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<document id="6ABE00616044BFB7A1E46F89962E3569" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.157582" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f2776005-80ee-41fa-b03a-25131fcb996e" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="157582" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461013824471" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Reeves, Will K., Adler, Peter H., Grogan, William L. &amp; Super, Paul E." docDate="2004" docId="03A6E95BFFB5FFD7E37F1004DD9FFBCE" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00483.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 483" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Calliphoridae" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="FF9F9123FFB0FFD1E277111FDC27FF98" masterDocTitle="Hematophagous and Parasitic Diptera (Insecta) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698568383469" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0B1208D3F6B0EADE6D9E668D3BB7DCE9">Hematophagous and Parasitic Diptera (Insecta) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="040E51F56696F5D93F495531810E7126">Reeves, Will K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8EDA432307A247760C6B69AC3F123084">Adler, Peter H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="95B41AAFED2F9634FD0087A931F626F6">Grogan, William L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BD972C92969D5D183746EC897CEFF097">Super, Paul E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="B59D7B8E9E136A09F0D2DCAEC308E8E4">2004</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A6E95BFFB5FFD7E37F1004DD9FFBCE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6271851" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119600928" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6271851" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A6E95BFFB5FFD7E37F1004DD9FFBCE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6E95BFFB5FFD7E37F1004DD9FFBCE" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB5FFD4E37F1004DD97FDD1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB5FFD4E37F1004DE34FEAD" blockId="5.[264,531,283,309]" box="[264,531,283,309]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D0F8EF21FFB5FFD4E37F1004DE34FEAD" bold="true" box="[264,531,283,309]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E37F1004DE34FEAD" bold="true" box="[264,531,283,309]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E3101004DE34FEAD" ID-CoL="7KK" ID-ENA="7371" box="[359,531,283,309]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB5FFD4E37F1078DD97FDD1" blockId="5.[264,1324,359,905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The larvae of most
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E39C1078DEACFE19" box="[491,651,359,385]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae</taxonomicName>
develop in decaying carcasses or fecal matter; the degree of hematophagy varies from facultative to obligate. Only obligate parasites of vertebrates are listed below, although facultative parasites such as
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E1D410A8D8E4FE48" box="[931,1219,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Cochliomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macellaria">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E1D410A8D8E4FE48" box="[931,1219,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cochliomyia macellaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F.) and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E37F10C0DE13FE61" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" box="[264,564,479,505]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Lucilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="illustris">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E37F10C0DD99FE60" box="[264,446,479,504]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lucilia illustris</emphasis>
(Meigen)
</taxonomicName>
were collected in the Park. Although
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB5FFD4E18B10C0D88CFE61" author="Rognes" box="[1020,1195,479,505]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refString="Rognes, K. (1997) The Calliphoridae (blowflies) (Diptera: Oestoidea) are not a monophyletic group. Cladistics, 13, 27 - 66." type="journal article" year="1997">Rognes (1997)</bibRefCitation>
presents a strong argument against the monophyly of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E15B1318DFE8FDB9" box="[812,975,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae</taxonomicName>
, we retain the family name in this treatment.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB5FFD4E34F1348DFE3F8E9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB5FFD4E34F1348DFC3FC89" blockId="5.[264,1324,359,905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Two genera of parasitic
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E0261348DED4FDE9" box="[593,755,599,625]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E0891348DFA7FDE8" box="[766,896,599,624]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Bufolucilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E0891348DFA7FDE8" box="[766,896,599,624]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bufolucilia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E1CE1348D852FDE8" box="[953,1141,599,624]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E1CE1348D852FDE8" box="[953,1141,599,624]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protocalliphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, were expected to occur in the Park. Based on historical records, the primary screwworm,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E6E21360DE00FD59" authority="Coquerel" authorityName="Coquerel" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Cochliomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hominivorax">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E6E21360DDBBFD58" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cochliomyia hominivorax</emphasis>
(Coquerel)
</taxonomicName>
, might have occurred in the Park prior to the local eradication of the species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB5FFD4E3EB13D0DE60FD71" author="Brimley" box="[412,583,719,745]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refString="Brimley, C. S. (1938) The Insects of North Carolina. North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, 560 pp." type="book" year="1938">Brimley 1938</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E02913D0DEC7FD70" box="[606,736,719,744]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Bufolucilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E02913D0DEC7FD70" box="[606,736,719,744]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bufolucilia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species were not collected in the Park; however their hosts (frogs and toads) were not examined for these flies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB5FFD4E34F1200DE03FC11" blockId="5.[264,1324,359,905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Five species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E38C1200DE90FCA0" box="[507,695,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E38C1200DE90FCA0" box="[507,695,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protocalliphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or bird blow flies, were collected in the Park. All known larval
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E3DE1258DE43FCF8" box="[425,612,839,864]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E3DE1258DE43FCF8" box="[425,612,839,864]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protocalliphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are blood­feeding parasites of nestling birds (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB5FFD4E60C1258DD61FC11" author="Sabrosky" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refString="Sabrosky, C. W., Bennett, G. F. &amp; Whitworth, T. L. (1989) Bird Blow Flies (Protocalliphora) in North America (Diptera: Calliphoridae) with Notes on the Palearctic Species. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D. C., USA, 312 pp." type="book" year="1989">Sabrosky et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB5FFD4E3251270DE3FFC11" author="Whitworth" box="[338,536,879,905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Whitworth, T. (2002) Two new species of North American Protocalliphora Hough (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from bird nests. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104, 801 - 811." type="journal article" year="2002">Whitworth 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB5FFD4E37F12AEDF02FC53" blockId="5.[264,1322,945,1371]" box="[264,805,945,971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E37F12AEDF02FC53" authority="Shannon &amp; Dobroscky" authorityName="Shannon &amp; Dobroscky" box="[264,805,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E37F12AEDE36FC52" box="[264,529,945,970]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protocalliphora aenea</emphasis>
Shannon &amp; Dobroscky
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB5FFD4E34F12C6DDBCFBF3" blockId="5.[264,1322,945,1371]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E05D12C6DFDDFC6B" authority="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" authorityName="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" box="[554,1018,985,1011]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Cataloochee</taxonomicName>
(816 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB5FFD4E6C212C6D901FC6B" box="[1205,1318,985,1011]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="55" value="35.64">35.640ºN</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB5FFD4E37F151EDDA5FB83" box="[264,386,1025,1051]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="55" value="-83.08">83.080ºW</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB5FFD4E3EF151EDE0AFB83" box="[408,557,1025,1051]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2002-05-03">3 May 2002</date>
, puparia, ex eastern
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E153151EDF5FFB83" box="[804,888,1025,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Symphoromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phoebe">phoebe</taxonomicName>
nest; Swain Co., Twentymile Creek ranger station (427 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB5FFD4E0391536DEF6FBDB" box="[590,721,1065,1091]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="35.4697">35.4697°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB5FFD4E0A91536DF4EFBDB" box="[734,873,1065,1091]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="-83.8712">83.8712°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB5FFD4E1091536D818FBDB" box="[894,1087,1065,1091]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2002-08-15">15 August 2002</date>
, puparia, ex eastern
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E37F154EDD7BFBF3" box="[264,348,1105,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Symphoromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phoebe">phoebe</taxonomicName>
nest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB5FFD4E34F1566D881FAC3" blockId="5.[264,1322,945,1371]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E34F1566DE66FB0A" box="[312,577,1145,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E34F1566DE66FB0A" box="[312,577,1145,1170]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protocalliphora aenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a northern distribution and was not known previously from the Park (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB5FFD4E3F715BEDEA5FB23" author="Sabrosky" box="[384,642,1185,1211]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refString="Sabrosky, C. W., Bennett, G. F. &amp; Whitworth, T. L. (1989) Bird Blow Flies (Protocalliphora) in North America (Diptera: Calliphoridae) with Notes on the Palearctic Species. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D. C., USA, 312 pp." type="book" year="1989">Sabrosky et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
). However, the high Appalachians are often refugia for northern species. The pteromalid
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E0EC15D6D867FB7B" authority="Darling &amp; Werren" authorityName="Darling &amp; Werren" box="[667,1088,1225,1251]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Nasonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giraulti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E0EC15D6DF79FB7A" box="[667,862,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nasonia giraulti</emphasis>
Darling &amp; Werren
</taxonomicName>
parasitized puparia from the Twentymile Creek ranger station. Nestlings of the eastern
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E66815EED853FA93" box="[1055,1140,1265,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Symphoromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phoebe">phoebe</taxonomicName>
at Cataloochee were not killed by
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E3951406DE63FAAA" box="[482,580,1305,1330]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E3951406DE63FAAA" box="[482,580,1305,1330]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. aenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and fledged from the nest prior to collection of the puparia. All collections of
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E3D9145EDE2AFAC2" box="[430,525,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. a e n e a</emphasis>
were from nests associated with human­built structures.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB5FFD4E37F149BDE97FA06" blockId="5.[264,1325,1412,1718]" box="[264,688,1412,1438]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E37F149BDE97FA06" authority="Whitworth" authorityName="Whitworth" box="[264,688,1412,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bennetti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E37F149BDE0DFA05" box="[264,554,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protocalliphora bennetti</emphasis>
Whitworth
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB5FFD4E34F14B3DF3BFA76" blockId="5.[264,1325,1412,1718]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Collection: Tennessee, Sevier Co., Twin Creeks (594 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB5FFD4E67114B3D8AEFA5E" box="[1030,1161,1452,1478]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="35.6848">35.6848°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB5FFD4E6E214B3D906FA5E" box="[1173,1313,1452,1478]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="-83.499">83.4990°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB5FFD4E37F14CBDDBEFA76" box="[264,409,1492,1518]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2002-05-09">9 May 2002</date>
, puparia, ex eastern
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E0FE14CBDEF9FA76" box="[649,734,1492,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Symphoromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phoebe">phoebe</taxonomicName>
nest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB5FFD4E34F14E3DE23F92E" blockId="5.[264,1325,1412,1718]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E34F14E3DE7DF98D" box="[312,602,1532,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bennetti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E34F14E3DE7DF98D" box="[312,602,1532,1557]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protocalliphora bennetti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not known previously from the Park, and this collection represents a range extension. The species has been described from material removed from the nests of chickadees, wrens, and tree swallows from Virginia northwest to Alaska. The
<typeStatus id="54B4E6EFFFB5FFD4E37F176BDD49F916" box="[264,366,1652,1678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was reared from a
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E003176BDEFEF916" box="[628,729,1652,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
chickadee nest (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB5FFD4E1C6176BD8A6F916" author="Whitworth" box="[945,1153,1652,1678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Whitworth, T. (2002) Two new species of North American Protocalliphora Hough (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from bird nests. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104, 801 - 811." type="journal article" year="2002">Whitworth 2002</bibRefCitation>
). The eastern
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E37F1783DD7AF92E" box="[264,349,1692,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Symphoromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phoebe">phoebe</taxonomicName>
is a new host.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB5FFD4E37F17C0DEB4F961" blockId="5.[264,1325,1759,1905]" box="[264,659,1759,1785]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E37F17C0DEB4F961" authority="Handel" authorityName="Handel" box="[264,659,1759,1785]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braueri">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB5FFD4E37F17C0DE04F960" box="[264,547,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protocalliphora braueri</emphasis>
(Handel)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB5FFD4E34F1618DFE3F8E9" blockId="5.[264,1325,1759,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB5FFD4E0441618DFC0F8B9" authority="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" authorityName="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" box="[563,999,1799,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Oconaluftee</taxonomicName>
/Ravensford (617 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB5FFD4E37F1630DDADF8D1" box="[264,394,1839,1865]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="35.5119">35.5119°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB5FFD4E3EF1630DE03F8D1" box="[408,548,1839,1865]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="-83.302">83.3020°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB5FFD4E04E1630DF25F8D1" box="[569,770,1839,1865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2001-04-07" valueMax="2001-04-13" valueMin="2001-04-07">7–13 April 2001</date>
, Malaise trap,
<specimenCount id="9D0993C4FFB5FFD4E1C31630D838F8D1" box="[948,1055,1839,1865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, coll. B. Wiegmann &amp; B.K. Cassel;
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB5FFD4E3D41648DE74F8E9" box="[419,595,1879,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2002-08-07">7 August 2002</date>
, puparia, ex barn swallow nest.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB6FFD7E34F1003DEB8FDD6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB6FFD7E34F1003DE81FE35" blockId="6.[264,1323,284,430]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E34F1003DE75FEAD" box="[312,594,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braueri">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E34F1003DE75FEAD" box="[312,594,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Protocalliphora braueri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only species that regularly causes subcutaneous myiasis in nestling birds (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB6FFD7E3A5105BDEE1FEC6" author="Sabrosky" box="[466,710,324,350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" refString="Sabrosky, C. W., Bennett, G. F. &amp; Whitworth, T. L. (1989) Bird Blow Flies (Protocalliphora) in North America (Diptera: Calliphoridae) with Notes on the Palearctic Species. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D. C., USA, 312 pp." type="book" year="1989">Sabrosky et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB6FFD7E0AD105BDFA0FEC6" author="Rognes" box="[730,903,324,350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" refString="Rognes, K. (1985) Revision of the bird-parasitic blowfly genus Trypocalliphora Peus, 1960 (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 15, 371 - 382." type="journal article" year="1985">Rognes (1985)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E664105BD8A0FEC5" box="[1043,1159,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braueri">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E664105BD805FEC5" box="[1043,1058,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E658105BD8A0FEC5" box="[1071,1159,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">braueri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to represent a separate monotypic genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E03D1073DF2FFE1D" ID-CoL="83BX" box="[586,776,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Trypocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E03D1073DF2FFE1D" box="[586,776,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Trypocalliphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB6FFD7E1311073D86BFE1E" box="[838,1100,364,390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" refString="Sabrosky, C. W., Bennett, G. F. &amp; Whitworth, T. L. (1989) Bird Blow Flies (Protocalliphora) in North America (Diptera: Calliphoridae) with Notes on the Palearctic Species. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D. C., USA, 312 pp." type="book">Sabrosky et al. (1989)</bibRefCitation>
synonymized
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E68D1073DDB8FE35" ID-CoL="83BX" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Trypocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E68D1073DDB8FE35" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Trypocalliphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E395108BDE81FE35" box="[482,678,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E395108BDE85FE35" ID-CoL="6XLJ" box="[482,674,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protocalliphora</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB6FFD7E37F10FBDEB8FDD6" blockId="6.[264,1322,484,670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E37F10FBDF36FE66" ID-CoL="8DHHG" authority="Sabrosky, Bennett" authorityName="Sabrosky, Bennett" box="[264,785,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptor">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E37F10FBDE15FE65" box="[264,562,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Protocalliphora deceptor</emphasis>
Sabrosky, Bennett
</taxonomicName>
, &amp; Whitworth Collections: Tennessee, Sevier Co., Twin Creeks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB6FFD7E1EA1313D862FDBE" box="[925,1093,524,550]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1996-06-24">24 June 1996</date>
, puparia, ex wood thrush nest, coll. G.W. Farnsworth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB6FFD7E34F1343DD9FFBCE" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB6FFD7E34F1343DD54FD06" blockId="6.[264,1322,484,670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E34F1343DE41FDED" box="[312,614,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptor">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E34F1343DE41FDED" box="[312,614,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Protocalliphora deceptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was reared from puparia; the specimens are in the Park museum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB6FFD7E37F13CBDF06FD76" blockId="6.[264,1325,724,1110]" box="[264,801,724,750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E37F13CBDF06FD76" authority="Shannon &amp; Dobroscky" authorityName="Shannon &amp; Dobroscky" box="[264,801,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sialia">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E37F13CBDE2BFD75" box="[264,524,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Protocalliphora sialia</emphasis>
Shannon &amp; Dobroscky
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB6FFD7E34F13E3DDD8FC16" blockId="6.[264,1325,724,1110]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E06A13E3DFD8FC8E" authority="Haywood Co., Purchase Knob" authorityName="Haywood Co., Purchase Knob" box="[541,1023,764,790]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob</taxonomicName>
(1550 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB6FFD7E6C013E3D90EFC8E" box="[1207,1321,764,790]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="55" value="35.585">35.585ºN</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB6FFD7E37F123BDDA5FCA6" box="[264,386,804,830]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="55" value="-83.063">83.063ºW</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB6FFD7E3E0123BDE13FCA6" box="[407,564,804,830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2002-07-23">23 July 2002</date>
, puparia, ex eastern bluebird nest; Swain Co., Smokemont sewage treatment building (670 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB6FFD7E0B61253DF13FCFE" box="[705,820,844,870]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="55" value="35.553">35.553ºN</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB6FFD7E1351253DF9AFCFE" box="[834,957,844,870]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="55" value="-83.309">83.309ºW</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB6FFD7E1A41253D8BEFCFE" box="[979,1177,844,870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2002-08-22">22 August 2002</date>
, puparia, ex American robin nest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB6FFD7E34F1283DD9FFBCE" blockId="6.[264,1325,724,1110]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E34F1283DE19FC2D" box="[312,574,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sialia">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E34F1283DE19FC2D" box="[312,574,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Protocalliphora sialia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found at both low (670 meters) and high elevations (1500 meters) in the Park. Puparia of
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E00412DBDEEAFC45" box="[627,717,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. s i a l i a</emphasis>
from Smokemont were parasitized by the pteromalid
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E34612F3DD8AFB9D" box="[305,429,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Nasonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giraulti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E34612F3DD8AFB9D" box="[305,429,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. giraulti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The
<typeStatus id="54B4E6EFFFB6FFD7E38212F3DE00FB9E" box="[501,551,1004,1030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
host for
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E0E012F3DF33FB9D" box="[663,788,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Nasonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giraulti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E0E012F3DF33FB9D" box="[663,788,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">N. giraulti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably was
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E1B112F3D804FB9D" box="[966,1059,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. s i a l i a</emphasis>
because the
<typeStatus id="54B4E6EFFFB6FFD7E6B312F3D90CFB9E" box="[1220,1323,1004,1030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was reared from an unidentified
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E0EF150BDF73FBB5" box="[664,852,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Protocalliphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E0EF150BDF73FBB5" box="[664,852,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Protocalliphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupa from a bluebird nest (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB6FFD7E6D9150BDD8BFBCE" author="Darling" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Darling, D. C. &amp; Werren, J. H. (1990) Biosystematics of Nasonia (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae): two new species reared from birds' nests in North America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 83, 352 - 370." type="journal article" year="1990">Darling &amp; Werren, 1990</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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