961 lines
123 KiB
XML
961 lines
123 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="20130" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.81942" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7cf05cbd-297a-4ac2-b3a6-689728250939" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-0743-1-87" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9C25755C46BE57F8B90F4116BDF7AC17" ID-ZooBank="AF9D1D54F1DA44BD9F5747058914BEA7" ModsDocID="1860-0743-98-1-87" checkinTime="1648057164477" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Nekaris, K. Anne-Isola & Nijman, Vincent" docDate="2022" docId="9A0702CA93E659EAA10E9C6BC4F865AC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoosystEvol 98(1): 87-92" docOrigin="Zoosystematics and Evolution 98 (1)" docPubDate="2022-03-23" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.81942" docTitle="Xanthonycticebus Nekaris & Nijman 2022, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="16F2DB84-82CD-44B9-B9A8-30A8BA64BD20" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" id="9C25755C46BE57F8B90F4116BDF7AC17" lastPageNumber="87" masterDocId="9C25755C46BE57F8B90F4116BDF7AC17" masterDocTitle="A new genus name for pygmy lorises, Xanthonycticebus gen. nov. (Mammalia, primates)" masterLastPageNumber="92" masterPageNumber="87" pageNumber="87" updateTime="1732873173103" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="B3D190FE34C8C1101E7D23A1ACFC7EBD">A new genus name for pygmy lorises, Xanthonycticebus gen. nov. (Mammalia, primates)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A75590673F67D9168FD9287993DAFDF2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="ED3FC1CB5CFD566590593799D37908EA">Nekaris, K. Anne-Isola</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1BD1BB7E976C632702EBDC51D9047DA0">Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX 3 0 BP, UK & Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX 3 0 BP, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1A452549E67A8F503CE0631B35F27F1F">Nijman, Vincent</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="51F5DA8E3840489B1160768178E21E29">Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX 3 0 BP, UK & Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX 3 0 BP, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E256FBDA29FD9CF5C0E9FADABBFF17B2" type="email">vnijman@brookes.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="2563B30841F802D8DA48E1623BA53A3B">Zoosystematics and Evolution</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="176A2F3EE2308EB0D63769D59C1F7B81">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9596E2B8D47F87438C2AA8D593A0524F">2022-03-23</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="37C081DA87EF9B1975B428FCC39F74D7">98</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="7681D16EB6C9BEE3977D6AED5E9FD8C0">87</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="075AB78C357AA373623845A864BA4BD7">92</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="8C4E53E36FD1C74DF430242037E75A0A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="3162F141B7E0526E3DC00C5D0CA3C9D9" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.81942</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="9A0702CA93E659EAA10E9C6BC4F865AC" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194208558" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16F2DB84-82CD-44B9-B9A8-30A8BA64BD20" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A0702CA93E659EAA10E9C6BC4F865AC" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" scope_class="Mammalia" scope_family="Lorisidae">
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<subSubSection id="B3255493D56203B8BA03348C4456DB9E" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1B433AF4A8B4337A0E0110E036127D30" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
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<taxonomicName id="D261B00425B36036140597564675A094" LSID="http://zoobank.org/16F2DB84-82CD-44B9-B9A8-30A8BA64BD20" authority="Nekaris & Nijman, 2022" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Xanthonycticebus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="998ABC33D71DD8F3804D1A0B57AF0894" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AD0F3C39C3F8841BE7FB7B47600179CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="EFB18BB7D835E5BEFC85332DBF3DFEA7" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2F1425EBF44B0A01B2519BBD014A27B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
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||
Morphological synapomorphies to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CF6525E9D3BAF36DBF427C5DF976964" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5E55EE73A73945874F1C472CF3D8978E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include: (i) skull length consistently less than 55 mm, (ii) diastema between P2 and P3, (iii) long black ears, hairless at the tips (iv) relatively narrow interorbital distance compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B03AEE117ECC589DBC4C53EB935056D" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2C2ECF5B839EDDBEDB9EE52706C740E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and (v) full seasonal coat colour change including almost complete loss of dorsal stripe (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCAE7774D56453014A592A00F02CA076" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Characteristics of pygmy loris Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus gen. nov. A. Photograph of wild adult male X. pygmaeus from Mondulkiri District, Cambodia and skull from Li Chau, Vietnam (FMNH 32499), compared with Nycticebus javanicus from Garut Regency, Indonesia and skull (RMNH 14563) from South Java, Indonesia; and with Loris lydekkerianus nordicus from Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka and skull (FMNH 95029) from Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. Features distinctive to Xanthonycticebus include yellowish-orange colour, mid-broad snout with long premaxilla, M 2 larger than M 1 and ears hairless at the tips; B. Neighbour-joining tree of 175 cytochrome b sequences (alignment 1,068 bp) of Nycticebus, Xanthonycticebus and Loris; C. Neighbour-joining tree of complete mtDNA sequences of Nycticebus, Xanthonycticebus and Loris, with Perodicticus as outgroup, showing considerable divergence of Xanthonycticebus from Nycticebus. All photographs courtesy of K. A. I. Nekaris." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.98.81942.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662395" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The species is furthermore distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4B166861643F52D6822B8FCDF2A437D5" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="359A2D958538830D6D3E64C6F6574B98" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species by giving birth habitually to twins, frequent sympatry with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D0B6D9AB5F4A70303B1E8D04B0C815C0" lsidName="N. bengalensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="095C04C927B3FBFDC0C20943882B3EED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu lato) and more rapid locomotion. Regarding multiple births, this trait occurs with varying frequency in primates. Most of the marmosets and tamarins are polyovulatory and twins are the dominant litter size in the wild and most twins are considered dizygotic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA635B0A325BE9012E1B56B55BDE317F" author="Ward, JM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, JAALAS" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="7 - 11" refId="B51" refString="Ward, JM, Buslov, AM, Vallender, EJ, 2014. Twinning and survivorship of captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, JAALAS 53: 7 - 11" title="Twinning and survivorship of captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)." volume="53" year="2014">Ward et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7977C224EAB300A35DCAC8BADD764F53" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.042" author="Wahab, F" journalOrPublisher="Current Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="780 - 782" refId="B50" refString="Wahab, F, Drummer, C, Behr, R, 2015. Marmosets. Current Biology 25 (18): 780 - 782, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.042" title="Marmosets." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.042" volume="25" year="2015">Wahab et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Old World monkeys, apes and humans are monovulatory species and while single births are the rule, multiple births do occasionally occur in various species, typically at a rate at, or below one percent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FE3D280EA686BB51CC2E7CDD3CEAD414" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437252" author="Geissmann, T" journalOrPublisher="Human Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="387 - 396" refId="B10" refString="Geissmann, T, 1990. Twinning frequency in catarrhine primates. Human Evolution 5 (4): 387 - 396, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437252" title="Twinning frequency in catarrhine primates." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437252" volume="5" year="1990">Geissmann 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Around two-thirds to three-quarters of these twins are estimated to be monozygotic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C647CD30E7A07A7B92CF529DE849BE3E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437252" author="Geissmann, T" journalOrPublisher="Human Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="387 - 396" refId="B10" refString="Geissmann, T, 1990. Twinning frequency in catarrhine primates. Human Evolution 5 (4): 387 - 396, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437252" title="Twinning frequency in catarrhine primates." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437252" volume="5" year="1990">Geissmann 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This contrasts with twinning in strepsirrhines, as here all, or practically all, are dizygotic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CB47A94C8F824703BE22B75D01B46CBE" author="Pasztor, LM" editor="Andrews, EJ" journalOrPublisher="I. Academic Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="227 - 230" refId="B33" refString="Pasztor, LM, Van Horn, RN, 1979. Twinning. In: Andrews, EJ, Ward, BC, Altman, NH, Eds., Spontaneous Animal Models of Human Disease, Vol. I. Academic Press, New York: 227 - 230" title="Twinning." volumeTitle="Spontaneous Animal Models of Human Disease, Vol." year="1979">Pasztor and Van Horn 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No other species of slow lorises are known to be sympatric, with their distribution similar to gibbons
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0017FBBBD500FBFF793C4EA02A6E64DA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1871" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hylobatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gray, 1870 and langurs
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07C0F81A1C2E0F7551E0A3C755322576" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="tribe" tribe="Presbytina">Presbytina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gray, 1825, which, even though having more recent evolutionary histories, contain multiple genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A7C9BF332B6E91CBD4ADF1B6458E1EE3" author="Rowe, N" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B40" refString="Rowe, N, Meyers, M, 2016. All the world's primates. Pogonias Press, Charlestown, USA." title="All the world's primates. Pogonias Press, Charlestown, USA." year="2016">Rowe and Meyers 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Where nocturnal primate genera or species are sympatric, different locomotor strategies have evolved, allowing reduced competition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="333001C9356EA67849C0EE20DACA3F90" author="Charles-Dominique, P" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B3" refString="Charles-Dominique, P, 1977. Ecology and behaviour of nocturnal primates: Prosimians of Equatorial West Africa. Columbia University Press, New York." title="Ecology and behaviour of nocturnal primates: Prosimians of Equatorial West Africa. Columbia University Press, New York." year="1977">Charles-Dominique 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additional differences, as well as those from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09253878420D688623416BE47B64C040" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CE1F3E3D784D1D213DF1409EF130930" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are summarised in Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="3BC6BB72F3F71FD4A4D6C1D8BD467952" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Summary of key similarities and differences amongst the three Asian lorisiform genera." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/975DF3AC38AF6C21653F4303B61CA7C9" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="975DF3AC38AF6C21653F4303B61CA7C9">1</tableCitation>
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||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="56F13D726638C07128A162C1FAA0FD07" doi="10.3897/zse.98.81942.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662395" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph id="080E649C0FBD542F7DC02802665794FC" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="A53AA89391216CB4DEACB64382B18EC2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Characteristics of pygmy loris
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9FC5F9B29187EE9E8DAA64814B716503" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2A2D09C09DE526DBAD50D9E9BC975073" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. nov.
|
||
<emphasis id="FE866C07D32D08C3F3214C428FB2C05D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of wild adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="67AF71463A65BA5C1A773E0069558C64" lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="40C9B9398AAA83FE7E3FC46D7F7E0701" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mondulkiri District, Cambodia and skull from Li Chau, Vietnam (FMNH 32499), compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AE08E7997BA7E381B8699C8C15E6F467" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus javanicus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C159B8357D85FC56BAF56BB49DE5803F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus javanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Garut Regency, Indonesia and skull (RMNH14563) from South Java, Indonesia; and with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D975C97439691480DCDDB170E2926332" authorityName="Hill" authorityYear="1933" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris lydekkerianus subsp. nordicus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lydekkerianus" subSpecies="nordicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="655CBFE41D93F42E6568172FDEFC588C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris lydekkerianus nordicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka and skull (FMNH95029) from Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. Features distinctive to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39D9C4A70C883C2FF8645128CF5E5B39" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CF922BCD57C77F48B12CE1EF8411E539" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include yellowish-orange colour, mid-broad snout with long premaxilla, M2 larger than M1 and ears hairless at the tips;
|
||
<emphasis id="0BECEE3AB2CBEA222F8A354B5A01B70F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Neighbour-joining tree of 175 cytochrome b sequences (alignment 1,068 bp) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB69124383E6AD8A2B482B4037C09C7F" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FBFA142F702F99D19F28E0EAB5E8B74" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DE9525A6B947FCAEE7A3EAC3A5988A94" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E69F21C8307B801BF03637DAAF08250" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="639C7EBCCE9E76989D7017DD60D5EFAA" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A8CD705D2A6468710B863F764E2652F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="85B5DB2513F1C658B97D9794BDC7C9D6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Neighbour-joining tree of complete mtDNA sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="75BAF8D50531CE3D1DEF719E972AE735" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E63F0D261263C959A2E2CD229E6FC0C3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8D013D30F8B802DA1078B2BB9FE0B6D8" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5F60A2B0DE849FCE63DB35B59E849655" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="426B626C1FAFED05A661CA330F69A2ED" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B70CAE979AACD50FC46C15488AE600C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="539CA510C59BFDE64ADEC0455887F94B" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1831" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Perodicticus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perodicticus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFE3816C8B1EDC7A7530CC1265402625" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Perodicticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as outgroup, showing considerable divergence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E552E055EE88723A1BC4D2E5B41ADD8F" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="512A0354B033162896598F0019BF6151" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D395599C58819C15A0AE97DAC3C83086" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96C03F74983ECEF99E5DAA6848F47F6C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All photographs courtesy of K.A.I. Nekaris.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CF47A85A7A733B12EB9E8D4F095B707C" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="6711E93085DA9BDDA838F5497719AF90" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8C3ED699C4F8EE123272CD500DF55811" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
The genus name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EC86521F06B3EF1BF0843374B8ABBE70" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="52CA6234BF4430DFB08C695E8EE194BB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, masculine, refers to the species orange/ish overall colouration and their nocturnal activity pattern; Xanto, Gr. Yellowish-orange; nykt-, Gr., night;
|
||
<normalizedToken id="430DC690C43EF99FEB55AB3E159A4A08" originalValue="kêbos">kebos</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Gr., monkey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6596F619551825063600457C272719AA" author="Gainsford, P" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" publicationUrl="http://kiwihellenist.blogspot.com/2020/05/ancient-greek-colours.html" refId="B9" refString="Gainsford, P, 2020. How to make sense of ancient Greek colours. Kiwi Hellenist. [Accessed on 9 April 2021] http://kiwihellenist.blogspot.com/2020/05/ancient-greek-colours.html" title="How to make sense of ancient Greek colours. Kiwi Hellenist. [Accessed on 9 April 2021]" url="http://kiwihellenist.blogspot.com/2020/05/ancient-greek-colours.html" year="2020">Gainsford 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Currently, the most frequently used common name of this genus is pygmy slow loris, followed by the rarely used lesser slow loris or intermediary slow loris. For the common English name, we suggest pygmy loris in order to differentiate the new genus from the two other loris genera (slow and slender lorises). We acknowledge, however, that with the recognition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6036DF3A59335312F68C4902C4E36663" lsidName="N. menagensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="menagensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="575F726E5E3D050170AB75D2B3896B56" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. menagensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Munds, Nekaris and Ford 2013, from Borneo, with a minimum adult body mass of 265 g, the small size is no longer a unique feature of the pygmy loris. The most commonly-used name for pygmy lorises in Vietnamese is Cu li nhỏ, in Mnong, it is Tau kless, in Lao, it is Linh lom and in Chinese, it is
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D0DD26336373B5EF284A3A377FECB68C" originalValue="小懶猴">小懶猴</normalizedToken>
|
||
/
|
||
<normalizedToken id="16CD5C0906CCBA8C493528589AFD4602" originalValue="Xiǎo">Xiǎo</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0D651308851694CCAEEF2E05CD2523B9" originalValue="lǎn">lǎn</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1AE5B6DFC5CD02195EA9A0D0301719CA" originalValue="hóu">hou</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="24C69A53F0629B776650DAD6DAA58846" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.066" author="Nijman, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="577 - 579" refId="B30" refString="Nijman, V, Nekaris, KAI, 2016. Provide context when reporting on the use of protected and endangered wildlife in ethnopharmacological surveys. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 194: 577 - 579, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.066" title="Provide context when reporting on the use of protected and endangered wildlife in ethnopharmacological surveys." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.066" volume="194" year="2016">Nijman and Nekaris 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C5E0468BB570D61AB75CC9B0B02134D0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000481196" author="Th ạch, HM" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="45 - 62" refId="B49" refString="Thạch, HM, Le, MD, Vũ, NB, Panariello, A, Sethi, G, Sterling, EJ, Blair, ME, 2018. Slow loris trade in Vietnam: Exploring diverse knowledge and values. Folia Primatologica 89 (1): 45 - 62, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000481196" title="Slow loris trade in Vietnam: Exploring diverse knowledge and values." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000481196" volume="89" year="2018">Thạch et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="975DF3AC38AF6C21653F4303B61CA7C9" ID-Table-UUID="975DF3AC38AF6C21653F4303B61CA7C9" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/975DF3AC38AF6C21653F4303B61CA7C9" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
|
||
<paragraph id="D1D36E4F2C665323FE8B0BE397D790B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="E568C66828C7435E0E11CC84D3315E11" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Summary of key similarities and differences amongst the three Asian lorisiform genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="47B8E6850969C9C7452986C5367AC530" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<table id="67AD5688A26DCCA605FB4B648FA45BD6" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<tr id="F515D6788BBA543D5E20BBB00EF40872" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<th id="350DFFC0165A08B75641804600E1B837" colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">-</th>
|
||
<th id="2C7700B1731BEAB85B9F4E9A955F8206" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="243725DEF240F864CAA5D8D39C20224D" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55DDADA08575A9D1FAB89E358201915F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="AF69EA1996F50C7F048608F7F3DD168F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C0300D1F69C2C45DB0A53F097F520AF" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C3E79D91537DD55311C7AC551E0D96" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="5303FC6FDD593ED0420BFC4D33B2EE41" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03AD86AAC9CD72CDD04FD9859A63B2C6" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E15CAB9A35A702128F0DAFE5DEDD1849" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="C2B9968C2687BB0670A8C43DB352F1E8" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Reference</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="020D514EF4F722FFB4EB4E5141CB54AA" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="06987933F210BEBEDC5CCC719AAAA6DA" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Latitudinal range</td>
|
||
<td id="1F52299A5CBD1BF205942BD4BCFEA44B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">6°N-20°N</td>
|
||
<td id="29AAC23CC69DDAE1B7C99E9FF83335C5" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">8°S-28°N</td>
|
||
<td id="DBB732E113CF97B3397A813DFFAD110D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">10°N-25°N</td>
|
||
<td id="5B8978ED7265110B6A54BCDDCCFFD449" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3FD13C20CDE0C3558D99DEF35B56AFBD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" author="Ravosa, MJ" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Primatology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="225 - 243" refId="B38" refString="Ravosa, MJ, 1998. Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (Nycticebus). American Journal of Primatology 45 (3): 225 - 243, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" title="Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (Nycticebus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" volume="45" year="1998">Ravosa (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="AA4D1707919C015D0A9B70EA38F15610" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="08AA5EF063084C0289289676E5D9F89B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Altitudinal range (asl)</td>
|
||
<td id="2CD82E5BDB104C2FF7E69C2AF92E8A7E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">0-2,000 m</td>
|
||
<td id="D9EE0C4F2C175B69FB0BEB3B10B1626A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">0-2,400 m</td>
|
||
<td id="9728C9FF106AF88CF9E2CAA1A06E9869" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">50-1,500 m</td>
|
||
<td id="969B179B5307DF93821370FAD29F2A14" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C1A5E04EC318BC89FF9E2DD8CA3704EE" author="Nekaris, KAI" editor="Mittermeier, RA" journalOrPublisher="primates. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="210 - 235" refId="B23" refString="Nekaris, KAI, 2013. Lorisidae. In: Mittermeier, RA, Rylands, AB, Wilson, DE, Eds., Handbook of the Mammals of the World: 3. primates. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona: 210 - 235" title="Lorisidae." volumeTitle="Handbook of the Mammals of the World: 3." year="2013">Nekaris (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8937B4BD68959AF9D8F8DC6FC4AE93ED" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="EC7E6A865ED34470D6C864BCC9F45257" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Twins</td>
|
||
<td id="448D9E8ECFFFB9FD5F1FCB99D3A6337F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Rare but occasional</td>
|
||
<td id="C805F72C2ACFD5B77438357096F76412" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent or very rare</td>
|
||
<td id="65E6DA6FD1DFEAAE971C4A5E66D806ED" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Habitually</td>
|
||
<td id="8B06CC19328BEAD8A6B19E10F65914C1" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1CDCE0D673533E1940418AA1D5372ED" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000073313" author="Fitch-Snyder, H" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="259 - 271" refId="B8" refString="Fitch-Snyder, H, Ehrlich, A, 2003. Mother-infant interactions in slow lorises (Nycticebus bengalensis) and pygmy lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus). Folia Primatologica 74 (5-6): 259 - 271, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000073313" title="Mother-infant interactions in slow lorises (Nycticebus bengalensis) and pygmy lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000073313" volume="74" year="2003">Fitch-Snyder and Ehrlich (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="A038ED3D474CA4ED4CF3E16E23C5AB5D" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="C4539C650D8B08A68E71F70A82826C53" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Torpor</td>
|
||
<td id="B3979D1B8B323034680974BC7A1E1C68" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="8DDBFEF7354155021A617EAB5B255C2F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present</td>
|
||
<td id="28DA2BF236F67852A2E1F32EDD15443B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present</td>
|
||
<td id="956610271B02810FB6C149DA6BB28B84" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="43DC2A9F8B51C977281D7C92E4958760" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.018" author="Streicher, U" editor="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="187 - 192" refId="B47" refString="Streicher, U, Reinhardt, K, 2020. Thermoregulation in lorises. In: Nekaris, KAI, Burrows, A, Eds., Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 187 - 192, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.018" title="Thermoregulation in lorises." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.018" volumeTitle="Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology)." year="2020">Streicher and Reinhardt (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="9965BBDB1D50A761AFD071F2D91C238E" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="8C1456311EFD3B56DF3A23D30B1E8608" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Venomous</td>
|
||
<td id="E80BCB48DF447BC48D39A7BD84FB0F9E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="340AD131FA6302E969E8527F5FFECF8C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present, 68 volatile and semi-volatile components</td>
|
||
<td id="C82FC0F6C9649F5484F66B5106194D89" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present, 200 volatile and semi-volatile components</td>
|
||
<td id="8DD17F9F31E408117AB046307E74C30B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0BA0F9F6B9A85EDFABFA28551E6379AF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0_12" author="Hagey, LR" editor="Gursky, SL" journalOrPublisher="Springer, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="253 - 272" refId="B13" refString="Hagey, LR, Fry, BG, Fitch-Snyder, H, 2007. Talking defensively, a dual use for the brachial gland exudates of slow and pygmy lorises. In: Gursky, SL, Nekaris, KAI, Eds., Primate anti-predator strategies. Springer, New York: 253 - 272, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0_12" title="Talking defensively, a dual use for the brachial gland exudates of slow and pygmy lorises." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0_12" volumeTitle="Primate anti-predator strategies." year="2007">Hagey et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D58B9AA0EFD15C055DE30CF8CAAE0A15" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="340EC948F39B18A4DD963BC6CF3FA38F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Seasonal body mass change</td>
|
||
<td id="DAEAD0E81EFD6D99CDBDA5B635B25A70" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="D36B8281A1A1C65C92AC28256D45B7F3" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="52B788CA26F818556ADE2964092C6BE9" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present</td>
|
||
<td id="10D6A896786A68A421A07D2254580DB3" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D95F190C6AEEEB6071F7225A7C174F41" author="Streicher, U" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B46" refString="Streicher, U, 2004. Aspects of ecology and conservation of the pygmy loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in Vietnam. PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Germany." title="Aspects of ecology and conservation of the pygmy loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in Vietnam. PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Germany." year="2004">Streicher (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7B09B5E74D7C50AE200F37B51D2FE207" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="EF810D627C29454787CB76821158932D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Seasonal coat colour change</td>
|
||
<td id="914A3278B1E8854EDF499FB17533D16F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="7984CBA63134218AB4638981012BE463" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Dorsal stripe shortens in some species</td>
|
||
<td id="ABE20D5EE223C05A3C8FE7C2F9CC9A2C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Full coat and dorsal stripe change</td>
|
||
<td id="8B2C2EBE12AAB50AE6967BD72E8915C1" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2D136E629C05C1593E1714E8B80AB555" author="Streicher, U" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B46" refString="Streicher, U, 2004. Aspects of ecology and conservation of the pygmy loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in Vietnam. PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Germany." title="Aspects of ecology and conservation of the pygmy loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in Vietnam. PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Germany." year="2004">Streicher (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Nekaris, unpubl. data.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8836EC3ACEA0364698C6ABEB695FBD8B" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="239A74D9ABE3F29035D2F26331BD9379" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Species</td>
|
||
<td id="E2FAD9A1A3BB6E696FF1DE16FEB3D4B2" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Two</td>
|
||
<td id="C7AD98AC41D79D5662F6170E08E289D2" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Nine</td>
|
||
<td id="020B6679F4E0F030EDF6B09AD7AE053C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">One, possibly two</td>
|
||
<td id="7B83A29960282AC74B4E4137B281BD19" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="15E1DFFF769611A3902B408DA88394B7" author="Rowe, N" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B40" refString="Rowe, N, Meyers, M, 2016. All the world's primates. Pogonias Press, Charlestown, USA." title="All the world's primates. Pogonias Press, Charlestown, USA." year="2016">Rowe and Meyers (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="385D70A2F3D42DC8454B8DE3D1EA96DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="E7845391A6FC05A1F32D24BEF04317C1" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Body size, range</td>
|
||
<td id="9111FBB568433358EBDB508C1D559285" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">120-330 g</td>
|
||
<td id="E93B24D08171B244D4FF238ACA895BAB" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">265-2200 g</td>
|
||
<td id="B3205386C71896417503904EECE66EC2" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">360-580 g</td>
|
||
<td id="1241AC749ED821100E5D48A1D4183325" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0F47859FB52BD31324416F8BD51610BE" author="Nekaris, KAI" editor="Mittermeier, RA" journalOrPublisher="primates. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="210 - 235" refId="B23" refString="Nekaris, KAI, 2013. Lorisidae. In: Mittermeier, RA, Rylands, AB, Wilson, DE, Eds., Handbook of the Mammals of the World: 3. primates. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona: 210 - 235" title="Lorisidae." volumeTitle="Handbook of the Mammals of the World: 3." year="2013">Nekaris (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="4E7A74D33381A602DC673FC9A3511307" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="929FA4A0DDA5197851A80304ED85A5C4" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Ears</td>
|
||
<td id="8B32E9219BB91A69137E198B9597AC2C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
Haired, larger than in
|
||
<emphasis id="993064B69C3F17DDBECD5D61A523D084" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A9D88C5B67FAC8961470DEDCF28EEF5C" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nycticebus</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1C80CF119C5E5669CE298B2A6422852" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">Xanthonycticebus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="5A0ACA190215B495CC06B09613341CCD" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Haired and small often with tufts</td>
|
||
<td id="0E78C7E5CDB38A63FF4D542FBD791DBD" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Ear length intermediate and naked at tips</td>
|
||
<td id="04279FDFF285B4EEF489CF22BD4A5CBF" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="99FF20A7EFF8BE358B900C55DE7522E2" author="Osman-Hill, WC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B31" refString="Osman-Hill, WC, 1953. primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." title="primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." year="1953">Osman Hill (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="00F10EE5B20D714B14CF9D76CEA03087" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="88FE5D0CB40E5033BB0C2B15D1598CE7" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Multi-male, multi-female social system</td>
|
||
<td id="185B14D36669D3690E6F0EA5B73FD246" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present</td>
|
||
<td id="7B0E09A33E34E45CD01B185C24F5E3CE" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="0D4E4A8763241592F5F4160E68B7DF40" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present</td>
|
||
<td id="5F7BD17706E914317E566B7C57B76A09" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D6861CEB0F46B01C13E0EFB1EEA42E5C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.012" author="Poindexter, S" editor="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="129 - 137" refId="B35" refString="Poindexter, S, Nekaris, KAI, 2020. The evolution of social organisation in Lorisiformes. In: Nekaris, KAI, Burrows, A, Eds., Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 129 - 137, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.012" title="The evolution of social organisation in Lorisiformes." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.012" volumeTitle="Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology)." year="2020">Poindexter and Nekaris (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F8063821E24EA0F9B1984E5FBAFA7A61" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="05713586D2A5DFB36FF85F6F650878AC" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Gestation</td>
|
||
<td id="C6204616DFA8055E63CB421C0CBA6669" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">160-170 d</td>
|
||
<td id="E41467C43BDCA186FFCC8C4C8D9C8112" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">184-197 d</td>
|
||
<td id="0BB51C22520AE35ABA788A1628AE228C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">184-200 d</td>
|
||
<td id="12EFB7EBCFE44239D18B5C9484F0A7F7" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C872A31C93200B7EE514C27771C44CAC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.026" author="Fitch-Snyder, H" editor="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="263 - 276" refId="B7" refString="Fitch-Snyder, H, 2020. Husbandry and reproductive management recommendations for captive lorises and pottos (Nycticebus, Loris and Perodicticus). In: Nekaris, KAI, Burrows, A, Eds., Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 263 - 276, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.026" title="Husbandry and reproductive management recommendations for captive lorises and pottos (Nycticebus, Loris and Perodicticus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.026" volumeTitle="Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology)." year="2020">Fitch-Snyder (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="AFED50C83455DCB6CC1677FE58851812" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="DC96CCCC51201A81751E6738D5055A58" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Molar size</td>
|
||
<td id="4F507D10A54465CCDD5854C87EB9F945" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">M2 larger than M1</td>
|
||
<td id="BA401B0478DCEA3328F2508686D6FB92" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">M1 larger than M2</td>
|
||
<td id="4FA7F973E7CB21A6AFE5F4B571A05694" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">M2 larger than M1</td>
|
||
<td id="4E4961F10CFD52B6626E69A9DBA6FF29" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51C434682A34A01040D83715EDBFA424" author="Osman-Hill, WC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B31" refString="Osman-Hill, WC, 1953. primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." title="primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." year="1953">Osman Hill (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0997FA9C7B5EF915C252275EDCF445AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="DDB850A382C59C98EEFAE4AF95AC125C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Karyotype and nucleolus organiser regions (NORs)</td>
|
||
<td id="3401DA9F41892828A164829F7BC98FF3" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">2n = 62</td>
|
||
<td id="7DD2FF4AFE335F7BDC29DAABFB901B0D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">2n = 50; NORs on chromosome 1, 6, 9, 15 and 23</td>
|
||
<td id="F1AD4612F160F0CF605F7CE281843624" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">2n = 50; NORs on chromosome 6, 9 and 15</td>
|
||
<td id="D8A686DA6EBB7C6BBA02F968518EF5B5" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A3F710A6E6E20E83C79E72CEA01A1475" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381279" author="Chen, Z" journalOrPublisher="primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="47 - 53" refId="B5" refString="Chen, Z, Zhang, Y, Shi, L, Liu, R, Wang, Y, 1993. Studies on the chromosomes of genus Nycticebus. primates 34 (1): 47 - 53, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381279" title="Studies on the chromosomes of genus Nycticebus." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381279" volume="34" year="1993">Chen et al. (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="930F8BBB6CD60C2C5AD7BC4C420EDFD8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000156874" author="Goonan, PM" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="100 - 109" refId="B11" refString="Goonan, PM, Groves, CP, Smith, RD, 1995. Karyotype polymorphism in the slender loris (Loris tardigradus). Folia Primatologica 65 (2): 100 - 109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000156874" title="Karyotype polymorphism in the slender loris (Loris tardigradus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000156874" volume="65" year="1995">Goonan et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8EDAA2FB40174D35EF92C26342B13A5E" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="033D6F8F3A9BBDFA9FE19F81B0EF6666" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Third hand pad</td>
|
||
<td id="EBDE3922E8246D8A6AF68993FF9D2974" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Smallest</td>
|
||
<td id="FDC85C357AC25DCD9DB8B8B266941D3A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Intermediate or small</td>
|
||
<td id="D3880F5DC677C462ABC98253CCCCB0CA" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Largest</td>
|
||
<td id="45BE4F76EC46AC70100E27ABE5E171AE" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A6527208632912B5DC0E411E578BB1F3" author="Osman-Hill, WC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B31" refString="Osman-Hill, WC, 1953. primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." title="primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." year="1953">Osman Hill (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Nekaris, unpubl data.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="68BDBC769BB5A66675B543FEEE12853F" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="DE22E5BD917052CDA3505AEA20B35C8F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Snout</td>
|
||
<td id="101197C83B1696AA6DDDAC8F697E3D44" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Narrow and pointy</td>
|
||
<td id="714ADCABF14A77C591E637993E3AAD70" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Broader and more rounded</td>
|
||
<td id="0FCEE3469184923B2FA19E1ECA36F4C0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
Broader than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCF90E8F335D398834D435BC158E7D45" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3009AE2259355C692AFE95D1E32B3E50" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but longer premaxilla than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45853C26477A62BBC33FDCCD054851DB" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="53ABC143F420DCA4710D843A1F895BE4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="6F24579F095140B5C4106FF76EFB9216" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E8DFCABE29579E6E612DF1DC4936B91" author="Osman-Hill, WC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B31" refString="Osman-Hill, WC, 1953. primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." title="primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." year="1953">Osman Hill (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0EB999FB06BACFF6EE278B6545CDB0EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="19FC3472AE863402B63F90169A48DA0B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Interorbit</td>
|
||
<td id="26C560583C3C170164527A98EB2C96A1" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Narrowest</td>
|
||
<td id="29DF9A255D0FB611402DEE9EF9FC87EE" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Widest</td>
|
||
<td id="C99240789A74571276891D950B8E9ADD" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Intermediate</td>
|
||
<td id="A09F784E707FCEB0159CA10B8E8A92FB" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC509BB3A4D0F23C3F58D2F82F1EF465" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" author="Ravosa, MJ" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Primatology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="225 - 243" refId="B38" refString="Ravosa, MJ, 1998. Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (Nycticebus). American Journal of Primatology 45 (3): 225 - 243, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" title="Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (Nycticebus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" volume="45" year="1998">Ravosa (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F4FAD28BC7D8C8D806087209DBB07FDA" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="BCB91C23807468EAA8033B6D18D2E171" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Ocular axial and corneal diameter</td>
|
||
<td id="844A5FB4801F6FE2E79926AFE4B707A1" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">AD - 14.0 mm; CD - 12.0 mm</td>
|
||
<td id="C2371100C443EBAA0C7D1BA654E6D5A3" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">AD - 15.7 mm; CD - 12.1 mm</td>
|
||
<td id="BCCD95B4175D5E67B4524D8E0AFF8964" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">AD - 15.5 mm; CD - 12.3 mm</td>
|
||
<td id="5389DF379B0D3E54F814E1C297B63A7B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A8EE9C158237F4E594852BB6E56D4CE4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.09.006" author="Ross, CF" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="294 - 313" refId="B39" refString="Ross, CF, Kirk, EC, 2007. Evolution of eye size and shape in primates. Journal of Human Evolution 52 (3): 294 - 313, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.09.006" title="Evolution of eye size and shape in primates." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.09.006" volume="52" year="2007">Ross and Kirk (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E9F6FB2B08D9E979B3E89329CE018F74" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="contents">
|
||
<paragraph id="24963A4025329544AF8F2CA611BE0348" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Contents.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1AFC20B46460F739A02A27D8FF8DF6A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
a single species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C184BE4855A2B8579116982865327AFD" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="45811670E29B002ADBCE7A3840C132F3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bonhote, 1907) is currently recognised and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="21C46A1A933EFA0F66758A9AD966F3AE" authorityName="Dao Van Tien" authorityYear="1960" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus intermedius" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="4E34129B56A856A16F506994F6E6DE41" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dao Van Tien, 1960 and the not formally described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DF549A2C9A1692381EE89E99199FA7C" lsidName="N. chinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9DBF8CC8C4F2129FAAE95F39C6657C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are treated as synonyms. There is clear clinal latitudinal variation in body size and craniofacial size (smaller in the north) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2AF1B4A12CDF4874998F4948C7ABF48A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" author="Ravosa, MJ" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Primatology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="225 - 243" refId="B38" refString="Ravosa, MJ, 1998. Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (Nycticebus). American Journal of Primatology 45 (3): 225 - 243, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" title="Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (Nycticebus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" volume="45" year="1998">Ravosa 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Variation in pelage colourations, coupled with a considerable amount of genetic divergence between available sequences deposited in GenBank (e.g. up to 2.0% in
|
||
<emphasis id="8429FFA342D0F162927B9021E9B3FE16" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">cytb</emphasis>
|
||
; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BA1A4312B70ADA7A458FC9D89C13B32" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Characteristics of pygmy loris Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus gen. nov. A. Photograph of wild adult male X. pygmaeus from Mondulkiri District, Cambodia and skull from Li Chau, Vietnam (FMNH 32499), compared with Nycticebus javanicus from Garut Regency, Indonesia and skull (RMNH 14563) from South Java, Indonesia; and with Loris lydekkerianus nordicus from Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka and skull (FMNH 95029) from Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. Features distinctive to Xanthonycticebus include yellowish-orange colour, mid-broad snout with long premaxilla, M 2 larger than M 1 and ears hairless at the tips; B. Neighbour-joining tree of 175 cytochrome b sequences (alignment 1,068 bp) of Nycticebus, Xanthonycticebus and Loris; C. Neighbour-joining tree of complete mtDNA sequences of Nycticebus, Xanthonycticebus and Loris, with Perodicticus as outgroup, showing considerable divergence of Xanthonycticebus from Nycticebus. All photographs courtesy of K. A. I. Nekaris." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.98.81942.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662395" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">1</figureCitation>
|
||
), largely from specimens without exact geographic locality data, may lead to the recognition of additional species in the future.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E4BD3753D30D858ABF6FACF9FAE75AF8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.007" author="Pozzi, L" editor="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="57 - 66" refId="B37" refString="Pozzi, L, Roos, C, Blair, ME, 2020. Molecular advances in lorisid taxonomy and phylogeny. In: Nekaris, KAI, Burrows, A, Eds., Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 57 - 66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.007" title="Molecular advances in lorisid taxonomy and phylogeny." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.007" volumeTitle="Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology)." year="2020">Pozzi et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on monophyletic northern and southern populations of pygmy lorises from Laos PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam, advocate more research to confirm if these are, indeed, two species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6333DBF0BDF9484CB4183E093EDEF482" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7EB4B03036A81D88AEBB6A16986B4825" author="Mein, P" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="783 - 844" refId="B19" refString="Mein, P, Ginsburg, L, 1997. Les mammiferes du gisement miocene inferieur de Li Mae Long, Thailande: Systematique, biostratigraphie et paleoenvironnement. Geodiversitas 19: 783 - 844" title="Les mammiferes du gisement miocene inferieur de Li Mae Long, Thailande: Systematique, biostratigraphie et paleoenvironnement." volume="19" year="1997">Mein and Ginsburg (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
tentatively described a single third upper molar M3 (T Li 41) from Li Mae Long in Lamphum Province, Thailand dated to the early Miocene, 17-18 Mya, as?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="634A7305E10DFD9606215E1B02B79826" authorityName="Mein & Ginsburg" authorityYear="1997" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus linglom" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="linglom">
|
||
<emphasis id="6F05078070E57643B39627DDCCFCE0B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus linglom</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mein & Ginsburg, 1997. The small size (1.29
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AD37F452DCA25032F6B3F90652536C5A" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.82 mm) shows affinities with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35872B3012CF31086237E8B110657E51" lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7F0F5C7A208216133346C1D8F32ACDB7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but absence of a hypocone and a metaconule on M3 on T Li 41 aligns it closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="524EE1399847DC3556B43F90027FBA39" lsidName="N. bengalensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="828DC74A180FF3D3E5B8B0A96D894B0D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5DACC79617468F59DF1BB14EB3D87D41" lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C02CA532868A4B64679E4906B2EC89F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Li Mae Long is situated west of the Mekong River, outside the current distribution range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0ED295D9EFBC0AAF0285B2E501EF4126" lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="602751583226C8A8FAE455ACA3DFD2A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We suggest to retain?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="770429BBC8F7AF8857AD4761AC4DF0BF" authorityName="Mein & Ginsburg" authorityYear="1997" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus linglom" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="linglom">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEF8168BE74F975C227D1BC4A7C977C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus linglom</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A9917522E7ED866CFA09848A8CE7F5AF" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="610FCE1090AC67F08F39DC51030F0EEC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B55B7892DD6B931E265304E65E577F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
The holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44BE3932CE755A2E6FD5B48DA983AB28" lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B77DAB6C781FE965DD935299E6316E0A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a juvenile male collected by J. Vassal on 13 November 1905 in Nha Thrang Vietnam [12.24, 109.19], that is currently stored in the Natural History Museum London under registration number 1906.11.6.2. It is described in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="65AEB52D30CA3822A486AF8EB5F3EDF4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01797.x" author="Bonhote, JL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="3 - 11" refId="B2" refString="Bonhote, JL, 1907. On a collection of mammals made by Dr Vassal in Annam. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (1): 3 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01797.x" title="On a collection of mammals made by Dr Vassal in Annam." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01797.x" volume="1907" year="1907">Bonhote (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5BBB0E51A38E6809012D94A69E16B59D" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="divergence and molecular clock dates">
|
||
<paragraph id="11C4D505951B412427629B656D43FB3D" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Divergence and molecular clock dates.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4BA40BAB49B9C3EE04F270DB4A3E4833" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Several molecular phylogenetic studies have been conducted that included samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="41983932E49F24B8001630CBE02CBF81" lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="58126AB5AA0DC1D3555E923A0C7B71D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and two or more other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B533CCE1DFBD96928197DC525B411AFD" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BD91702EB8E1E406C8A7D24F371B3AD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species; in all analyses,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="279B507AFA335D25736F48C3D72955C1" lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A54AB77506833894424EAA79D324CAE3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the first group to split, thus forming two distinct reciprocal monophyletic groups. Our own analysis, based on the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C51225B7662D4912533512DFB2B93922" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8C504D874CE70389426699D82B75E181" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8714EA75B0F913D05470F0533A6C001B" lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAF22389FEAF93D6CC33488E007EC8B6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
GenBank Accession #: KX397281), two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33493E3E8ED9891D1BD03B0827D626AB" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9AF7371EB1FE4A604278C9576344EAD0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E4B3148CACCF89C117A02FD6FC6491A" lsidName="L. lydekkerianus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="lydekkerianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="249F9CD463F072507EEF52FB716E9720" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">L. lydekkerianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
KC757402 from India and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C75D0EB15200159602420703E2584C8A" lsidName="L. tardigradus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="tardigradus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B6EC50177CDAE64AAA534AE873E3828" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">L. tardigradus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AB371094 from Sri Lanka), three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23BA52A4EE2BFFE3E4B2947E360DBFDF" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2C1E0DABE49BC314F000A02A0B92F098" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAB02B5E005270CB0AFB931672537CFC" lsidName="N. bengalensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="884542194C95AFFEAE0956915C5D96AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
KY436589 from China,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA84854D07A3CE6227212BCC0C73836B" lsidName="N. c. subsp. insularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="subSpecies" species="c." subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2C7892A174BC38BA368C95CDB0BCAF5E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. c. insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
MG515246 from Malaysia and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="011D2EF7743F39A7391DBC4E497EAC0D" lsidName="N. coucang" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis id="734A8C5E293E6034119E27034547C23A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AJ309867 from an unknown location) with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29876975239168B6FA0EC0DEF9DE1C6D" lsidName="P. edwardsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="edwardsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6F75F325A0FC43EDC507A7938EF23C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">P. edwardsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
KC757407 from Cameroon as an outgroup, likewise shows a genetic distance of 9.9-10.0% between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26B52B570FCFFC1880EBD6DAE04BA17A" lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8B53B317287733271DF8C9F23B83705" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the three other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B0FB0B08252F3E320601EF401AC2938" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4D53A9214D6169A9AC5893F2A788D84" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9C91CC7D1D66E86F27CD559097C4872C" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Characteristics of pygmy loris Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus gen. nov. A. Photograph of wild adult male X. pygmaeus from Mondulkiri District, Cambodia and skull from Li Chau, Vietnam (FMNH 32499), compared with Nycticebus javanicus from Garut Regency, Indonesia and skull (RMNH 14563) from South Java, Indonesia; and with Loris lydekkerianus nordicus from Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka and skull (FMNH 95029) from Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. Features distinctive to Xanthonycticebus include yellowish-orange colour, mid-broad snout with long premaxilla, M 2 larger than M 1 and ears hairless at the tips; B. Neighbour-joining tree of 175 cytochrome b sequences (alignment 1,068 bp) of Nycticebus, Xanthonycticebus and Loris; C. Neighbour-joining tree of complete mtDNA sequences of Nycticebus, Xanthonycticebus and Loris, with Perodicticus as outgroup, showing considerable divergence of Xanthonycticebus from Nycticebus. All photographs courtesy of K. A. I. Nekaris." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.98.81942.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662395" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9C1DF67DC32F3EAF36A5328FBF87DE3" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
The divergence time between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E8D26ADB447D9088CF28E3903D001C7" lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="53783B36DBB28D29992D10D5E61B7A49" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE23E5B84242B9D011584F4C09D45835" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6D85219092466B52917DF509BD8158EA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species was estimated at between 6.4 Mya and 26.4 Mya (Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="0ED1062D3E93935124836230234BB401" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Estimates of the timing of the split between Nycticebus and Xanthonycticebus (in Million years ago, range is expressed as the 95 % highest posterior density of divergence time estimates)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5BE7C1C5D067A9003A600EC9A2C6D1B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="5BE7C1C5D067A9003A600EC9A2C6D1B0">2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3EAB4B9D99A876741D329BE87D3DB0ED" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12286" author="Pozzi, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="661 - 674" refId="B36" refString="Pozzi, L, Nekaris, KAI, Perkin, A, Bearder, SK, Pimley, ER, Schulze, H, Streicher, U, Nadler, T, Kitchener, A, Zischler, H, Zinner, D, Roos, C, 2015. Remarkable ancient divergences amongst neglected lorisiform primates. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (3): 661 - 674, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12286" title="Remarkable ancient divergences amongst neglected lorisiform primates." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12286" volume="175" year="2015">Pozzi et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
commented that the gap of around six million years between the divergence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04735F2DFCBEA78FA1BD28AB43AD877D" lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8337417A8520DA2930953982AFA9AE7A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the radiation of the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F384CA002568559D0DBB7660303F4109" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EB6D65205CBF1AE38900B10805B04BF9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species may lend support to the distinction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F262639A60CC68F8E878F6C41D0F361" lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="25B0C51A2789348C0BE90E7AE73B6126" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the generic level. Using data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2CA50EFD6912C6487436E60F002C16B4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342" author="Perelman, P" journalOrPublisher="I. Academic Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B34" refString="Perelman, P, Johnson, WE, Roos, C, Seuanez, HN, Horvath, JE, Moreira, MA, Kessing, B, Pontius, J, Roelke, M, Rumpler, Y, Schneider, MPC, Silva, A, O'Brien, SJ, Pecon-Slattery, J, 2011. A molecular phylogeny of living primates. PLOS Genetics 7(3): e1001342. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342" title="A molecular phylogeny of living primates. PLOS Genetics 7 (3): e 1001342." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342" year="2011">Perelman et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, it is evident that the split between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B7BB2978AED5144FCF9FB756BE5828D2" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FEB274BEBC6201A9E47A4CA7A5D80EE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7E60752A03A4668431A15F479F42D9D" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E24685071F82F23F0223B0E9E9167744" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by them estimated at 10.2 Mya (95% CI range 5.4-15.1 Mya), considerably predates several widely acknowledged generic splits within the Order primates, including those between geladas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="925E14871C55BE3B3E02F5103A185939" baseAuthorityName="Ruppell" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Theropithecus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theropithecus gelada" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gelada">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6DE305C56331E24B04FA7F8DDDA0763" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Theropithecus gelada</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and baboons
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40C816C1B85783D3B4CE0AD36F8D1F62" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papio" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="64E96C4A9702ADC0A5F0C908A1CDDD87" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Papio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. / mangabays
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE7A20A543073CEA38CB22EAFB54EA9" authorityName="Palmer" authorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Lophocebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lophocebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="372D13FCA54BBD819AACC550666B82FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Lophocebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4.1 Mya; 3.4-4.7 Mya), between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C79B413DC44F1699B3CE0E88609BE7C" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Semnopithecus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2563497178295D1C6BADC88BB2C2798" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Semnopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CDB8D7D6F2E20954D740030A46F912EC" authorityName="Reichenbach" authorityYear="1862" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachypithecus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="966E2CEEE5A3A247AB3BB04E735874A9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Trachypithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
langurs (4.1 Mya; 2.9-5.4 Mya), between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6265E1C8D498B6742AF02E465E58D566" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Mico" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mico" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAD1A530F8D2F07BB4F7F238FD3DE019" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mico</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9BF682EF6545C4F15FAC11D5C0095F1D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1866" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Cebuella" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cebuella" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4360935833094481C889B264D2729BCA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Cebuella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
marmosets (4.8 Mya; 2.9-7.2 Mya) and, indeed, between humans
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF931B4A4D9E239919A5A0E77CC7CC84" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homo" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F855DF7B044E6EAB2C048B858C04DA4D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Homo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and chimpanzees / bonobos
|
||
<emphasis id="BAEA0E296308977D4482876F73A0CDCA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Pan</emphasis>
|
||
spp. (6.6 Mya; 3.4-7.7 Mya). Estimates of the split between the two genera, based on other Nuclear genes, nuclear, mitochondrial or both, are generally between 10 and 20 Mya, with some estimates exceeding 25 Mya (Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="FCBD8985DB82D640C497666B3C9EF85C" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Estimates of the timing of the split between Nycticebus and Xanthonycticebus (in Million years ago, range is expressed as the 95 % highest posterior density of divergence time estimates)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5BE7C1C5D067A9003A600EC9A2C6D1B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="5BE7C1C5D067A9003A600EC9A2C6D1B0">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Thus, in all likelihood, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="952F06401B4C97E68670FA6E2CDCFB09" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="486121A06A4E2E45D4E808358CA22115" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9FB0AEEF1F2A8D2737A16F05EC1CE7E8" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0758966DF15C327D064EB2F9EFDD3E22" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
split occurred by the Late to Middle Miocene and possibly as early as the Oligocene.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5BE7C1C5D067A9003A600EC9A2C6D1B0" ID-Table-UUID="5BE7C1C5D067A9003A600EC9A2C6D1B0" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5BE7C1C5D067A9003A600EC9A2C6D1B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" start="Table 2" startId="T2">
|
||
<paragraph id="81E588A7423DD0E4EC47D37157D112AB" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="3A4C6F4811C4F2B3350C7395E5ACAF0E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Estimates of the timing of the split between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D6592ED3D1DA7027F642E299451C9D80" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nycticebus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="884069FF9B52625E0C7994D3AC7F4918" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">Xanthonycticebus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in Million years ago, range is expressed as the 95% highest posterior density of divergence time estimates).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B902A9ECEF41990C522C76D6DD6906AA" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<table id="06C6F43B54B8DAC8A0994E6CAF07F3F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<tr id="6E3B2CA3F8E31AB54478E5EDDC8AC8A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<th id="E57923CF8CB5EA338326B17F8E9F3DD9" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Type (bp)</th>
|
||
<th id="D0D28BD84EC64C273DED668A674FB156" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87DFF3612D0741C204F5ED7516D2C4AB" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B1B45D73ADD1E385940C0A2765E72E51" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species included in calculation
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="5DFC74C222ED14A39050949884773D4A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Split (mean, range), Mya</th>
|
||
<th id="1FD607C5635413C65E393999A174DD79" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Reference</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35D6933AFF289F5B2FBFEE0FD264B236" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="32694D3D8230F69B4BFC75DFB46DCF4E" colspan="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="4401B63CCB34FACAA57E878DFD321A1A" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mitochondrial genes</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="A4D06194AC6319C2D8035ABC498E86AD" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="CDA40A0D021DD089710C75E6B6B2A811" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Cytochrome b (1140)</td>
|
||
<td id="573308425B8AE087B5064F8B8EB1C52F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5908F10245955211EC535795EC950F7" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus javanicus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E83D82B8D7EE64CBEAB401445988AB6D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus javanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B89BCE5689390069C7B518ADDADA39F8" baseAuthorityName="Lacepede" baseAuthorityYear="1800" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus bengalensis" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BFFA638E04CB82236CAC7313A84E9DB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AEA27DDD8BE972A9EFE3D9263F54A06" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis id="4DCC975D49270E5210F981B4C006388D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="139D7AB53E311869301DFF9FADDF7366" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1893" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus menagensis" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="menagensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A815DAF9F5A4096BBD09D47CBDFD81FB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus menagensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="015D1F95A7E421DF2153BB0C046B80AE" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">10.9 (7.6-14.5)</td>
|
||
<td id="42AF2A518D6932834DAD5CF1630E61C5" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="09440BD15531B0EF84B9F72D3D194565" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12286" author="Pozzi, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="661 - 674" refId="B36" refString="Pozzi, L, Nekaris, KAI, Perkin, A, Bearder, SK, Pimley, ER, Schulze, H, Streicher, U, Nadler, T, Kitchener, A, Zischler, H, Zinner, D, Roos, C, 2015. Remarkable ancient divergences amongst neglected lorisiform primates. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (3): 661 - 674, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12286" title="Remarkable ancient divergences amongst neglected lorisiform primates." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12286" volume="175" year="2015">Pozzi et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="385BFC2C9311420DB986FC335E0488BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="EFB070FEEEBE2E1FDF592AE72744E67A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Cytochrome b + cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (536)</td>
|
||
<td id="B0A2795466D463FCEA3FF3B546CD8EB0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57463B6218FAE85E29A3DB74AF4899CD" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis id="8A8B4ADDBA7E233ED85031F8958F6E6A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="A346C48318465F8E69A2D426870F8750" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">26.4 (13.1-39.7)</td>
|
||
<td id="B4A8A53D9C74957654A2FC02520D6AE2" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7CEBCBF5C6D3D25A80C836768420F183" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" author="Munds, RA" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="556 - 567" refId="B21" refString="Munds, RA, Titus, CL, Eggert, LS, Blomquist, GE, 2018. Using a multi-gene approach to infer the complicated phylogeny and evolutionary history of lorises (Order primates: Family Lorisidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 556 - 567, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" title="Using a multi-gene approach to infer the complicated phylogeny and evolutionary history of lorises (Order primates: Family Lorisidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" volume="127" year="2018">Munds et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1B1F37AEAFD690255651C21A7F23EDAB" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="80F4838353720D5D961FD2FDD0FE8997" colspan="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="409A45D352F0BED85018C4336618EDA1" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nuclear genes</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0EA92F45E132266AB810152427A9968A" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="9087A2A26CAF2222263D59B2CF2B7AB2" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">18 gene regions (9,500)</td>
|
||
<td id="C291308BC75A7E887E4EE1C2F459C0A1" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95784755074EFFEFA5F63E4779E5778A" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8836CFDF4FA0D5A010EA04E95DCF138" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="D92FED4CF003310F627F6C73725E851C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">6.4 (3.5-10.1)</td>
|
||
<td id="D1331738F89017E0799EEC3A8049B1C6" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2719BDB13555B5E379B91241B0E1D267" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.7265208" author="Horvath, JE" journalOrPublisher="Genome Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="489 - 499" refId="B14" refString="Horvath, JE, Weisrock, DW, Embry, SL, Fiorentino, I, Balhoff, JP, Kappeler, P, Wray, GA, Willard, HF, Yoder, AD, 2008. Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: Resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs. Genome Research 18 (3): 489 - 499, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.7265208" title="Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: Resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs." url="https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.7265208" volume="18" year="2008">Horvath et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D545C34CF51250B84C7E355719E19933" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="881913E3146B84BEBECB43F7BD83BEF0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">54 gene regions (34,927)</td>
|
||
<td id="7F3A67330CFB17B166849F40D7E6581B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F46C574E2D29B115A563FBFF1593E85A" baseAuthorityName="Lacepede" baseAuthorityYear="1800" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus bengalensis" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="41C90EA5962C359567BFD3384294E443" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73CFD8FCC6C28B34E284AA1ED696A9E0" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAA326D3B17072DC0DDD349AF29A2FEF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="271277B6A46F7892CBB0894A3C9A3894" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">10.2 (5.4-15.1)</td>
|
||
<td id="028E83A3A7C6EA06196F75183F32359F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E9F89700560CBA9A1C370AEE06429E2D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342" author="Perelman, P" journalOrPublisher="I. Academic Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B34" refString="Perelman, P, Johnson, WE, Roos, C, Seuanez, HN, Horvath, JE, Moreira, MA, Kessing, B, Pontius, J, Roelke, M, Rumpler, Y, Schneider, MPC, Silva, A, O'Brien, SJ, Pecon-Slattery, J, 2011. A molecular phylogeny of living primates. PLOS Genetics 7(3): e1001342. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342" title="A molecular phylogeny of living primates. PLOS Genetics 7 (3): e 1001342." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342" year="2011">Perelman et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="60150C9443CEEF0D8ECA9C6316F56A60" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="3AA2BA0914C49F28694A491561EF6AAF" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Melanocortin 1 receptor (729)</td>
|
||
<td id="0F54FCA0FDA454246B532C30A1A73D3C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D698AD6D7BAC5A5F379ECCDCAF595F2A" baseAuthorityName="Lacepede" baseAuthorityYear="1800" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus bengalensis" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DFC03366FA191A93352D224F3B0E2D4E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F4BB6FC6B5428E47BE3A87AC45C0D22" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis id="800052D5EDB93BC164769302BC3E08E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="B3C9104A15980969B9DB2F40401689EA" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">12.0</td>
|
||
<td id="AD6F07900EAC79A68986C07F35A06D99" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A357C5A83AB7F15AAF868614E6552BBD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7338" author="Munds, RA" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="4442 - 4459" refId="B22" refString="Munds, RA, Titus, CL, Moreira, LA, Eggert, LS, Blomquist, GE, 2021. Examining the molecular basis of coat color in a nocturnal primate family (Lorisidae). Ecology and Evolution 11 (9): 4442 - 4459, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7338" title="Examining the molecular basis of coat color in a nocturnal primate family (Lorisidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7338" volume="11" year="2021">Munds et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="324489F9071BB21AF19D461C0E60DDFB" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="5B7FA10568F766A22AB90E60CA4725B4" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Recombinant activation gene 2 intron (716)</td>
|
||
<td id="E3D9F7E795437DECFC15139E7A5258F2" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59F7FEF741DC105DC4BF33C5C9305C5B" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis id="DE8E6C957873B7F94E35A1310D534E6E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="81AAD9D9240FA3EF8A1B5C9C5E97BE46" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">14.5 (6.0-24.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="49A5ADEF78331BC1D637DBF6C1C0EAC2" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46729AEA5B9B19C9088FFA46FFE94428" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" author="Munds, RA" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="556 - 567" refId="B21" refString="Munds, RA, Titus, CL, Eggert, LS, Blomquist, GE, 2018. Using a multi-gene approach to infer the complicated phylogeny and evolutionary history of lorises (Order primates: Family Lorisidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 556 - 567, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" title="Using a multi-gene approach to infer the complicated phylogeny and evolutionary history of lorises (Order primates: Family Lorisidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" volume="127" year="2018">Munds et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="25EC90C081DC5F7A1C287ABD8A4C7119" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="9CD8158C815F444B396CDCA446D1B4F1" colspan="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="86304498545868155DA3A462CA66510A" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mitochondrial and nuclear genes</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="756B870488700136B7380F1E17ED315D" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td id="0504744F7F4F5B69ED4BBE2DBA182085" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">4 genes (cytb, co1, rag2, MC1R) (1983)</td>
|
||
<td id="906202BD3698AB3F82796F022EDF88AE" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E53F3B26446A361034F177301AEE3162" baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis id="C61B676DD2FC5C055ACAE33717D596CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="844E828775CDC6E91C1495D362FEE9A4" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">18.4 (10.2-26.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="879529E7D9D69550CF3EFC1E3644D614" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E675636F9CD2B76A0B5B2330A06E3221" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" author="Munds, RA" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="556 - 567" refId="B21" refString="Munds, RA, Titus, CL, Eggert, LS, Blomquist, GE, 2018. Using a multi-gene approach to infer the complicated phylogeny and evolutionary history of lorises (Order primates: Family Lorisidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 556 - 567, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" title="Using a multi-gene approach to infer the complicated phylogeny and evolutionary history of lorises (Order primates: Family Lorisidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" volume="127" year="2018">Munds et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A47AF1BFCF022F54707E129DE008B6E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Even the lower estimates of the divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F58D234537ACC9715961BFDFC410D52" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="993F7C469E2B9FA463C97A38441F6A92" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88F9A4E8869724D4DE2F083779A65EE3" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5B266E270EB6A2B8F1CC4E2034E00D57" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, of around 8 Mya predate many acknowledged generic splits in a wide range of mammalian taxa. This includes, for instance, those within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E13E5761BEE667829FC8FA7E33BD6883" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65CBBBB8D923FBA36DCEB312BBFC2F6B" genus="Beamys-Cricetomys" lsidName="Beamys-Cricetomys" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="76691F3CD63945B7ADB0EA13FA7B9DEF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Beamys-Cricetomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0CCCB233D49CF7C639641CA763EB6656" genus="Parotomys-Arvicanthis" lsidName="Parotomys-Arvicanthis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D665DFEFE30413AA87DA6C7FA9003971" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Parotomys-Arvicanthis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="115CC916D052A3C9F488063468E7260B" genus="Microtus-Clethrionomys" lsidName="Microtus-Clethrionomys" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A118D34752039E7681876EA68D00361D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Microtus-Clethrionomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="076597F3732C8ACB3A83356543ACB129" genus="Phyllotis-Calomys" lsidName="Phyllotis-Calomys" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A477917A433F94AF7821BA8BF9C0D86F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Phyllotis-Calomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="EAAEB6A01363590CA7BDD067E7EE1474" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Rhipidomys-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1842588D6745AA912DA9BC1CE6589E7B" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phyllotis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllotis" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phyllotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD8FD529A2F696E987C671F113363828" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Calomys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calomys" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Calomys</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A7C60A7813B08D61E42621EEFB55FE9C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490468701" author="Steppan, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="533 - 553" refId="B45" refString="Steppan, SJ, Adkins, RM, Anderson, J, 2004. Phylogeny and divergence-date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear Nuclear genes. Systematic Biology 53 (4): 533 - 553, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490468701" title="Phylogeny and divergence-date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear Nuclear genes." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490468701" volume="53" year="2004">Steppan et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the Cetartiodactyla (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="274D5C4FA65011E802D5E696EB1AD245" genus="Capra-Pseudois" lsidName="Capra-Pseudois" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B25D41303D2EF6118A8A48DE539F3BFA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Capra-Pseudois</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="269BF60461A86F733FABE1B570DD7D4E" genus="Ovis-Nilgiritragus" lsidName="Ovis-Nilgiritragus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AAD6B713A89A71520C25C383A3AEA95" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Ovis-Nilgiritragus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="42F12428F0A06AC800C3C76D80F22CEB" genus="Oryx-Addax" lsidName="Oryx-Addax" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8B26E1BD897012DCBA471B47AAD1768C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Oryx-Addax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57792EE3EAA7795D134A62A4853C9052" genus="Bos-Bison" lsidName="Bos-Bison" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7562622BED7F41512D8D502FF68CB18A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Bos-Bison</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="92DFFBC0B0CA6677A109C8F91ED7FD8C" genus="Cervus-Rusa" lsidName="Cervus-Rusa" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D638BD61044A8C39F7944F79DDC3EE21" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Cervus-Rusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BFE1DA0D0E7FB8D205E9ABC7FE2B52C3" genus="Mazama-Odocoileus" lsidName="Mazama-Odocoileus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F63B8BB6F4BBEC9C26723526D974A256" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mazama-Odocoileus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE27F8111C48A263789BF31C1F122688" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.12.015" author="Zurano, JP" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="256 - 262" refId="B54" refString="Zurano, JP, Magalhaes, FM, Asato, AE, Silva, G, Bidau, CJ, Mesquita, DO, Costa, GC, 2019. Cetartiodactyla: Updating a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 133: 256 - 262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.12.015" title="Cetartiodactyla: Updating a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.12.015" volume="133" year="2019">Zurano et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The same is true for other vertebrates, such as birds (e.g. babblers, white-eyes and bee hummingbirds:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="770CE072075BDB778F88F3866160A37B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.010" author="Cai, T" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="346 - 356" refId="B4" refString="Cai, T, Cibois, A, Alstroem, P, Moyle, RG, Kennedy, JD, Shao, S, Zhang, R, Irestedt, M, Ericson, PG, Gelang, M, Qu, Y, 2019. Near-complete phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the world's babblers (Aves: Passeriformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 130: 346 - 356, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.010" title="Near-complete phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the world's babblers (Aves: Passeriformes)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.010" volume="130" year="2019">Cai et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BB4CF03F94ACDBD39857824B8DB6731E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0980-5" author="Licona-Vera, Y" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 17" refId="B18" refString="Licona-Vera, Y, Ornelas, JF, 2017. The conquering of North America: dated phylogenetic and biogeographic inference of migratory behavior in bee hummingbirds. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17 (1): 1 - 17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0980-5" title="The conquering of North America: dated phylogenetic and biogeographic inference of migratory behavior in bee hummingbirds." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0980-5" volume="17" year="2017">Licona-Vera and Ornelas 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD8F1AAC13BD1EFD4B8A5FE8FBA06956" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
The marked difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="753547483F76F87D61799E6036A6B111" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="36882DB287F1F0704C2A68773EF7A44D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EAF1E5920173B43205C8B15D6C3E62D5" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="091135BBD671FD2C3E7C368F6C7EE4CA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also supported by hybridisation events. In captivity, hybrids (confirmed and suspected) have been recorded between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="831F7EA140A8F1274C9CC1E31B5F167E" lsidName="N. bengalensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E993137F5DEDA1BCD4049DFB738A3C91" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3D83329E80AAAA536E01985A93924BE0" lsidName="N. coucang" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis id="D02151A08AD42261C6BB6CD139AAEB3F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="946F673616F5CD81FD60C22094303895" lsidName="N. coucang" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ABD668266DD981E25A16188A2632348" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31AF127ED9C23F4C3C61BC0889BE4C6C" lsidName="N. hilleri" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="hilleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="3821724822F1DD2ADEFD141DB109488C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. hilleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50DB0068E184A36F68F2377080CC8E5C" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCB094686A3A2314236DAC6789FCCFD9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are rarely kept in zoological facilities). Despite being the most common of the slow lorises in captive settings - the Zoological Information Management System lists globally 191
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BB63B6AED1679DD59BF713C4540E41AA" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C098C8311ED5D5AC8DEA6FAE91269C14" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 220 of four other slow loris species combined - there are no records of hybrids between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="19B73B50FFE76D2DE61E32ABF92D87A9" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="090DC6CC74ED871695C2D3E5F0C8964F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and any of the other species. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EED8A4D1E65638A7359E4FD9E31563CE" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC7A3BDC56EBFC70E6B3297FC4C37101" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDAE4254F3154964EF21EE470C60C2E" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28D2F3E97C50A37F02F531C09A453C6F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have n = 50 chromosomes, but karyotypically, the former differs from the latter by having a secondary construction in the short arm of chromosome 1 and the additional presence of nucleolus organiser regions on chromosome pair 1 and 23 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5BC177D9296BEC09693F849E4CFBDECA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055258" author="Stanyon, R" journalOrPublisher="Genetica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="145 - 152" refId="B43" refString="Stanyon, R, Masters, JC, Romagno, D, 1987. The chromosomes of Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert, 1785) (primates: Prosimii). Genetica 75 (2): 145 - 152, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055258" title="The chromosomes of Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert, 1785) (primates: Prosimii)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055258" volume="75" year="1987">Stanyon et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="25052F956056CC67B228D7AD3AA8D734" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381279" author="Chen, Z" journalOrPublisher="primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="47 - 53" refId="B5" refString="Chen, Z, Zhang, Y, Shi, L, Liu, R, Wang, Y, 1993. Studies on the chromosomes of genus Nycticebus. primates 34 (1): 47 - 53, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381279" title="Studies on the chromosomes of genus Nycticebus." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381279" volume="34" year="1993">Chen et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B661EA1FD9B5D75AF4813E1610C2235C" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="status">
|
||
<paragraph id="313A1D9F6306D3934F71A6EE5E3BCC44" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="066DD550F3295707ED20D34320E4D801" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF910D5410B19965157054F0940AB4E9" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8F2EDDED82564F581A1AD99DC66B4894" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs naturally in Vietnam (historically south to the vicinity of Ho Chi Minh City [10.75, 106.66]), Laos PDR (west to
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4B2F81F14A568EB3C39FE1B61FE11322" originalValue="Phôngsali">Phongsali</normalizedToken>
|
||
[21.59, 102.25]), Cambodia (east of the Mekong River), China (historically north to
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4F4E7C62ED53573FD923494562E3D238" originalValue="Lüchun">Luechun</normalizedToken>
|
||
County [23.00, 104.67]) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C77C918867751F25BF0487D50487343" author="Nekaris, KAI" editor="Mittermeier, RA" journalOrPublisher="primates. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="210 - 235" refId="B23" refString="Nekaris, KAI, 2013. Lorisidae. In: Mittermeier, RA, Rylands, AB, Wilson, DE, Eds., Handbook of the Mammals of the World: 3. primates. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona: 210 - 235" title="Lorisidae." volumeTitle="Handbook of the Mammals of the World: 3." year="2013">Nekaris 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species may have established itself in Thailand, west of the Mekong River, as a result of poorly planned release efforts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6EE113E5F8A6C39E50FD665626CD6137" author="Osterberg, P" journalOrPublisher="Traffic Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="13 - 18" refId="B32" refString="Osterberg, P, Nekaris, KAI, 2015. The use of animals as photo props to attract tourists in Thailand: A case study of the slow loris Nycticebus spp. Traffic Bulletin 27: 13 - 18" title="The use of animals as photo props to attract tourists in Thailand: A case study of the slow loris Nycticebus spp." volume="27" year="2015">Osterberg and Nekaris 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5285CD7D851489FBCB34FD65CA6A53E8" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="01A66D8CEB5C6BF91EE68F56519025B8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been assessed as Endangered according to IUCN Red List Criteria, with the trade for medicinal purposes and as pets and habitat loss recognised as the main threats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1343DF5DEE015B1B0E14A9DF2884D397" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001316" author="Starr, C" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="135 - 142" refId="B44" refString="Starr, C, Nekaris, KAI, Streicher, U, Leung, LKP, 2011. Field surveys of the Vulnerable pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus using local knowledge in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia. Oryx 45 (1): 135 - 142, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001316" title="Field surveys of the Vulnerable pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus using local knowledge in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001316" volume="45" year="2011">Starr et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78410F872CF880C5743CBE8A2203BE14" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T14941A17971417.en" author="Blair, M" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B1" refString="Blair, M, Nadler, T, Ni, O, Samun, E, Streicher, U, Nekaris, KAI, 2020. Nycticebus pygmaeus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T14941A17971417. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T14941A17971417.en" title="Nycticebus pygmaeus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e. T 14941 A 17971417." url="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T14941A17971417.en" year="2020">Blair et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species is protected in all four of its range countries, but active enforcement of these laws is far from optimal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="834EB875BE4960ED48162BEFF03E6632" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00674" author="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Endangered Species Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="87 - 95" refId="B26" refString="Nekaris, KAI, Starr, CR, 2015. Conservation and ecology of the neglected slow loris: Priorities and prospects. Endangered Species Research 28 (1): 87 - 95, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00674" title="Conservation and ecology of the neglected slow loris: Priorities and prospects." url="https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00674" volume="28" year="2015">Nekaris and Starr 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1DC693492EF63C8655C5CBFF5E872E85" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000481196" author="Th ạch, HM" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="45 - 62" refId="B49" refString="Thạch, HM, Le, MD, Vũ, NB, Panariello, A, Sethi, G, Sterling, EJ, Blair, ME, 2018. Slow loris trade in Vietnam: Exploring diverse knowledge and values. Folia Primatologica 89 (1): 45 - 62, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000481196" title="Slow loris trade in Vietnam: Exploring diverse knowledge and values." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000481196" volume="89" year="2018">Thạch et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AB59FC9493D691787B06E28199E27727" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.032" author="Ni, Q" editor="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="326 - 338" refId="B29" refString="Ni, Q, He, X, Wang, Y, Meng, X, 2020. Distribution and conservation status of slow lorises in Indo-China. In: Nekaris, KAI, Burrows, A, Eds., Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 326 - 338, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.032" title="Distribution and conservation status of slow lorises in Indo-China." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.032" volumeTitle="Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology)." year="2020">Ni et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species is the most common loris kept in accredited zoological collections (i.e. 43 in N America, 86 in Europe, 62 in Asia;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C9408B5947E64E91C60A3BCCBBE8448" author="Species 360" journalOrPublisher="The nocturnal prosimians. Plenum Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" publicationUrl="https://zims.species360.org" refId="B42" refString="Species360, 2021. Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS). https://zims.species360.org" title="Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS)." url="https://zims.species360.org" year="2021">Species360 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, rescue centres in Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, China, United Arab Emirates and Japan have at least 79 individuals under their care (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="564F8A08C6A37C27E323508ABCFD90E1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00607" author="Kenyon, M" journalOrPublisher="Endangered Species Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="185 - 195" refId="B16" refString="Kenyon, M, Streicher, U, Loung, H, Tran, T, Tran, M, Vo, B, Cronin, A, 2014. Survival of reintroduced pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in South Vietnam. Endangered Species Research 25 (2): 185 - 195, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00607" title="Survival of reintroduced pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in South Vietnam." url="https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00607" volume="25" year="2014">Kenyon et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="23E5CCE8CE4B5060074FA273B7CB4122" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000487432" author="Khudamrongsawat, J" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="216 - 223" refId="B17" refString="Khudamrongsawat, J, Nakchamnan, K, Laithong, P, Kongrit, C, 2018. Abnormal repetitive behaviours of confiscated slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) in Thailand. Folia Primatologica 89 (3-4): 216 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000487432" title="Abnormal repetitive behaviours of confiscated slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) in Thailand." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000487432" volume="89" year="2018">Khudamrongsawat et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F67384BF3D4C3272F8A92DC288D0A5AE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23233" author="Yamanashi, Y" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Journal of Anatomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B53" refString="Yamanashi, Y, Nemoto, K, Alejandro, J, 2021. Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same-sex pairs a feasible management strategy? American Journal of Primatology 83(2): a23233. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23233" title="Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same-sex pairs a feasible management strategy? American Journal of Primatology 83 (2): a 23233." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23233" year="2021">Yamanashi et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species is part of both American Zoo Association and European Association of Zoos and Aquariums breeding programmes, but birth rates are low.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C794C4CB3AD2A579929C72C232AE65D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="389AED0DE493447491B9FEA96968E6AA" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1236E64691F16FED26B29279A0E07430" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed in appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), precluding all commercial international trade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B38D21D4B00E11BB7C6EDFEB46FABA42" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000102316" author="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="211 - 214" refId="B25" refString="Nekaris, KAI, Nijman, V, 2007. CITES proposal highlights rarity of Asian nocturnal primates (Lorisidae, Nycticebus). Folia Primatologica 78 (4): 211 - 214, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000102316" title="CITES proposal highlights rarity of Asian nocturnal primates (Lorisidae, Nycticebus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000102316" volume="78" year="2007">Nekaris and Nijman 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the proposal, submitted by Cambodia in 2007, which was accepted by consensus, three species names were singled out, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E2373212A547E220700F46B9C4C2F33" authorityName="Bonhote" authorityYear="1907" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus pygmaeus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="53F8E9A7F743D712A9C881D3431F3F36" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68E169DBAE644024A33B610957078BB3" lsidName="N. intermedius" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B8B0E69510112F4F0970C83EE935CB3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708BE59317735AEABEF1C4411572E9F7" lsidName="N. chinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0D6939E5832F295EE950BEF9F2031C8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
listed as synonyms). As such, with respect to international trade, there is no doubt that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="825E6F83CE8411ED5269D62ED951559F" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F9A23136C8BBEEB7F98CEFA76810C1B3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. nov. continues to receive the same level of protection and regulation as other slow lorises.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |