cliffs. This species builds simple scaffold webs in empty spaces in the leaf litter or under logs and superficial rocks, as well as in recesses of the walls and floor of caves, usually in the twilight zone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="066FA8E780D941A38E5525DA4F04C6D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="D8BB3C475F5725B0773D758C13348639" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Remarks on intraspecific variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9A0413981B29242D801A947F23B9C0E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
The general coloration and the dorsal pattern of the opisthosoma appear rather variable in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0670BEB4FCC61BE9142C421339C13D6A" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0E34A0B94BB8D86204FA471C41E6571" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, changing among populations living in different areas or different islands or even single individuals. Populations living in the northern area of Okinawa-honto Is. often show a darker pattern, with less clear marks often reduced to a single whitish spot on the dorsal-anterior side (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="0F56687BB289FD2123DC75604CDB02D0" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="78A65C3A73305FC71F76C6EE40E55D55" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Nesticella and Howaia species in life and their natural habitats A female of H. mogera B female of N. terrestris C female of H. alba sp. nov. D female of N. occulta sp. nov. E female of N. okinawaensis F example of the epigean habitat of Nesticella species in the Ryukyus G habitat of H. alba sp nov. (dark zone of Tsuzupisuki-abu cave) H habitat of N. occulta sp. nov. (dark zone of Kabirano-ana cave) (all photos by F. Ballarin)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891299" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">15E</figureCitation>
|
||
); populations from Kume-jima Is. often have a whitish continuous stripe along the median line of the opisthosoma, while populations from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A53C3FC483BE473816A8CAE20E7F4617" originalValue="Amami-Ōshima">Amami-Ōshima</normalizedToken>
|
||
Is. usually have a general lighter pattern with numerous larger light marks partially fused to each other (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9150D079C59B8A5FB29CA7F9C345A1DB" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Nesticella okinawaensis A male palp, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) B same, retrolateral view C same, ventro-prolateral view D same, dorsal view E female epigyne, ventral view (specimen from Yambaru) F same after dissection, shape variation (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) G vulva, dorsal view (specimen from Yambaru) H habitus of male (specimen from Amami-Ōshima Is.) I habitus of female (specimen from Yambaru) J cephalic area of female, frontal view. Abbreviations: Cd - copulatory duct; Co - copulatory opening; S - spermatheca; Sc - scapus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-G, J); 0.5 mm (H, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891296" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">12H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The shape of scapus also shows minor variability among specimens from different islands with the samples from Kume-jima Is. and Okinoerabu-jima Is. generally having a slightly narrower scapus. A high degree of genetic variation is also observed between population distributed in different islands (e.g., Amami Is.-Kumejima Is. = 7.3-7.8%; Amami Is.-Okinawa Is. = 7.5%; Kumejima Is.-Okinawa Is. = 5.6-6.7%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90B5E1F004842B536864739236B33311" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="8F781FFAE1EE7F8B7D4CD1B621860029" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Remarks on systematic.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="08C91CEFC467D87D7A69635815B14907" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C863A78FF5B4224BB6D68CEA20784F7" baseAuthorityName="Yaginuma" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D059BB9E8609D5C36661864F04A8D91B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was provisionally included in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E81F33493CDB576F5FB4B5E5DCA2FA57" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. brevipes" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="brevipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="041D201152157FA1E011C2278A8E10D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. brevipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="596BB68AB41045B27D94B75672A9B607" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.627.8629" author="Lin, YC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" pagination="1 - 168" refId="B28" refString="Lin, YC, Ballarin, F, Li, SQ, 2016. A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species. ZooKeys 627: 1 - 168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.627.8629" title="A survey of the spider family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Asia and Madagascar, with the description of forty-three new species." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.627.8629" volume="627" year="2016">Lin et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on the basis of published drawings only. Our molecular analysis, and a detailed morphological comparison of this species with the type material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DA497C3FC0D8D7360851F120F9C29F3" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. brevipes" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="brevipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="20F56EB0B84628714BF2EAFFCA721452" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. brevipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="56160DCEF209F615FF8E5C15D8C9DAA5" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8064C5F9A50C7725C04291AE912B51B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in fact far related to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DF43FA2D52DD988519043AD7AA19A962" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. brevipes" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="brevipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="3F8C6940A7324B698D9337E2AD4E2024" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. brevipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and it belongs to a distinct clade. In addition, this species seems to have a basal position within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5317A6574BFF4C9D96F73197E7614127" authorityName="Lehtinen & Saaristo" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A02B504788BF6D21A227DBD954329687" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="C1BA5D64D843C13EF08DF8FE4960720A" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Combined phylogenetic tree based on COI gene fragment reconstructed using maximum likelihood (ML) on RAxML and Bayesian inference (BI) on MrBayes. Support at each node denotes the ML bootstrap value (BV) and BI posterior probability (PP). Nodes highly supported by at least one method (BV ≥ 70 or PP ≥ 0.95) are highlighted by a black dot. Branch lengths were scaled concerning the number of substitutions per site. Each species corresponding to monophyletic clades are represented with different branch colors, species from Japan are highlighted with a colored background: red = H. mogera, azure = H. alba sp. nov., yellow = N. occulta sp. nov., violet = N. insulana sp. nov., light green = N. silvicola sp. nov., blue = N. brevipes, orange = N. terrestris, dark green = N. okinawaensis. The tree is rooted using the species Wraios longiembolus. The right lines denote the results of the species delimitation analysis based on morphological (MO) and molecular (ASAP, mPTP, and bPTP) data." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891298" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">14</figureCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, the phylogeny reconstructed in this work is based on a single gene fragment and includes only a part of the known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3AB3D5563A72F609E868793A73241C9A" authorityName="Lehtinen & Saaristo" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7A727C41EC2597565B0C3913A3147822" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Preliminary analysis including more species (e.g., species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BFE68AAB7BA9E45B1A9676451B1B00EF" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. phami" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="phami">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CD3531D238B6749B77C9CFEEF54C1C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. phami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group) seem to confirm the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7335191A15D0F2EDA3D8B445EA62FAD4" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C31F9DC6C512E5B0BB78BE41378A762C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
although the support of the main nodes decreases substantially. Wider and more detailed molecular and morphological studies including a larger number of species and gene fragments are necessary to confirm the phylogenetic position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95127A0D76C84455BB21FE0682079BEE" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="62A558F37CD49A577B1E98143F0AE2AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="860E3AC2DED0538B8B70197EF931ADCC" authorityName="Lehtinen & Saaristo" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADD4EE7B28CEEB144EA307A89E70E75" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3A494F297DE08DA3346D45DB24122692" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891298" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
|
||
<paragraph id="F3E5491CAEC3C405153ADFDFB5286545" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D72FA0535A7E55A50F6B9A3BD197DB6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Combined phylogenetic tree based on COI gene fragment reconstructed using maximum likelihood (ML) on RAxML and Bayesian inference (BI) on MrBayes. Support at each node denotes the ML bootstrap value (BV) and BI posterior probability (PP). Nodes highly supported by at least one method (BV ≥ 70 or PP ≥ 0.95) are highlighted by a black dot. Branch lengths were scaled concerning the number of substitutions per site. Each species corresponding to monophyletic clades are represented with different branch colors, species from Japan are highlighted with a colored background: red =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EBEE43B4C1000CCE644FFEC30C37C62" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. mogera" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="mogera">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A3C399EEE0F4B17151F95CF64ADF8A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. mogera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, azure =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7CF436C751669FCFFA39D5E3D96DBF22" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. alba" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="269F82035A2CDB23C7412458F6382FCB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., yellow =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="496885D9377956076DE22740EE111948" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. occulta" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="occulta">
|
||
<emphasis id="3F056E4E5FE66BFBEF78728A5CF87BD9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. occulta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., violet =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E70F6DD66ACE3392FB3E2927E22C6A12" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. insulana" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="insulana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDDF709C7C9179D06E81517F6B3CE2E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. insulana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., light green =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C64A55C511A124584A8096DB585F2CFE" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. silvicola" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="silvicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="45BF8C3EF9079219679504BB9398E549" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. silvicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., blue =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F45F39F0ED469AE4809E92B29F6AB8F" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. brevipes" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="brevipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="826D29C9615702FCF9240557F1318101" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. brevipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, orange =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F14961A0C1D88CF5FF5F2EE9FB713808" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. terrestris" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="terrestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="FF065C2B1967E3A8DA8C463D3D091E55" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. terrestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dark green =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="371F449A03924B407B2A0657DE0DF134" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="311416BB8EA5F5C05ED979523042E545" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The tree is rooted using the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50638347E04BF9F02A2B379B7E558F26" authorityName="Ballarin & Li" authorityYear="2015" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Wraios" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wraios longiembolus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longiembolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D8A8D44D86ADDFB45C78D5AAD371FC12" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Wraios longiembolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The right lines denote the results of the species delimitation analysis based on morphological (MO) and molecular (ASAP, mPTP, and bPTP) data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="9FE10E9C8E97E45E493B70345FA1B8F9" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891299" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
|
||
<paragraph id="55742F400AF4402979F5DEBD3AE02EBE" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="081A8FB7CAAB8FCE5C5645D49578CE14" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90E4EA9471741A585FB6AC962FDD7F8E" authorityName="Lehtinen & Saaristo" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6D23810A3CAFB4E996B2B8F409A5380" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39689BEAE1F554799BA7891C3A3DA5AA" authorityName="Lehtinen & Saaristo" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Howaia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D77EAE37FF4E80E9D546BBDE05482280" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Howaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in life and their natural habitats
|
||
<emphasis id="A5C62B1F8233685A702773B0E512B976" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">A</emphasis>
|
||
female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2D14210CCF7EC491EFBE3C71B8ACD1C7" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. mogera" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="mogera">
|
||
<emphasis id="612F88317B6699CA135C5935C80E3C37" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. mogera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="4FF00E70F76B6E5CE2F63EC2F2931971" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">B</emphasis>
|
||
female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6B6878A7AB9A2852926F5FECA768C225" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. terrestris" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="terrestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="52FD9E2C97269B0DED90294CF6B37BDF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. terrestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="4FEEF40B3FF634129DD7A4A0BABD604A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">C</emphasis>
|
||
female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25F78CC3D5E0DDCF638BBAE8407E896B" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. alba" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BD77569782E2EBD3684E3A6D0F69942" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis id="EB8F26596DC3CB2672EF7DDA04D93F94" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">D</emphasis>
|
||
female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BB24EF10BE717AD2DEB47DD2A946F17" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. occulta" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="occulta">
|
||
<emphasis id="A4463921BB875BD24A3243B786730B85" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. occulta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis id="D52194189FDF06BFB5193B1E57455604" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">E</emphasis>
|
||
female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D177698051A1AA9FD77EFC16E4593B47" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. okinawaensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="okinawaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A89C4BFB207F966F9FD4266E8A3EFE9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. okinawaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="083072E830E44B0805EA67981B918231" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">F</emphasis>
|
||
example of the epigean habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="362C9C0B94EC18AAE2D7A147D2482C8D" authorityName="Lehtinen & Saaristo" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8D2E536DEC94EB4F7298114034865602" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in the Ryukyus
|
||
<emphasis id="3333DF3E67B0F284510DC197845C40C2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">G</emphasis>
|
||
habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2E64515B685F203486C9F6DC1F983694" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. alba" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE5C1F353B9A9DFE074083FB1A90CEB2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp nov. (dark zone of Tsuzupisuki-abu cave)
|
||
<emphasis id="E58CC714BD236BA6954B8761D974F70C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H</emphasis>
|
||
habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2A9E640285A1CBDA146CD0A3A1776E" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. occulta" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="occulta">
|
||
<emphasis id="F00B25C75B0814FE3F414359259F10A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. occulta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (dark zone of Kabirano-ana cave) (all photos by F. Ballarin).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EE20E3C9A641D4BE2B0176FE51ACCFFA" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891300" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
|
||
<paragraph id="A04CAFCD2E582BEEF0E53C055FD9216B" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="4A8DD9EF1DA62A457BE76BA93C0C64E0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Figure 16.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D4589632E3931189CE8DB14243DC9F4" authorityName="Lehtinen & Saaristo" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CF347C8F5CDABF1C65554B0854CCC79" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6AB804A6F5EFC14A0DBC5BFC6E0B7A3" authorityName="Lehtinen & Saaristo" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Howaia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EF9210CB981BC33137A2EBFFAE372D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Howaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in mainland Japan and Ryukyu Archipelago
|
||
<emphasis id="F3C47CA29C297BCCC58B353763F45139" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">A</emphasis>
|
||
distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5218E0E3DA243976E3C648A80DA59627" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. brevipes" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="brevipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8845BE0EDB629EA54596F3D5D621E78" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. brevipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="224C74F0279CDE6AC6A0EA23F47AAAF5" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. terrestris" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="terrestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="474BCEBEBFD5F07943CA81086EC62A79" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. terrestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in mainland Japan and neighboring countries
|
||
<emphasis id="66F3812004FB0C971DFF84365CD4DBE8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">B</emphasis>
|
||
distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0D963BD951D4BA2539408E6B1DB3D95D" authorityName="Lehtinen & Saaristo" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9E3739B1EC83F9877D87B578E057BA63" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DE7D801DB34180CB2AA3216FCF562D78" authorityName="Lehtinen & Saaristo" authorityYear="1980" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Howaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Howaia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7F6F8A245E85F5AF25A6E8D8BFAE6983" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Howaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species endemic to the Ryukyu Archipelago
|
||
<emphasis id="3D2C0BAACFA9546356F6330DC54BCFAE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">C</emphasis>
|
||
distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C0569FAECB53DDBE14A1DE4574BBFE27" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. mogera" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="mogera">
|
||
<emphasis id="029934238053EF55CAD8ECE2AB67AE0F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. mogera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in mainland Japan and neighboring countries
|
||
<emphasis id="BAC36044C1F09425D95B66D6E9CF3F58" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">D</emphasis>
|
||
distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7449EF76E64E99DD18E2980484B6E3B1" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. mogera" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="mogera">
|
||
<emphasis id="7D617A3B15B33291A23184992203EC95" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">H. mogera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Ryukyu Archipelago and neighboring countries. Colored squares refer to the type localities of the species, colored dots indicate the locations of specimens whose morphology has been checked during this study, dashed areas refer to the generally known distribution of the species, question marks refer to unclear distributions (see "remarks on misidentifications" of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CAA8CD5C5CAE671110BE8871A3FAA213" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. brevipes" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="brevipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="388550C44E47D8429A7AA564FCE77D5A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. brevipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7948D413771FB04897153BC1A651AA6B" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. terrestris" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="terrestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="FFC46947524495BE2A98BAE9026E40C3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. terrestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="A35BA31BF6E0E26729B7D019F961A140" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1174.101251.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/891301" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
|
||
<paragraph id="C31B0591E39E100230157AA456F1E314" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="476D7B1E580F32FB68C558DB508EC976" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Figure 17.</emphasis>
|
||
Size comparison between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C05A2B0E696FF33F4862083F632685C9" baseAuthorityName="Yaginuma" baseAuthorityYear="1970" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella brevipes" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="2A9F36E28322673BE4C632C8233A4671" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella brevipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3FCBB9F2D6254F9255189833E2DE1DA" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. terrestris" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="terrestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="13C514BC5D01A14F5467D2769E06291B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. terrestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9BE004F5846F986CB89C7F1D8EA696E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">A</emphasis>
|
||
visual comparison of adult females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2E3BB15A857E33EF01B6F1B4FFB5F48" baseAuthorityName="Yaginuma" baseAuthorityYear="1970" class="Arachnida" family="Nesticidae" genus="Nesticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesticella brevipes" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="9F025F6A961BCF2CA6939B4CE497B2FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">Nesticella brevipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(left) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E19C85339D93BD6ABCF7C37514E889F1" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. terrestris" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="terrestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B1D1BFABDEA7D46B382C2777BC70EBDE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. terrestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(right)
|
||
<emphasis id="6C059289CADCBD06F5F11BD7E64D3379" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">B</emphasis>
|
||
Scatterplot of the Tibia I / carapace lengths ratio in females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF1C9E849FBCEAC6C8E5205A01EBDE9C" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. brevipes" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="brevipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BCDF01F2377F06DB4044E90C7702416" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. brevipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(blue circle) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEBA2F4CDEAA030458291C4C0F2327E0" family="Nesticidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="N. terrestris" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="219" rank="species" species="terrestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C972ED817F15F3DDA4A43ECA4840986" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">N. terrestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(orange circles). Measurements are reported in millimeters. Scale bar: 1 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="FCC5270767B6538077BE4C4902751610" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="219">A</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |