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<document id="53E679FAFE87915E70A7F1ABDBEE8B9D" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3884.5.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ad970e8a-8606-4cf6-bff1-d9db0ae8d573" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="228119" ID-ZooBank="AEF16C1C-5E1D-4A4C-A1A3-096F439C15B5" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460971517825" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Todd, Jonathan A. &amp; Rawlings, Timothy A." docDate="2014" docId="03B5653603634957FF1FFDA1FCEBF9B0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03884p491.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3884 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Polystira" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="447" masterDocId="FF8C1D4E03614955FF88FF83FF9EFF9B" masterDocTitle="A review of the Polystira clade — the Neotropic’s largest marine gastropod radiation (Neogastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae sensu stricto)" masterLastPageNumber="491" masterPageNumber="445" pageNumber="447" updateTime="1698558983625" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0A4E71A693AA50620097E9111766FF7F">A review of the Polystira clade — the Neotropic’s largest marine gastropod radiation (Neogastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae sensu stricto)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="58CE480DB1EA284741BAB47EA7BF9F56">Todd, Jonathan A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="306B2F45C997FF1B1926A67F01381934">Rawlings, Timothy A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5A6AE913C2549A53B177FC655ED4657C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0C3ADEB49EFB177768D24FBBB03D426F">2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="C7A9B890784FC5C0C7F0CBB3A9355DA8" type="volume">
<mods:number id="7A77AAC3B4F3BF94B0937990E0D7A79A">3884</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1F94A16E031E00703BF091A81F1980FB">5</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="77E9D6FBC8F9167C65F9DC1F2C6BE93C">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="270594BB86A9358946028A1C04AB7777" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3884.5.5</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B5653603634957FF1FFDA1FCEBF9B0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5679796" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119593777" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5679796" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B5653603634957FF1FFDA1FCEBF9B0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B5653603634957FF1FFDA1FCEBF9B0" lastPageNumber="447" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<subSubSection id="C30687AB03634957FF1FFDA1FCEBF9B0" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA3D42003634957FF1FFDA1FCCAFDA0" blockId="2.[151,852,546,571]" box="[151,852,546,571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<heading id="D0EB634C03634957FF1FFDA1FCCAFDA0" bold="true" box="[151,852,546,571]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FF1FFDA1FCCAFDA0" bold="true" box="[151,852,546,571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FF1FFDA1FF60FDA0" ID-CoL="7PD43" box="[151,254,546,571]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Polystira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FF1FFDA1FF60FDA0" bold="true" box="[151,254,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Polystira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its relationship to other Neotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FD61FDA1FCCAFDA0" box="[745,852,546,571]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Turridae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA3D42003634957FF1FFDE9FB2CFD74" blockId="2.[151,1437,618,1579]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FE98FDE9FDACFD18" authority="Woodring, 1928" authorityName="Woodring" authorityYear="1928" box="[272,562,618,643]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Polystira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FE98FDE9FEE9FD18" box="[272,375,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Polystira</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8DA9D103634957FEF5FDE9FDACFD18" author="Woodring" box="[381,562,618,643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" refString="Woodring, W. P. (1928) Miocene molluscs from Bowden, Jamaica, II. Gastropods and discussion of results. Vol. 385. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication, 564 pp." type="book" year="1928">Woodring, 1928</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has become the name popularly associated with all extant
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FB35FDE9FABDFD18" box="[1213,1315,618,643]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Polystira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FB35FDE9FABDFD18" box="[1213,1315,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Polystira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like turrid species in the Neotropics and subtropics. Apart from
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FC9AFD0DFCE7FD3C" box="[786,889,654,679]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Polystira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FC9AFD0DFCE7FD3C" box="[786,889,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Polystira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only other living turrids (as restricted by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8DA9D103634957FF1FFD31FEEFFD50" author="Bouchet" box="[151,369,690,715]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" refString="Bouchet, P., Kantor, Y. I., Sysoev, A. &amp; Puillandre, N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 77, 273 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / mollus / eyr 017" type="journal article" year="2011">Bouchet et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
) inhabiting the same region are species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FCC5FD31FBE5FD50" authority="Weinkauff, 1875" authorityName="Weinkauff" authorityYear="1875" box="[845,1147,690,715]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FCC5FD31FC24FD50" box="[845,954,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Gemmula</emphasis>
Weinkauff, 1875
</taxonomicName>
and the deep water genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FF1FFD54FE28FD74" authority="Dall, 1918" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1918" box="[151,438,726,751]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FF1FFD54FEA8FD75" box="[151,310,727,750]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Cryptogemma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8DA9D103634957FEB4FD55FE28FD74" author="Dall" box="[316,438,726,751]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" refString="Dall, W. H. (1918) Notes on the nomenclature of the mollusks of the family Turritidae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 54, 313 - 333." type="journal article" year="1918">Dall, 1918</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, both of which occur in the eastern Pacific and the western Atlantic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA3D42003634957FF4FFD79FC8CFBCC" blockId="2.[151,1437,618,1579]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
Regionally,
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FEDAFD79FE21FC88" box="[338,447,762,787]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FEDAFD79FE21FC88" box="[338,447,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Gemmula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is best known through
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FD53FD78FC61FC88" authority="Berry, 1958" authorityName="Berry" authorityYear="1958" box="[731,1023,762,787]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hindsiana">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FD53FD78FCF3FC88" box="[731,877,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">G. hindsiana</emphasis>
Berry, 1958
</taxonomicName>
—the
<typeStatus id="54A76A8203634957FBC2FD78FBE4FC88" box="[1098,1146,763,787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">type</typeStatus>
species (tropical eastern Pacific)—and
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FEB6FC9CFDE6FCAC" authority="Dall, 1889" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1889" box="[318,632,798,823]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="periscelida">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FEB6FC9CFE41FCAC" box="[318,479,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">G. periscelida</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8DA9D103634957FE7AFC9DFDF1FCAC" author="Dall" box="[498,623,798,823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" refString="Dall, W. H. (1889) Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1887 - 78) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879 - 80), by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer &quot; Blake, &quot; Lieut. - Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U. S. N., and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N., commanding. XXIX. - Report on the Mollusca. Part II. - Gastropoda and Scaphopoda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 18, 1 - 492. [plates 10 - 40]" type="journal article" year="1889">Dall, 1889</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(tropical western Atlantic). Our examination of museum and newly collected material shows that
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FE65FCC0FD1AFCC0" box="[493,644,834,859]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hindisiana">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FE65FCC0FD1AFCC0" box="[493,644,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">G. hindisiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consists of multiple species with distinct protoconch and teleoconch morphologies and that this composite taxon and
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FD4BFCE4FCF5FCE4" box="[707,875,870,895]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="persiscelida">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FD4BFCE4FCF5FCE4" box="[707,875,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">G. persiscelida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not appear to be closely related to each other based upon both conchological character states and molecular phylogenetic analysis (see ‘Monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FAA4FC09FA0DFC38" box="[1324,1427,906,931]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Polystira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FAA4FC09FA0DFC38" box="[1324,1427,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Polystira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ below). In a paper in which two new species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FD44FC2DFCA7FC5C" box="[716,825,942,967]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FD44FC2DFCA7FC5C" box="[716,825,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Gemmula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were described from the
<collectingCountry id="F30B94B003634957FBECFC2DFB7BFC5C" box="[1124,1253,942,967]" name="Philippines" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Philippines</collectingCountry>
, Olivera (2004) described and figured the morphology of a “Caribbean form” of one of his new species,
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FB07FC51FAF5FC70" box="[1167,1387,978,1003]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sikatunai">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FB07FC51FAF5FC70" box="[1167,1387,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Gemmula sikatunai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He detailed conchological differences between the Caribbean (
<collectingCountry id="F30B94B003634957FCB2FC75FC39FB94" box="[826,935,1014,1039]" name="Barbados" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Barbados</collectingCountry>
) form and the
<collectingCountry id="F30B94B003634957FBDEFC75FB57FB94" box="[1110,1225,1014,1039]" name="Philippines" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Philippine</collectingCountry>
<typeStatus id="54A76A8203634957FB5AFC74FA9CFB94" box="[1234,1282,1015,1039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">type</typeStatus>
material. We consider that the specimens from off
<collectingCountry id="F30B94B003634957FDB1FB99FD3DFBA8" box="[569,675,1050,1075]" name="Barbados" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Barbados</collectingCountry>
very likely belong to an unnamed species. We have also seen a few more undescribed
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FEEDFBBDFE4CFBCC" box="[357,466,1086,1111]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FEEDFBBDFE4CFBCC" box="[357,466,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Gemmula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species from the Caribbean.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA3D42003634957FF4FFBE0FE22FAB4" blockId="2.[151,1437,618,1579]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
Here it should be noted that the recently described
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FC9DFBE1FB16FBE0" authority="Simone, 2005" authorityName="Simone" authorityYear="2005" box="[789,1160,1122,1147]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mystica">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FC9DFBE1FC7CFBE0" box="[789,994,1122,1147]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Gemmula mystica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8DA9D103634957FC63FBE1FB16FBE0" author="Simone" box="[1003,1160,1122,1147]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" refString="Simone, L. R. L. (2005) A new species of Gemmula (Caenogastropoda Turridae) from Brazilian deep waters. Strombus, 12, 7 - 10." type="journal article" year="2005">Simone, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
living in&gt;
<quantity id="4CE479C503634957FA83FBE1FACBFBE1" box="[1291,1365,1122,1147]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
water depth off São Paulo,
<collectingCountry id="F30B94B003634957FE1FFB05FE40FB04" box="[407,478,1158,1183]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, should be excluded from
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FC97FB05FC12FB04" box="[799,908,1158,1183]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Gemmula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FC97FB05FC12FB04" box="[799,908,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Gemmula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The shell appears to lack a well-developed principal spiral A otherwise present in the
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FDF7FB29FD40FB58" box="[639,734,1194,1219]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Turridae</taxonomicName>
(see ‘Homology of spiral ornamentation in Turridae’ below), has an unusually robust rostrum, and the radula has hypodermic marginal teeth that are lacking in the
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FAB5FB4DFA02FB7C" box="[1341,1436,1230,1255]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Turridae</taxonomicName>
(sensu stricto; s.s. hereafter) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8DA9D103634957FE69FB71FD5FFA90" author="Bouchet" box="[481,705,1266,1291]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" refString="Bouchet, P., Kantor, Y. I., Sysoev, A. &amp; Puillandre, N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 77, 273 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / mollus / eyr 017" type="journal article" year="2011">Bouchet et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
). This species is of uncertain systematic position but may belong to the family
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FEA5FA95FE26FAB4" box="[301,440,1302,1327]" class="Gastropoda" family="Borsoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Borsoniidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA3D42003634957FF4FFAB9FCEBF9B0" blockId="2.[151,1437,618,1579]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">
Regionally, the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FE4DFAB8FD7BFAC8" authority="Dall, 1918" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1918" box="[453,741,1338,1363]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FE4DFAB8FDFAFAC9" box="[453,612,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Cryptogemma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8DA9D103634957FDE4FAB9FD7BFAC8" author="Dall" box="[620,741,1338,1363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" refString="Dall, W. H. (1918) Notes on the nomenclature of the mollusks of the family Turritidae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 54, 313 - 333." type="journal article" year="1918">Dall, 1918</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is known from three species in the East Pacific occurring in water depths of
<quantity id="4CE479C503634957FEC1FADDFE6CFAED" box="[329,498,1374,1399]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8244999999999998" metricValueMax="2.4899999999999998" metricValueMin="1.159" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" unit="m" value="1824.5" valueMax="2490.0" valueMin="1159.0">1,159–2,490 m</quantity>
(McLean 1971) and at least one apparently undescribed species from the Caribbean off
<collectingCountry id="F30B94B003634957FF36FA01FEB2FA00" box="[190,300,1410,1435]" name="Colombia" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(see Invemar online database at http://siam.invemar.org.co/siam/). We have not examined specimens of these species, but at least
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FE6DFA24FC9CFA24" authority="Dall, 1908" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1908" box="[485,770,1446,1471]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="eldorana">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FE6DFA24FDF3FA24" box="[485,621,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">C. eldorana</emphasis>
(Dall, 1908)
</taxonomicName>
appears from its teleoconch morphology to belong to the
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FF1FFA49FF68FA78" box="[151,246,1482,1507]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Turridae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FEB8FA48FE51FA79" box="[304,463,1483,1506]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FEB8FA48FE51FA79" box="[304,463,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Cryptogemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been placed in the
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FD68FA49FCA1FA78" box="[736,831,1482,1507]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Turridae</taxonomicName>
based on radular characters by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8DA9D103634957FB25FA48FAF4FA78" author="McLean" box="[1197,1386,1483,1507]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" refString="McLean, J. H. (1971 a) A revised classification of the Family Turridae, with the proposal of new subfamilies, genera, and subgenera from the Eastern Pacific. Veliger, 14, 114 - 130." type="journal article" year="1971" yearSuffix="a">McLean (1971a)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8DA9D103634957FF1FFA6DFE19F99C" box="[151,391,1518,1543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" refString="Bouchet, P., Kantor, Y. I., Sysoev, A. &amp; Puillandre, N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 77, 273 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / mollus / eyr 017" type="journal article">Bouchet et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FE1BFA6CFCF2F99C" authority="Dall, 1908" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1908" box="[403,876,1518,1543]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Cryptogemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polystephanos">
<emphasis id="B968083203634957FE1BFA6CFD47F99C" box="[403,729,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="447">Cryptogemma polystephanos</emphasis>
(Dall, 1908)
</taxonomicName>
, judging from the figure of the
<typeStatus id="54A76A8203634957FB59FA6DFAADF99C" box="[1233,1331,1518,1543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
given by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8DA9D103634957FF1FF990FED1F9B0" author="McLean" box="[151,335,1554,1579]" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" refString="McLean, J. H. (1971 b) Family Turridae. In: Keen, A. M. Sea Shells of Tropical West America; Marine mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Second edition. Stanford University Press, Stanford, xiv, pp. 688 - 766." type="book chapter" year="1971" yearSuffix="b">McLean (1971b</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 1652), may not belong to the
<taxonomicName id="4C1CAFA303634957FD59F991FCAFF9B0" box="[721,817,1554,1579]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="447" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Turridae</taxonomicName>
(s.s.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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