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<document id="738B6B8B53D23D494D051C8D5FBDB663" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.157582" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f2776005-80ee-41fa-b03a-25131fcb996e" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="157582" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461013824471" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Reeves, Will K., Adler, Peter H., Grogan, William L. &amp; Super, Paul E." docDate="2004" docId="03A6E95BFFA7FFCFE37F1619DD73FC26" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00483.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 483" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Simuliidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="FF9F9123FFB0FFD1E277111FDC27FF98" masterDocTitle="Hematophagous and Parasitic Diptera (Insecta) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1698568383469" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="8D15F795B5377EA6FD5A28369AB33E7C">Hematophagous and Parasitic Diptera (Insecta) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FF8C783B55136E56F6E94A3BF0B3393C">Reeves, Will K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="893AE05289BCB177E2C8612CA44E5BFE">Adler, Peter H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94EF936E1151DF5A30F7ECB96D2D4E61">Super, Paul E.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03A6E95BFFA7FFCFE37F1619DD73FC26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6271865" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119600944" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6271865" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A6E95BFFA7FFCFE37F1619DD73FC26" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6E95BFFA7FFCFE37F1619DD73FC26" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFA7FFC6E37F1619DDCBF8B8" box="[264,492,1798,1824]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA7FFC6E37F1619DDCBF8B8" blockId="23.[264,492,1798,1824]" box="[264,492,1798,1824]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA7FFC6E37F1619DDCBF8B8" bold="true" box="[264,492,1798,1824]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA7FFC6E3101619DDCBF8B8" ID-CoL="6279F" ID-ENA="7190" box="[359,492,1798,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA7FFC9E37F164EDE2DFCFE" blockId="23.[264,1323,1873,1899]" lastBlockId="24.[264,1323,284,870]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA7FFC6E337164EDDE5F8F3" ID-CoL="6279F" box="[320,450,1873,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
, or black flies, are significant pests of humans and wildlife. Swarms of black flies are prohibitive to outdoor recreation because the flies bite and annoy people. Although the economic impact of black flies in the Park is unknown, the damage to local recreation­dependent businesses could be significant. For example, more than $27,000 was lost annually to the economy of South
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA8FFC9E161108BDF5CFE36" box="[790,891,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
due to black fly activity at a single golf course (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA8FFC9E3D510A3DE56FE4E" author="Gray" box="[418,625,444,470]" pageId="24" pageNumber="41" refString="Gray, E. W., Adler, P. H. &amp; Noblet, R. (1996) Economic impact of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in South Carolina and development of a localized suppression program. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 12, 676 - 678." type="journal article" year="1996">Gray et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
). Some species are also vectors of pathogens to wildlife, including the filarial nematode of black bears,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA8FFC9E14810FBD880FE66" authority="Yamaguti. Up" authorityName="Yamaguti. Up" box="[831,1191,484,510]" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Dirofilaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ursi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA8FFC9E14810FBDFD0FE65" box="[831,1015,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Dirofilaria ursi</emphasis>
Yamaguti. Up
</taxonomicName>
to 90% of black bears in the Park are infected with this parasite (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA8FFC9E10B1313D832FDBE" author="Linzey" box="[892,1045,524,550]" pageId="24" pageNumber="42" refString="Linzey, D. W. (1995) Mammals of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park- 1995 update. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 111, 1 - 81." type="journal article" year="1995">Linzey 1995</bibRefCitation>
). Black flies are the primary vectors of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA8FFC9E3B0132BDE50FDD5" box="[455,631,564,589]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Leucocytozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Protozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA8FFC9E3B0132BDE50FDD5" box="[455,631,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Leucocytozoon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species to birds (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA8FFC9E137132BDFC6FDD6" author="Greiner" box="[832,993,564,590]" pageId="24" pageNumber="41" refString="Greiner, E. C. (1991) Leucocytozoonosis in waterfowl and wild galliform birds. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology, 16, 84 - 93." type="journal article" year="1991">Greiner 1991</bibRefCitation>
). The bite of adult simuliids can cause toxicosis in some animals, and although simuliotoxicosis is usually reported in large mammals, no study has examined the susceptibility of small mammals such as rodents to black fly bites. Wild­caught black flies have tested positive for arboviruses (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA8FFC9E36713CBDE23FD76" author="DeFoliart" box="[272,516,724,750]" pageId="24" pageNumber="41" refString="DeFoliart, G. R. Anslow, R. O., Hanson, R. P., Morris, C. D., Papadopoulos, O. &amp; Sather, G. E. (1969) Isolation of Jamestown Canyon serotype of California encephalitis virus from naturally infected Aedes mosquitoes and tabanids. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 18, 440 - 447." type="journal article" year="1969">DeFoliart et al. 1969</bibRefCitation>
) and might be important vectors of vesicular stomatis virus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA8FFC9E6BF13CBDD4DFC8E" author="Mead" pageId="24" pageNumber="42" refString="Mead, D. G., Mare, C. J. &amp; Ramberg, F. B. (1999) Bite transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus (New Jersey serotype) to laboratory mice by Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 36, 410 - 413." type="journal article" year="1999">Mead et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
). With the recent introduction of West Nile virus, the vectorial capacity of ornithophilic black flies should be investigated. Ornithophilic black flies also transmit
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA8FFC9E6C8123BDD62FCFD" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA8FFC9E6C8123BDD62FCFD" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species to birds.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA8FFC9E37F1283DE88FC2E" blockId="24.[264,1323,924,1110]" box="[264,687,924,950]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA8FFC9E37F1283DE2DFC2D" ID-CoL="8DHBM" box="[264,522,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Prosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA8FFC9E37F1283DE2DFC2D" box="[264,522,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Prosimulium magnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cytospecies 3
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFA8FFC8E34F12DBD8FDF949" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA8FFC9E34F12DBDDC9FB9E" blockId="24.[264,1323,924,1110]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Abrams Creek in Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E63B12DBD8D3FC46" box="[1100,1268,964,990]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1992-04-15">15 April 1992</date>
, larvae, coll. S. Traore.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA8FFC9E34F150BDFC4FBCE" blockId="24.[264,1323,924,1110]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA8FFC9E34F150BDE66FBB5" box="[312,577,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Prosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA8FFC9E34F150BDE66FBB5" box="[312,577,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Prosimulium magnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cytospecies 3 develops in the early spring. The paucity of records probably represents limited sampling during that time.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA8FFC9E37F1593DE99FB3E" blockId="24.[264,1323,1164,1870]" box="[264,702,1164,1190]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA8FFC9E37F1593DE99FB3E" authority="Syme &amp; Davies" authorityName="Syme &amp; Davies" box="[264,702,1164,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Prosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mixtum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA8FFC9E37F1593DDDAFB3D" box="[264,509,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Prosimulium mixtum</emphasis>
Syme &amp; Davies
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA8FFC8E34F15ABDD54FDD6" blockId="24.[264,1323,1164,1870]" lastBlockId="25.[264,1323,284,750]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA8FFC9E06A15ABDF0FFB56" authority="Cataloochee" authorityName="Cataloochee" box="[541,808,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Cataloochee</taxonomicName>
, roadside seepages and in campground,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E77A15ABDDBCFB6E" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2002-03-14">14 March 2002</date>
, larvae; Cove Creek Gap,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E0A015C3DF4CFB6E" box="[727,875,1244,1270]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2002-05-03">3 May 2002</date>
, truck trap; Big Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E6F315C3D900FB6E" box="[1156,1319,1244,1270]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, adults; Swain Co., Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E166141BDFE1FA86" box="[785,966,1284,1310]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2001-01-08">8 January 2001</date>
, larvae; Clingman’s Dome,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E77A141BDDA3FADE" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2001-05-10">10 May 2001</date>
, swarming on truck; Straight Fork,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E1431433DFF0FADE" box="[820,983,1324,1350]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2001-05-10">10 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Beck's Branch (229 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E318144BDDD5FAF6" box="[367,498,1364,1390]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="35.5461">35.5461°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E07F144BDEB3FAF6" box="[520,660,1364,1390]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="-83.2995">83.2995°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E0C5144BDF41FAF6" box="[690,870,1364,1390]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2001-05-19">19 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Mingus Mill (705 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E37F1463DDADFA0E" box="[264,394,1404,1430]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="35.5119">35.5119°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E3E11463DE06FA0E" box="[406,545,1404,1430]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="-83.302">83.3020°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E0421463DEF2FA0E" box="[565,725,1404,1430]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2001-05-19">19 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Lakeview Drive,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E6721463D883FA0E" box="[1029,1188,1404,1430]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2001-05-23">23 May 2001</date>
, truck trap; Canebrake Branch (732 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E0EA14BBDF07FA26" box="[669,800,1444,1470]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="35.465">35.4650°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E14414BBDF99FA26" box="[819,958,1444,1470]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="-83.4995">83.4995°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E1AE14BBD8E0FA26" box="[985,1223,1444,1470]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2001-12-22">22 December 2001</date>
, larvae; Deep Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E3DC14D3DEB2FA7E" box="[427,661,1484,1510]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2001-12-22">22 December 2001</date>
, larvae; Laurel Branch of Noland Creek (549 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E37F14EBDDACF996" box="[264,395,1524,1550]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="35.4582">35.4582°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E3EC14EBDE01F996" box="[411,550,1524,1550]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="-83.5365">83.5365°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E04814EBDF0EF996" box="[575,809,1524,1550]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2001-12-22">22 December 2001</date>
, larvae; Nettle Bald seepage (152 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E37F1703DDACF9AE" box="[264,395,1564,1590]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="35.5666">35.5666°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E3E01703DE05F9AE" box="[407,546,1564,1590]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="-83.3816">83.3816°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E0411703DF2DF9AE" box="[566,778,1564,1590]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2002-02-17">17 February 2002</date>
, larvae; Oconaluftee River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E6251703D901F9AE" box="[1106,1318,1564,1590]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2002-02-17">17 February 2002</date>
, larvae; Kanati Fork of the Oconaluftee River (914 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E193175BD840F9C6" box="[996,1127,1604,1630]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="35.5844">35.5844°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E600175BD924F9C6" box="[1143,1283,1604,1630]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="-83.3665">83.3665°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E76C175BDDBDF91E" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2002-03-09">9 March 2002</date>
, larvae; source of the Oconaluftee River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E1081773D83FF91E" box="[895,1048,1644,1670]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2002-04-07">7 April 2002</date>
, larvae; Andrews Bald,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E37F178BDE3CF936" box="[264,539,1684,1710]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2001-04-24" valueMax="2001-05-16" valueMin="2001-04-24">24 April–16 May 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen; Tennessee, Blount Co., Abrams Creek in Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E0D817A3DFB5F94E" box="[687,914,1724,1750]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2001-12-20">20 December 2001</date>
, larvae; Little River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E6FA17A3DD62F966" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1991-12-20">20 December 1991</date>
, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA8FFC9E3D817FBDE63F966" author="Traore" box="[431,580,1764,1790]" pageId="24" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
); Mill Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E09017FBDFEEF966" box="[743,969,1764,1790]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1991-12-20">20 December 1991</date>
, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA8FFC9E64417FBD8EFF966" author="Traore" box="[1075,1224,1764,1790]" pageId="24" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
); Tipton Place, larvae,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E3B71613DEAEF8BE" box="[448,649,1804,1830]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1992-03-18">18 March 1992</date>
, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA8FFC9E1701613DF80F8BE" author="Traore" box="[775,935,1804,1830]" pageId="24" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
); Parson Branch (427 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E37F162BDDACF8D6" box="[264,395,1844,1870]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="35.4994">35.4994°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E3E0162BDE06F8D6" box="[407,545,1844,1870]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="-83.9321">83.9321°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA8FFC9E042162BDF31F8D6" box="[565,790,1844,1870]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2001-12-28">28 December 2001</date>
, larvae; Shop Creek (244 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA8FFC9E6D4162BD901F8D6" box="[1187,1318,1844,1870]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="5" value="35.5306">35.5306°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA9FFC8E37F1003DDB3FEAE" box="[264,404,284,310]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" precision="5" value="-83.9887">83.9887°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E3DF1003DEACFEAE" box="[424,651,284,310]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2001-12-28">28 December 2001</date>
, larvae; Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E1F91003D8C3FEAE" box="[910,1252,284,310]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2001-02-28" valueMax="2001-03-13" valueMin="2001-02-28">28 February–13 March 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen; Cocke Co., Cosby Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E64B105BD8D3FEC6" box="[1084,1268,324,350]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2001-03-23">23 March 2001</date>
, larvae; Sevier Co., LeConte Creek at Twin Creeks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E1031073D847FE1E" box="[884,1120,364,390]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1996-12-11">11 December 1996</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Clingman's Dome,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E013108BDF2AFE36" box="[612,781,404,430]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1953-05-14">14 May 1953</date>
, (Snow et al. 1958); Little River above the Sinks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E32C10A3DE01FE4E" box="[347,550,444,470]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1999-01-12">12 January 1999</date>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E04210A3DF27FE4E" box="[565,768,444,470]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2003-01-10">10 January 2003</date>
, larvae; Roaring Fork gorge,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E61E10A3D901FE4E" box="[1129,1318,444,470]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2000-03-23">23 March 2000</date>
, adults;
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFA9FFC8E32A10FBDDB8FE66" box="[349,415,484,510]" name="Tunisia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tunis</collectingCountry>
Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E38C10FBDEF8FE66" box="[507,735,484,510]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2001-11-30">30 November 2001</date>
, larvae; Newfound Gap on trail past monument,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E76B10FBDDAFFDBE" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2002-05-09">9 May 2002</date>
, adults; Twin Creeks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E0E81313DF5BFDBE" box="[671,892,524,550]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1999-03-01" valueMax="1999-03-15" valueMin="1999-03-01">1–15 March 1999</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stokes, Petersen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA9FFC8E34F1343DE8CFD76" blockId="25.[264,1323,284,750]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E34F1343DE0BFDED" box="[312,556,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Prosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mixtum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E34F1343DE0BFDED" box="[312,556,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Prosimulium mixtum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was one of the most commonly encountered black flies as adults during late winter and spring. It infrequently bites humans in the Park but can be a pest because it crawls into the nose, eyes, and ears. Larvae of
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E1DB13B3D83CFD5D" box="[940,1051,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. m i x t u m</emphasis>
are the dominant winter black flies in most Park streams.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA9FFC8E37F123BDEA8FCA6" blockId="25.[264,1323,804,1030]" box="[264,655,804,830]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E37F123BDEA8FCA6" authority="Stone &amp; Snoddy" authorityName="Stone &amp; Snoddy" box="[264,655,804,830]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aranti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E37F123BDDE1FCA5" box="[264,454,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Simulium aranti</emphasis>
Stone &amp; Snoddy
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA9FFC8E34F1253D825FC2E" blockId="25.[264,1323,804,1030]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E0681253DFE9FCFE" authority="Haywood Co., Big Creek" authorityName="Haywood Co., Big Creek" box="[543,974,844,870]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Big Creek</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E1AA1253D859FCFE" box="[989,1150,844,870]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2001-07-19">19 July 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. J. Cooper; Tennessee, Blount Co., Little River at the Sinks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E18F126BD8E8FC16" box="[1016,1231,884,910]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1999-09-08">8 September 1999</date>
, larvae; Sevier Co., Little River near Elkmont,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E0B81283DF81FC2E" box="[719,934,924,950]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1999-09-02">2 September 1999</date>
, larvae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA9FFC8E34F12DBD90DFB9E" blockId="25.[264,1323,804,1030]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E34F12DBDDDEFC45" box="[312,505,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aranti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E34F12DBDDDEFC45" box="[312,505,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Simulium aranti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a member of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E08312DBDFA7FC45" box="[756,896,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Stomoxys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jenningsi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E08312DBDF25FC45" box="[756,770,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E16312DBDFA7FC45" box="[788,896,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">jenningsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and is present as larvae and adults during the summer. It was not previously known from Tennessee or North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E6C912F3D900FB9E" box="[1214,1319,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA9FFC8E37F1523DEA7FBCE" blockId="25.[264,1322,1084,1350]" box="[264,640,1084,1110]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E37F1523DEA7FBCE" authority="Coquillett" authorityName="Coquillett" box="[264,640,1084,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bracteatum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E37F1523DE24FBCD" box="[264,515,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Simulium bracteatum</emphasis>
Coquillett
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA9FFC8E34F157BDE45FB3E" blockId="25.[264,1322,1084,1350]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E056157BDFC1FBE6" authority="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" authorityName="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" box="[545,998,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Cataloochee</taxonomicName>
, spring in field,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E6C2157BDD64FB3E" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2002-01-09">9 January 2002</date>
and
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E30C1593DE2FFB3E" box="[379,520,1164,1190]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2002-07-04">4 July 2002</date>
, larvae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA9FFC8E34F15ABDD70FADE" blockId="25.[264,1322,1084,1350]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E34F15ABDE14FB55" box="[312,563,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bracteatum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E34F15ABDE14FB55" box="[312,563,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Simulium bracteatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an ornithophilic black fly that develops in small streams. The larvae are usually present in the summer and fall. The collection in January was unexpected, but the relatively mild winter until that date might explain the presence of these larvae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA9FFC8E37F1468DE1AFA09" blockId="25.[264,1323,1399,1745]" box="[264,573,1399,1425]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E37F1468DE1AFA09" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[264,573,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E37F1468DDC2FA08" box="[264,485,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Simulium decorum</emphasis>
Walker
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA9FFC8E34F1480DF73F991" blockId="25.[264,1323,1399,1745]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E06B1480DF89FA21" authority="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" authorityName="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" box="[540,942,1439,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Oconaluftee</taxonomicName>
/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E63A1480D8C6FA21" box="[1101,1249,1439,1465]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2001-05-04">4 May 2001</date>
, CDC light trap,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E3FB14D8DE0FFA79" box="[396,552,1479,1505]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2002-06-05">5 June 2002</date>
, biting human; Tennessee, Sevier Co., W. tributary of Porters Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA9FFC8E32A14F0DDD1F991" box="[349,502,1519,1545]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1999-07-27">27 July 1999</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. J. Cooper.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA9FFC8E34F1708D8FDF949" blockId="25.[264,1323,1399,1745]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
In the Park,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E3B01708DE6DF9A8" box="[455,586,1559,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E3B01708DE6DF9A8" box="[455,586,1559,1584]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">S. decorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occasionally bites humans and will enter vehicles to feed. The bites of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E3101720DDCAF9C0" box="[359,493,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E3101720DDCAF9C0" box="[359,493,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">S. decorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be irritating and cause localized swellings.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA9FFC8E6571720D8C1F9C1" box="[1056,1254,1599,1625]" pageId="25" pageNumber="42" refString="Lok, J. B., Cupp, E. W. &amp; Bernardo, M. J. (1980) The development of Onchocerca spp. in Simulium decorum Walker and Simulium pictipes Hagen. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, 31, 497 - 506." type="journal article">Lok et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated that
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E3C51778DE10F918" box="[434,567,1639,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E3C51778DE10F918" box="[434,567,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">S. decorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
supports the development of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E1EC1778D8F6F919" authority="Stiles" authorityName="Stiles" box="[923,1233,1639,1665]" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Onchocerca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="lienalis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E1EC1778D8AFF918" box="[923,1160,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Onchocerca lienalis</emphasis>
Stiles
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E7791778DDFDF931" authority="Leuckart" authorityName="Leuckart" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Onchocerca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="volvulus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E7791778DD4DF930" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFA9FFC8E7791778D901F918" box="[1294,1318,1639,1664]" name="Iceland" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">O</collectingCountry>
. volvulus
</emphasis>
Leuckart
</taxonomicName>
in the laboratory.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E0C41790DFB7F930" box="[691,912,1679,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E0C41790DFB7F930" box="[691,912,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Simulium decorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been implicated as a vector of leg worm,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E3F117A8DED0F949" authority="Wehr &amp; Dikmans" authorityName="Wehr &amp; Dikmans" box="[390,759,1719,1745]" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Onchocerca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="cervipedis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E3F117A8DE05F948" box="[390,546,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFA9FFC8E3F117A8DDB9F948" box="[390,414,1719,1744]" name="Iceland" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">O</collectingCountry>
. cervipedis
</emphasis>
Wehr &amp; Dikmans
</taxonomicName>
, in deer and moose (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA9FFC8E19B17A8D8E9F949" author="Pledger" box="[1004,1230,1719,1745]" pageId="25" pageNumber="43" refString="Pledger, D. J., Samuel, W. M. &amp; Craig, D. A. (1980) Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) as possible vectors of legworm (Onchocerca cervipedis) in moose of central Alberta. Proceedings of the North American Moose Conference Workshop, 16, 171 - 202." type="journal article" year="1980">Pledger et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA9FFC8E37F161EDD51F8F3" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<table id="F90FAAEDFFA9002EE37F161ED90CF8F3" box="[264,1323,1793,1899]" gridcols="10" gridrows="3" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<tr id="353F5A0FFFA9002EE37F161ED90CF883" box="[264,1323,1793,1819]" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76EE3373FFA9002EE37F161EDE5AF883" box="[264,637,1793,1819]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E37F161EDE7DF883" authority="Twinn" authorityName="Twinn" box="[264,602,1793,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fibrinflatum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA9FFC8E37F161EDE2DF882" box="[264,522,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Simulium fibrinflatum</emphasis>
Twinn
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353F5A0FFFA9002EE37F1636D90CF8DB" box="[264,1323,1833,1859]" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<th id="76EE3373FFA9002EE37F1636DE5AF8DB" box="[264,637,1833,1859]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Collection: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA9FFC8E0661636DE5EF8DB" box="[529,633,1833,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
,
</th>
<td id="76EE3373FFA9002EE0F01636DEF7F8DB" box="[647,720,1833,1859]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Swain</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFA9002EE0AE1636DF2DF8DB" box="[729,778,1833,1859]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Co.,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFA9002EE1631636DF84F8DB" box="[788,931,1833,1859]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Oconaluftee</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFA9002EE1DB1636DFD4F8DB" box="[940,1011,1833,1859]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">River,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFA9002EE18A1636D82BF8DB" box="[1021,1036,1833,1859]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">3</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFA9002EE6621636D86CF8DB" box="[1045,1099,1833,1859]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">May</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFA9002EE6231636D8B1F8DB" box="[1108,1174,1833,1859]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">1985,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFA9002EE6E81636D8C9F8DB" box="[1183,1262,1833,1859]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">larvae,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFA9002EE68F1636D90CF8DB" box="[1272,1323,1833,1859]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">coll.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353F5A0FFFA9002EE37F164ED90CF8F3" box="[264,1323,1873,1899]" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76EE3373FFA9002EE37F164EDE5AF8F3" box="[264,637,1873,1899]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. Lenat.</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFAAFFCBE34F1003DE1FFE49" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE34F1003DD73FE1E" blockId="26.[264,1321,284,390]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE34F1003DE1CFEAD" ID-CoL="8DYBK" box="[312,571,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fibrinflatum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE34F1003DE1CFEAD" box="[312,571,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Simulium fibrinflatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an occasional pest of humans but is not known to bite (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAAFFCBE6871003DD5DFEC6" author="Gordon" pageId="26" pageNumber="41" refString="Gordon, A. E. (1984) Observations on the limnological factors associated with three species of the Simulium jenningsi group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in New York State. Freshwater Invertebrate Biology, 5, 48 - 51" type="journal article" year="1984">Gordon 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAAFFCBE3FF105BDE49FEC6" author="Adler" box="[392,622,324,350]" pageId="26" pageNumber="40" refString="Adler P. H. &amp; Kim, K. C. (1986) The Black Flies of Pennsylvania (Simuliidae, Diptera): Bionomics, Taxonomy, and Distribution. Pennsylvania State University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 88 pp." type="book" year="1986">Adler &amp; Kim 1986</bibRefCitation>
). The larvae occur in large slightly acidic streams (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAAFFCBE6BA105BDD60FE1E" author="Gordon" pageId="26" pageNumber="41" refString="Gordon, A. E. (1984) Observations on the limnological factors associated with three species of the Simulium jenningsi group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in New York State. Freshwater Invertebrate Biology, 5, 48 - 51" type="journal article" year="1984">Gordon 1984</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE37F10A8DE1FFE49" blockId="26.[264,1323,439,712]" box="[264,568,439,465]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE37F10A8DE1FFE49" ID-CoL="8DY4Y" authority="Stone" authorityName="Stone" box="[264,568,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gouldingi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE37F10A8DDC9FE48" box="[264,494,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Simulium gouldingi</emphasis>
Stone
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFAAFFCCE34F10C0DFFEFBCE" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE34F10C0D90CFE61" blockId="26.[264,1323,439,712]" box="[312,1323,479,505]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE05010C0DF58FE61" authority="Haywood Co., W" authorityName="Haywood Co., W" box="[551,895,479,505]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., W</taxonomicName>
tributary of Palmer Creek, (1000
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE37F1311DE70FDC8" blockId="26.[264,1323,439,712]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
meters, 35.633oN, 83.0001oW),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE0F21311DF0BFDB0" box="[645,812,526,552]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1997-04-16">16 April 1997</date>
, larvae, coll. P.H. Adler; Swain Co., Beck's Branch,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE31C1329DDDBFDC8" box="[363,508,566,592]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2002-05-09">9 May 2002</date>
, larvae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE34F1340DDC8FD50" blockId="26.[264,1323,439,712]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE34F1340DE39FDE0" box="[312,542,607,632]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gouldingi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE34F1340DE39FDE0" box="[312,542,607,632]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Simulium gouldingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
develops in seepages and springs. The adults are ornithophilic and might be involved in the transmission of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE09D1398DFBDFD38" box="[746,922,647,672]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Leucocytozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Protozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE09D1398DFBDFD38" box="[746,922,647,672]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Leucocytozoon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE6581398D8E9FD38" box="[1071,1230,647,672]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE6581398D8E9FD38" box="[1071,1230,647,672]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species to birds in the Park.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE37F13E6DF25FC8B" blockId="26.[264,1323,761,1027]" box="[264,770,761,787]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE37F13E6DEB4FC8B" authority="Davies, Peterson" authorityName="Davies, Peterson" box="[264,659,761,787]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impar">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE37F13E6DDE3FC8A" box="[264,452,761,786]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Simulium impar</emphasis>
Davies, Peterson
</taxonomicName>
, &amp; Wood
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE34F123EDFBDFC2B" blockId="26.[264,1323,761,1027]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE06D123EDF23FCA3" authority="Haywood" authorityName="Haywood" box="[538,772,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood</taxonomicName>
, seepage at Palmer Place,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE64B123ED8E8FCA3" box="[1084,1231,801,827]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2002-05-03">3 May 2002</date>
, larvae; Swain Co., Beck's Branch,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE01F1256DF31FCFB" box="[616,790,841,867]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2001-05-10">10 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Tennessee, Blount Co., Whistling Branch,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE31A126EDE37FC13" box="[365,528,881,907]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1991-05-14">14 May 1991</date>
, larvae, coll. S. Traore; Little River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE1BC126ED84AFC13" box="[971,1133,881,907]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1992-05-15">15 May 1992</date>
, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAAFFCBE6AC126EDD60FC2B" author="Traore" pageId="26" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
); Mill Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE39D1286DEAEFC2B" box="[490,649,921,947]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1992-05-15">15 May 1992</date>
, larvae, coll. S. Traore.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE34F12DEDE64FB9B" blockId="26.[264,1323,761,1027]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE34F12DEDDD3FC42" box="[312,500,961,986]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impar">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE34F12DEDDD3FC42" box="[312,500,961,986]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Simulium impar</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is primarily active during the early spring. It is common and feeds on birds (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAAFFCBE32512F6DE11FB9B" author="Adler" box="[338,566,1001,1027]" pageId="26" pageNumber="40" refString="Adler P. H. &amp; Kim, K. C. (1986) The Black Flies of Pennsylvania (Simuliidae, Diptera): Bionomics, Taxonomy, and Distribution. Pennsylvania State University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 88 pp." type="book" year="1986">Adler &amp; Kim 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE37F152BDEFAFBD6" blockId="26.[264,1323,1076,1382]" box="[264,733,1076,1102]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE37F152BDEFAFBD6" authority="Moulton &amp; Adler" authorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" box="[264,733,1076,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infenestrum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE37F152BDE2EFBD5" box="[264,521,1076,1101]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Simulium infenestrum</emphasis>
Moulton &amp; Adler
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE34F1543DE34FB06" blockId="26.[264,1323,1076,1382]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Collection: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE07A1543DFC6FBEE" authority="Swain Co., Oconaluftee River" authorityName="Swain Co., Oconaluftee River" box="[525,993,1116,1142]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Oconaluftee River</taxonomicName>
at Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE37F159BDD9FFB06" box="[264,440,1156,1182]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2002-08-07">7 August 2002</date>
, larvae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE34F15B3DF82FAFE" blockId="26.[264,1323,1076,1382]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE34F15B3DE1DFB5D" box="[312,570,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infenestrum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE34F15B3DE1DFB5D" box="[312,570,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Simulium infenestrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a member of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE14415B3DF99FB5D" box="[819,958,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Stomoxys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jenningsi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE14415B3DF99FB5D" box="[819,958,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">S. jenningsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Adults can be pests of humans (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAAFFCBE30415CBDEACFB76" author="Moulton" box="[371,651,1236,1262]" pageId="26" pageNumber="42" refString="Moulton, J. K. &amp; Adler, P. H. (1995) Revision of the Simulium jenningsi species group (Diptera: Simuliidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 121, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1995">Moulton &amp; Adler 1995</bibRefCitation>
). Females of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE12215CBDFC7FB75" box="[853,992,1236,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Stomoxys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jenningsi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE12215CBDF43FB75" box="[853,868,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE10315CBDFC7FB75" box="[884,992,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">jenningsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group that might have been
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE37F15E3DD97FA8D" box="[264,432,1276,1302]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infenestrum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE37F15E3DD30FA8D" box="[264,279,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE35215E3DD97FA8D" box="[293,432,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">infenestrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were feeding on humans and a feral cat in the Oconaluftee/Ravensford area. Other females collected in the same area were infected with mermithid nematodes. Our collection represents a new state record for this black fly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE37F1488DE12FA28" blockId="26.[264,1323,1430,1896]" box="[264,565,1430,1456]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE37F1488DDCDFA28" box="[264,490,1431,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jenningsi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE37F1488DDCDFA28" box="[264,490,1431,1456]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Simulium jenningsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE34F14A1D8F8F9E0" blockId="26.[264,1323,1430,1896]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE05114A1DFD4FA40" authority="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" authorityName="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" box="[550,1011,1470,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Cataloochee</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE67214A1D8EFFA40" box="[1029,1224,1470,1496]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2003-01-09">9 January 2003</date>
, female (head only) in ear debris of elk; Purchase Knob,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE14814F9DFFEF998" box="[831,985,1510,1536]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2003-07-31">31 July 2003</date>
, biting feral dog; Swain Co., Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE04E1711DF26F9B0" box="[569,769,1550,1576]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2002-08-15">15 August 2002</date>
, biting feral cat,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE1AF1711D856F9B0" box="[984,1137,1550,1576]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2001-05-09">9 May 2001</date>
, biting human; Clingman’s Dome parking lot,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE0021729DF28F9C8" box="[629,783,1590,1616]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2001-07-22">22 July 2001</date>
, biting human; Tennessee, Cocke Co., Cosby,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE37F1741DD84F9E0" box="[264,419,1630,1656]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2002-07-22">22 July 2002</date>
, biting humans; Blount Co., Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAAFFCBE1F81741D819F9E0" box="[911,1086,1630,1656]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2003-08-04">4 August 2003</date>
, biting llama.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAAFFCBE34F1799D862F8F0" blockId="26.[264,1323,1430,1896]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Most females of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE0471798DE9CF938" box="[560,699,1671,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jenningsi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE0471798DE9CF938" box="[560,699,1671,1696]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">S. jenningsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group cannot be identified to the species level. The unidentified females collected from the Park are probably
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE1A017B0DDB5F968" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE1A017B0D863F950" box="[983,1092,1711,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aranti">S. aranti</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE62317B0D922F950" box="[1108,1285,1711,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fibrinflatum">S. fibrinflatum</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE76217B0DDB5F968" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infenestrum">S. infenestrum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, or perhaps
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE05317C8DF6FF968" box="[548,840,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE05317C8DED2F968" box="[548,757,1751,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="jenningsi" subSpecies="sensu">
S. jenningsi
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2483924FFAAFFCBE0C317C8DED2F968" box="[692,757,1751,1776]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" sensu="stricto">sensu</taxonomicNameLabel>
</taxonomicName>
stricto
</emphasis>
. At least some members of the group are biting and nuisance pests of humans and livestock in North
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFAAFFCBE1B217E1D80DF880" box="[965,1066,1790,1816]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">America</collectingCountry>
and some are vectors of the filarial nematode
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAAFFCBE05A1638DE8DF8D8" box="[557,682,1831,1856]" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Onchocerca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="lienalis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAAFFCBE05A1638DE8DF8D8" box="[557,682,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFAAFFCBE05A1638DE62F8D8" box="[557,581,1831,1856]" name="Iceland" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">O</collectingCountry>
. lienalis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of cattle (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAAFFCBE15F1639D843F8D8" author="Adler" box="[808,1124,1830,1856]" pageId="26" pageNumber="40" refString="Adler, P. H. &amp; McCreadie, J. W. (2002) Black flies (Simuliidae). In: Mullen, G. &amp; Durden, L. (Eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 185 - 203." type="book chapter" year="2002">Adler &amp; McCreadie 2002</bibRefCitation>
). This nematode often is covert and causes no apparent illness in most infected animals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFABFFCAE37F1003DE09FEAE" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,590]" box="[264,558,284,310]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE37F1003DE09FEAE" authority="Adler" authorityName="Adler" box="[264,558,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loerchae">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFABFFCAE37F1003DDC4FEAD" box="[264,483,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Simulium loerchae</emphasis>
Adler
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFABFFCAE34F105BDFC6FE36" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,590]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE055105BDFC0FEC6" authority="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" authorityName="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" box="[546,999,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Cataloochee</taxonomicName>
spring in field,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE6C2105BDD61FE1E" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2002-03-19">19 March 2002</date>
, larvae; Swain Co., Beck's Branch,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE09A1073DFAAFE1E" box="[749,909,364,390]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2001-05-10">10 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Sevier Co. unnamed tributary to the Pigeon River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE05A108BDEFBFE36" box="[557,732,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1991-08-01">1 August 1991</date>
, larvae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFABFFCAE148108BDFF3FE36" author="Traore" box="[831,980,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFABFFCAE34F10A3DDC3FDD6" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,590]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE34F10A3DE34FE4D" box="[312,531,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loerchae">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFABFFCAE34F10A3DE34FE4D" box="[312,531,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Simulium loerchae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
develops in seepages and springs throughout the year. The females are ornithophilic and might be involved in the transmission of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE19B10FBD8BCFE65" box="[1004,1179,484,509]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Leucocytozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Protozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFABFFCAE19B10FBD8BCFE65" box="[1004,1179,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Leucocytozoon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE37F1313DD80FDBD" box="[264,423,524,549]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFABFFCAE37F1313DD80FDBD" box="[264,423,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species to birds in the Park. They also might be involved in the transmission of West Nile virus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFABFFCAE37F139BDE4FFD06" blockId="27.[264,1323,644,1350]" box="[264,616,644,670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE37F139BDE4FFD06" authority="Malloch" authorityName="Malloch" box="[264,616,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parnassum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFABFFCAE37F139BDDD9FD05" box="[264,510,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Simulium parnassum</emphasis>
Malloch
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFABFFCAE34F13B3DDBCFB3E" blockId="27.[264,1323,644,1350]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE06F13B3DF91FD5E" authority="Haywood Co., Big Creek" authorityName="Haywood Co., Big Creek" box="[536,950,684,710]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Big Creek</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE1B613B3D878FD5E" box="[961,1119,684,710]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2001-05-17">17 May 2001</date>
, truck trap; Cataloochee,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE30513CBDE29FD76" box="[370,526,724,750]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2002-07-22">22 July 2002</date>
, biting human; Purchase Knob,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE1FF13CBD803FD76" box="[904,1060,724,750]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2002-07-21">21 July 2002</date>
, biting human, coll. P. Super; Swain Co., Bee Tree,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE01913E3DF15FC8E" box="[622,818,764,790]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1994-08-30">30 August 1994</date>
, fogged, coll. unknown; Mingus Mill,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE77A13E3DDA3FCA6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2001-05-19">19 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Laurel Branch of Noland Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE102123BD830FCA6" box="[885,1047,804,830]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2001-05-23">23 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Noland Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE37F1253DD91FCFE" box="[264,438,844,870]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2001-05-25">25 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Clingman’s Dome,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE16B1253DFE2FCFE" box="[796,965,844,870]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2001-07-22">22 July 2001</date>
, biting human; Oconaluftee/ Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE3D7126BDE64FC16" box="[416,579,884,910]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2002-05-16">16 May 2002</date>
, biting human; Twentymile Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE19C126BD8A8FC16" box="[1003,1167,884,910]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2002-05-16">16 May 2002</date>
, larvae; Tennessee, Blount Co., Tipton Place,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE0E01283DF18FC2E" box="[663,831,924,950]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1992-04-14">14 April 1992</date>
, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFABFFCAE1DD1283D867FC2E" author="Traore" box="[938,1088,924,950]" pageId="27" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
); Tremont Institute,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE37F12DBDD8BFC46" box="[264,428,964,990]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2001-05-26">26 May 2001</date>
, adult, coll. P. Super; Bull Sink,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE14A12DBDFC6FC46" box="[829,993,964,990]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2001-06-17">17 June 2001</date>
, adults; Cocke, Co., Cosby Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE32B12F3DDDCFB9E" box="[348,507,1004,1030]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2001-05-29">29 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Sevier Co., Gatlinburg area,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE1DB12F3D86DFB9E" box="[940,1098,1004,1030]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1947-06-15">15 June 1947</date>
, in hemlock forest, coll. R.H. Whittaker; Grotto Falls Trail (1064 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFABFFCAE1EE150BD83BFBB6" box="[921,1052,1044,1070]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="5" value="35.6805">35.6805°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFABFFCAE65C150BD891FBB6" box="[1067,1206,1044,1070]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="5" value="-83.462">83.4620°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE6BA150BDD62FBCE" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1983-06-26">26 June 1983</date>
, adult, coll. D. DeFoe; Rock Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE1621523DF88FBCE" box="[789,943,1084,1110]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1994-06-01">1 June 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Siler Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE32B157BDDDDFBE6" box="[348,506,1124,1150]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1994-06-13">13 June 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; seepage at
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFABFFCAE1D7157BDFE1FBE6" box="[928,966,1124,1150]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">US</collectingCountry>
441,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE671157BD8B1FBE6" box="[1030,1174,1124,1150]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1998-06-07">7 June 1998</date>
, larvae, coll. E.S. Paysen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFABFFCAE34F15ABD8A7FADE" blockId="27.[264,1323,644,1350]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
This species ranges throughout the Appalachians from
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFABFFCAE1B715ABD83FFB56" box="[960,1048,1204,1230]" name="Canada" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Canada</collectingCountry>
to Alabama.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFABFFCAE6C015ABDD81FB6E" author="Paysen" pageId="27" pageNumber="43" refString="Paysen, E. S. &amp; Adler, P. H. (2000) Taxonomy and polytene chromosomes of Simulium parnassum Malloch (Diptera: Simuliidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 102, 843 - 851." type="journal article" year="2000">Paysen &amp; Adler (2000)</bibRefCitation>
reviewed the taxonomy and polytene chromosomes of this species, and determined that it is not a species complex.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE153141BD83AFA85" box="[804,1053,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parnassum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFABFFCAE153141BD83AFA85" box="[804,1053,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Simulium parnassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a univoltine, mammalophilic black fly that bites humans, causing irritation and local swelling.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFABFFCAE37F1463DE0AFA0E" blockId="27.[264,1322,1404,1750]" box="[264,557,1404,1430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE37F1463DE0AFA0E" authority="Hagen" authorityName="Hagen" box="[264,557,1404,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pictipes">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFABFFCAE37F1463DDFEFA0D" box="[264,473,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Simulium pictipes</emphasis>
Hagen
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFABFFCAE34F14BBDF02FA7E" blockId="27.[264,1322,1404,1750]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Collections: Tennessee, Blount Co., Little River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE10214BBD834FA26" box="[885,1043,1444,1470]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2001-06-17">17 June 2001</date>
, larvae; Sevier Co., Little River at the Sinks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE07B14D3DEEDFA7E" box="[524,714,1484,1510]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1999-08-12">12 August 1999</date>
, larvae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFABFFCAE34F14EBD8D0F94E" blockId="27.[264,1322,1404,1750]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE34F14EBDE2EF995" box="[312,521,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pictipes">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFABFFCAE34F14EBDE2EF995" box="[312,521,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Simulium pictipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the largest black flies in the Appalachians. The larvae live on bedrock and waterfalls in fast­running rivers. The only collections in the Park were made on the cascades that form the Sinks of the Little River. Similar habitats on the Middle Prong of the Pigeon River were examined but no larvae were discovered.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFABFFCAE6C31773DD71F936" pageId="27" pageNumber="42" refString="Lok, J. B., Cupp, E. W., Bernardo, M. J. &amp; Pollack, R. J. (1983) Further studies on the development of Onchocerca spp. (Nematoda: Filariodea) in Nearctic black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 32, 1292 - 1305." type="journal article">Lok et al. (1983)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated that
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE04F178BDE97F935" box="[568,688,1684,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pictipes">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFABFFCAE04F178BDE97F935" box="[568,688,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">S. pictipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a competent experimental vector of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE60A178BD8DEF935" box="[1149,1273,1684,1709]" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Onchocerca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="lienalis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFABFFCAE60A178BD8DEF935" box="[1149,1273,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFABFFCAE60A178BD8B2F935" box="[1149,1173,1684,1709]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">O</collectingCountry>
. lienalis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and of a Guatemalan strain of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE04E17A3DE99F94D" box="[569,702,1724,1749]" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Onchocerca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="volvulus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFABFFCAE04E17A3DE99F94D" box="[569,702,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFABFFCAE04E17A3DE76F94D" box="[569,593,1724,1749]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">O</collectingCountry>
. volvulus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, it typically does not feed on humans.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFABFFCAE37F1613DE72F8BE" blockId="27.[264,1323,1804,1870]" box="[264,597,1804,1830]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE37F1613DE72F8BE" authority="Twinn" authorityName="Twinn" box="[264,597,1804,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quebecense">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFABFFCAE37F1613DE22F8BD" box="[264,517,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Simulium quebecense</emphasis>
Twinn
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFABFFCDE34F162BDDCEFE36" blockId="27.[264,1323,1804,1870]" lastBlockId="28.[264,1323,284,590]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFABFFCAE068162BDFC6F8D6" authority="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" authorityName="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" box="[543,993,1844,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Cataloochee</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFABFFCAE198162BD8A0F8D6" box="[1007,1159,1844,1870]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2002-05-03">3 May 2002</date>
, larva; Swain Co., Deep Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE3971003DEA4FEAE" box="[480,643,284,310]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2001-05-23">23 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Tennessee, Blount Co., Crib Mountain Road,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE77A1003DDADFEC6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1982-04-23">23 April 1982</date>
, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFACFFCDE3E9105BDEA4FEC6" author="Adler" box="[414,643,324,350]" pageId="28" pageNumber="40" refString="Adler P. H. &amp; Kim, K. C. (1986) The Black Flies of Pennsylvania (Simuliidae, Diptera): Bionomics, Taxonomy, and Distribution. Pennsylvania State University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 88 pp." type="book" year="1986">Adler &amp; Kim 1986</bibRefCitation>
); Little River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE159105BDFC4FEC6" box="[814,995,324,350]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1992-03-18">18 March 1992</date>
, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFACFFCDE639105BD8C4FEC6" author="Traore" box="[1102,1251,324,350]" pageId="28" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
); Mill Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE32B1073DE36FE1E" box="[348,529,364,390]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1992-03-15">15 March 1992</date>
, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFACFFCDE00D1073DF28FE1E" author="Traore" box="[634,783,364,390]" pageId="28" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
); Sevier Co., Little River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE6351073D8D1FE1E" box="[1090,1270,364,390]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1992-03-15">15 March 1992</date>
, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFACFFCDE330108BDDFBFE36" author="Traore" box="[327,476,404,430]" pageId="28" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFACFFCDE34F10A3DE1BFDD6" blockId="28.[264,1323,284,590]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
This black fly is usually found in streams 9 meters or more in width (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFACFFCDE6F210A3DD60FE66" author="Adler" pageId="28" pageNumber="40" refString="Adler P. H. &amp; Kim, K. C. (1986) The Black Flies of Pennsylvania (Simuliidae, Diptera): Bionomics, Taxonomy, and Distribution. Pennsylvania State University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 88 pp." type="book" year="1986">Adler &amp; Kim 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Collections from the Park support this observation.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFACFFCDE1C310FBD8AFFE66" box="[948,1160,484,510]" pageId="28" pageNumber="41" refString="Fallis, A. M., Desser, S. S. &amp; Khan, R. A. (1974) On species of Leucocytozoon. Advances in Parasitology, 12, 1 - 67." type="journal article">Fallis et al. (1974)</bibRefCitation>
implicated
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE76310FBDDA8FDBD" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quebecense">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFACFFCDE76310FBDDA8FDBD" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">S. quebecense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a vector of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE0391313DF0CFDBE" authority="Clarke" authorityName="Clarke" box="[590,811,524,550]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Leucocytozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="bonasae">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFACFFCDE0391313DEF5FDBD" box="[590,722,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">L. bonasae</emphasis>
Clarke
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE12B1313D8ECFDBE" authority="Seligman &amp; Sambon" authorityName="Seligman &amp; Sambon" box="[860,1227,524,550]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Leucocytozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="lovati">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFACFFCDE12B1313DFE5FDBD" box="[860,962,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">L. lovati</emphasis>
Seligman &amp; Sambon
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE7641313DE1BFDD6" authority="Mathis &amp; Leger." authorityName="Mathis &amp; Leger." class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Leucocytozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="dubreuili">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFACFFCDE7641313DD55FDD5" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">L. dubreuili</emphasis>
Mathis &amp; Leger.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFACFFCDE37F139BDF3BFD06" blockId="28.[264,1322,644,870]" box="[264,796,644,670]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE37F139BDEB3FD06" authority="Lundstrom" authorityName="Lundstrom" box="[264,660,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberosum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFACFFCDE37F139BDDDFFD05" box="[264,504,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Simulium tuberosum</emphasis>
(Lundström)
</taxonomicName>
cytotype A
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFACFFCDE34F13B3DFF7FD76" blockId="28.[264,1322,644,870]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE06D13B3DFD4FD5E" authority="Swain Co., Oconaluftee River" authorityName="Swain Co., Oconaluftee River" box="[538,1011,684,710]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Oconaluftee River</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE18813B3D8B6FD5E" box="[1023,1169,684,710]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2001-05-04">4 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Tennessee, Blount Co., Little River, 1992, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFACFFCDE15913CBDFE4FD76" author="Traore" box="[814,963,724,750]" pageId="28" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFACFFCDE34F13E3DD62FCFE" blockId="28.[264,1322,644,870]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Females of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE38413E3DEA9FC8D" box="[499,654,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberosum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFACFFCDE38413E3DEA9FC8D" box="[499,654,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">S. tuberosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group feed on small mammals such as voles, squirrels, and rabbits (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFACFFCDE3E9123BDE89FCA6" author="Malmqvist" box="[414,686,804,830]" pageId="28" pageNumber="42" refString="Malmqvist, B., Strasevicius, D., Hellgren, O., Adler, P. H. &amp; Bensch, S. (2004) Vertebrate host specificity of wild-caught blackflies revealed by mitochocndrial DNA in blood. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B (Supplement), In press." type="proceedings paper" year="2004">Malmqvist et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
; Adler et al. 2004). No feeding records exist for the Park.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFACFFCDE37F1283DEEEFC2E" blockId="28.[264,1325,924,1390]" box="[264,713,924,950]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE37F1283DDDFFC2D" box="[264,504,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberosum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFACFFCDE37F1283DDDFFC2D" box="[264,504,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Simulium tuberosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cytospecies CDE
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFACFFCDE34F12DBDEE6FB56" blockId="28.[264,1325,924,1390]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE05012DBD86DFC46" authority="Haywood Co., Cataloochee Creek" authorityName="Haywood Co., Cataloochee Creek" box="[551,1098,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Cataloochee Creek</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE62B12DBD90EFC46" box="[1116,1321,964,990]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2001-08-17">17 August 2001</date>
, larva; Swain Co., Oconaluftee River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE0B412F3DF8BFB9E" box="[707,940,1004,1030]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2000-09-14">14 September 2000</date>
, larvae; Deep Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE6DD12F3DD56FBB6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2001-12-22">22 December 2001</date>
, larvae; Tennessee, Blount Co., &quot;Park&quot;, larvae, coll. M.T. Quinn; Tipton Place,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE779150BDD8BFBCE" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1992-01-12">12 January 1992</date>
, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFACFFCDE06A1523DE90FBCE" author="Traore" box="[541,695,1084,1110]" pageId="28" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
); Little River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE11A1523D833FBCE" box="[877,1044,1084,1110]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1992-06-19">19 June 1992</date>
, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFACFFCDE6F11523D938FBCE" author="Traore" box="[1158,1311,1084,1110]" pageId="28" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
); Tabcat Creek (
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFACFFCDE3B7157BDE63FBE6" box="[448,580,1124,1150]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="5" value="35.5227">35.5227°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFACFFCDE020157BDEC5FBE6" box="[599,738,1124,1150]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="5" value="-83.9869">83.9869°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE08B157BDFD7FBE6" box="[764,1008,1124,1150]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1994-09-27">27 September 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Sevier Co., Shutts Prong,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE0371593DF25FB3E" box="[576,770,1164,1190]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1994-08-23">23 August 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Little River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE6A71593DDB9FB56" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1994-09-14">14 September 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFACFFCDE34F15C3DFC8FAF6" blockId="28.[264,1325,924,1390]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE34F15C3DE0DFB6D" box="[312,554,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberosum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFACFFCDE34F15C3DE0DFB6D" box="[312,554,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Simulium tuberosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cytospecies CDE probably feeds on small mammals and is more common than
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE3C5141BDE6CFA85" box="[434,587,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberosum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFACFFCDE3C5141BDE6CFA85" box="[434,587,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">S. tuberosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cytotype A in the Park.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFACFFCDE118141BD88CFA86" author="Reeves" box="[879,1195,1284,1310]" pageId="28" pageNumber="43" refString="Reeves, W. K. &amp; Nayduch, D. (2002) Pathogenic Bacillus from a larva of the Simulium tuberosum species complex (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 79, 126 - 128." type="journal article" year="2002">Reeves &amp; Nayduch (2002)</bibRefCitation>
reported a bacterial pathogen from a larva of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE0BC1433DF43FADD" box="[715,868,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberosum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFACFFCDE0BC1433DF43FADD" box="[715,868,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">S. tuberosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group collected near Deep Creek. The most probable host species was
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE008144BDF30FAF5" box="[639,791,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberosum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFACFFCDE008144BDF30FAF5" box="[639,791,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">S. tuberosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cytospecies CDE.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFACFFCDE37F14BBDEF2FA26" blockId="28.[264,1323,1444,1870]" box="[264,725,1444,1470]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE37F14BBDEF2FA26" authority="Dyar &amp; Shannon" authorityName="Dyar &amp; Shannon" box="[264,725,1444,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandalicum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFACFFCDE37F14BBDE21FA25" box="[264,518,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Simulium vandalicum</emphasis>
Dyar &amp; Shannon
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFACFFCCE34F14D3DE60FD06" blockId="28.[264,1323,1444,1870]" lastBlockId="29.[264,1323,284,790]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFACFFCDE06014D3DFF4FA7E" authority="Haywood Co., Beech Creek" authorityName="Haywood Co., Beech Creek" box="[535,979,1484,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Beech Creek</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE1A914D3D852FA7E" box="[990,1141,1484,1510]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1994-07-11">11 July 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Lost Bottoms Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE00514EBDF29F996" box="[626,782,1524,1550]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1994-07-12">12 July 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Cataloochee,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE6A914EBDDB8F9AE" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1994-09-08">8 September 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Big Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE12D1703D865F9AE" box="[858,1090,1564,1590]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2001-11-30">30 November 2001</date>
, larvae; Swain Co., Forney Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE3CE175BDE7DF9C6" box="[441,602,1604,1630]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1994-06-23">23 June 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Straight Fork,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE642175BD8D3F9C6" box="[1077,1268,1604,1630]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1994-08-23">23 August 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Bunches Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE0AB1773DF86F91E" box="[732,929,1644,1670]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1994-08-31">31 August 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Taywa Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE316178BDE76F936" box="[353,593,1684,1710]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1994-09-13">13 September 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Twentymile Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE6F3178BDD62F94E" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1994-09-13">13 September 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE1DD17A3D818F94E" box="[938,1087,1724,1750]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2001-05-04">4 May 2001</date>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE63917A3D901F94E" box="[1102,1318,1724,1750]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2002-02-14">14 February 2002</date>
, larvae; Mingus Mill,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE07A17FBDE93F966" box="[525,692,1764,1790]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2001-05-19">19 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Deep Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE1B517FBD84EF966" box="[962,1129,1764,1790]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2001-06-23">23 June 2001</date>
, larvae; Noland Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE32A1613DDDBF8BE" box="[349,508,1804,1830]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2001-05-23">23 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Collins Creek (792 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFACFFCDE1D51613D802F8BE" box="[930,1061,1804,1830]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="5" value="35.5656">35.5656°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFACFFCDE6461613D89AF8BE" box="[1073,1213,1804,1830]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="5" value="-83.3456">83.3456°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFACFFCDE6A71613DD62F8D6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2001-06-20">20 June 2001</date>
, larvae; Tennessee, Blount Co., Little River, 1992, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFACFFCDE643162BD8F7F8D6" author="Traore" box="[1076,1232,1844,1870]" pageId="28" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
); Sams Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE3291003DDD9FEAE" box="[350,510,284,310]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1994-06-16">16 June 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Panther Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE1911003D8E9FEAE" box="[998,1230,284,310]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1994-09-21">21 September 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Shop Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE01C105BDF74FEC6" box="[619,851,324,350]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1994-09-28">28 September 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Abrams Creek in Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE3BF1073DE4CFE1E" box="[456,619,364,390]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2001-05-25">25 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Parson Branch,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE1E51073D85FFE1E" box="[914,1144,364,390]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2001-12-28">28 December 2001</date>
, larvae; Cocke Co., Cosby Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE392108BDEA4FE36" box="[485,643,404,430]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2001-05-29">29 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Sevier Co., Rock Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE670108BD8B1FE36" box="[1031,1174,404,430]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1994-06-01">1 June 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Sams Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE04610A3DEF7FE4E" box="[561,720,444,470]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1994-06-16">16 June 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Ash Camp Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE6A210A3DD62FE66" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1994-07-14">14 July 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Road Prong,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE16F10FBDF91FE66" box="[792,950,484,510]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1994-07-18">18 July 1994</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; Little Dudley Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE3B01313DE9DFDBE" box="[455,698,524,550]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1996-09-16">16 September 1996</date>
, larvae, coll. B. Nichols; LeConte Creek at Twin Creeks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE31D132BDE0CFDD6" box="[362,555,564,590]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1999-08-10">10 August 1999</date>
, larvae; Roaring Fork gorge,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE1FB132BD80DFDD6" box="[908,1066,564,590]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2001-07-16">16 July 2001</date>
, larvae;
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFADFFCCE6E7132BD8F6FDD6" box="[1168,1233,564,590]" name="Tunisia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Tunis</collectingCountry>
Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE37F1343DDCBFDEE" box="[264,492,604,630]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2001-11-30">30 November 2001</date>
, larvae; Brushy Mountain,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE15C1343DFC1FDEE" box="[811,998,604,630]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2001-06-05" valueMax="2001-06-21" valueMin="2001-06-05">5–21 June 2001</date>
, Lingren funnel, male, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFADFFCCE34F13B3D85FFC8E" blockId="29.[264,1323,284,790]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE34F13B3DE10FD5D" box="[312,567,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandalicum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE34F13B3DE10FD5D" box="[312,567,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Simulium vandalicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the most frequently collected black fly in the Park. The larvae are present throughout the year and develop in almost all of the Park streams regardless of size. The females probably feed on small mammals such as rodents.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFADFFCCE37F1253DE9CFCFD" blockId="29.[264,1323,844,1310]" box="[264,699,844,870]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE37F1253DE4FFCFD" box="[264,616,844,870]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="venustum" subSpecies="sensu">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE37F1253DDCAFCFD" box="[264,493,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Simulium venustum</emphasis>
Say
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE0501253DE4FFCFD" box="[551,616,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2483924FFADFFCCE0501253DE4FFCFD" box="[551,616,844,869]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" sensu="stricto">sensu</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stricto
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFADFFCCE34F126BDFFEFBCE" blockId="29.[264,1323,844,1310]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE06C126BDF08FC16" authority="Haywood Co" authorityName="Haywood Co" box="[539,815,884,910]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co</taxonomicName>
, tributary of Palmer Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE60B126BD901FC16" box="[1148,1318,884,910]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1997-04-16">16 April 1997</date>
, larvae, coll. P.H. Adler; Cataloochee,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE0B01283DF4FFC2E" box="[711,872,924,950]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1992-05-20">20 May 1992</date>
, coll. S. Traore, larvae; Big Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE77A1283DDA5FC46" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2001-05-17">17 May 2001</date>
, adults; Swain Co., Deep Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE17312DBDF84FC46" box="[772,931,964,990]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2001-05-23">23 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Laurel Branch of Noland Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE32812F3DE24FB9E" box="[351,515,1004,1030]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2001-05-23">23 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Oconaluftee River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE12312F3DFCEFB9E" box="[852,1001,1004,1030]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2001-05-04">4 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE3AA150BDEA2FBB6" box="[477,645,1044,1070]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1992-04-14">14 April 1992</date>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE0E5150BDF16FBB6" box="[658,817,1044,1070]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1992-05-15">15 May 1992</date>
, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFADFFCCE1EB150BD815FBB6" author="Traore" box="[924,1074,1044,1070]" pageId="29" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
); Little River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE6A9150BDD62FBCE" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1993-03">March 1993</date>
, larvae; Cocke Co., Cosby,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE0FD1523DF0DFBCE" box="[650,810,1084,1110]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, biting human.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFADFFCCE34F157BDED5FAF6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFADFFCCE34F157BDFFDFA86" blockId="29.[264,1323,844,1310]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE34F157BDE3AFBE5" ID-CoL="8DZ2H" box="[312,541,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venustum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE34F157BDE3AFBE5" box="[312,541,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Simulium venustum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on mammals. It was erroneously reported as the vector of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE764157BDE0CFB3E" authority="Mathis &amp; Leger" authorityName="Mathis &amp; Leger" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Leucocytozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="simondi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE764157BDD43FB3D" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">L. simondi</emphasis>
Mathis &amp; Leger
</taxonomicName>
to ducks (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFADFFCCE0DF1593DF92FB3E" author="Fallis" box="[680,949,1164,1190]" pageId="29" pageNumber="41" refString="Fallis, A. M. &amp; Bennett, G. F. (1961) Sporgony of Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus in simuliids and ceratopogonids and a revised classification of the Haemosporidiida. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 39, 215 - 228." type="journal article" year="1961">Fallis &amp; Bennett 1961</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFADFFCCE1BC1593D8A3FB3E" author="Addison" box="[971,1156,1164,1190]" pageId="29" pageNumber="40" refString="Addison, E. M. (1980) Transmission of Dirofilaria ursi Yamaguti, 1941 (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) of black bears (Ursus americanus) by blackflies (Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58, 1913 - 1922." type="journal article" year="1980">Addison (1980)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated that
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE34915ABDDE9FB55" ID-CoL="8DZ2H" box="[318,462,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venustum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE34915ABDDE9FB55" box="[318,462,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">S. venustum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a vector of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE0F315ABDFEAFB56" authority="Yamaguti" authorityName="Yamaguti" box="[644,973,1204,1230]" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Dirofilaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ursi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE0F315ABDF1CFB55" box="[644,827,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Dirofilaria ursi</emphasis>
(Yamaguti)
</taxonomicName>
, a filarial nematode of black bears,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE32315C3DEA7FB6E" ID-CoL="7F2KC" authority="Pallas." authorityName="Pallas." box="[340,640,1244,1270]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Ursus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE32315C3DE0CFB6D" box="[340,555,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ursus americanus</emphasis>
Pallas.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE0F115C3DF4CFB6D" ID-CoL="8DZ2H" box="[646,875,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venustum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE0F115C3DF4CFB6D" box="[646,875,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Simulium venustum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been implicated as a vector of leg worm,
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE32C141BDDD9FA85" box="[347,510,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE32C141BDDDDFA85" box="[347,506,1284,1309]" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Onchocerca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="cervipedis">
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFADFFCCE32C141BDD54FA85" box="[347,371,1284,1309]" name="Iceland" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">O</collectingCountry>
. cervipedis
</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
in deer and moose (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFADFFCCE09C141BDFEAFA86" author="Pledger" box="[747,973,1284,1310]" pageId="29" pageNumber="43" refString="Pledger, D. J., Samuel, W. M. &amp; Craig, D. A. (1980) Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) as possible vectors of legworm (Onchocerca cervipedis) in moose of central Alberta. Proceedings of the North American Moose Conference Workshop, 16, 171 - 202." type="journal article" year="1980">Pledger et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFADFFCCE37F144BDED5FAF6" blockId="29.[264,1326,1364,1630]" box="[264,754,1364,1390]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE37F144BDED5FAF6" ID-CoL="8DZ2J" authority="Stone &amp; Jamnback" authorityName="Stone &amp; Jamnback" box="[264,754,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verecundum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE37F144BDE2BFAF5" box="[264,524,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Simulium verecundum</emphasis>
Stone &amp; Jamnback
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFADFFCFE34F1463DD73FC26" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFADFFCCE34F1463D839FA7E" blockId="29.[264,1326,1364,1630]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE0561463DFC0FA0E" authority="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" authorityName="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" box="[545,999,1404,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Cataloochee</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE1801463D8B7FA0E" box="[1015,1168,1404,1430]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2002-05-03">3 May 2002</date>
, larvae; Purchase Knob well spring,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE04B14BBDEC3FA26" box="[572,740,1444,1470]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, larvae; Swain Co., Oconaluftee River,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE6B914BBDD62FA7E" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2001-05-10">10 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE0A214D3DF53FA7E" box="[725,884,1484,1510]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2003-06-11">11 June 2003</date>
, biting horses.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFADFFCCE34F14EBD8FDF9C6" blockId="29.[264,1326,1364,1630]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE34F14EBDE1BF995" box="[312,572,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verecundum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE34F14EBDE1BF995" box="[312,572,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Simulium verecundum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread throughout the
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFADFFCCE1D414EBDFC5F996" box="[931,994,1524,1550]" name="United States of America" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">USA</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFADFFCCE19914EBD8C5F996" author="Adler" box="[1006,1250,1524,1550]" pageId="29" pageNumber="40" refString="Adler P. H. &amp; Kim, K. C. (1986) The Black Flies of Pennsylvania (Simuliidae, Diptera): Bionomics, Taxonomy, and Distribution. Pennsylvania State University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 88 pp." type="book" year="1986">Adler &amp; Kim (1986)</bibRefCitation>
noted that
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE34A1703DDCDF9AD" box="[317,490,1564,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verecundum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE34A1703DDCDF9AD" box="[317,490,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">S. verecundum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not bite humans. Two females were collected as they fed on the groin of a horse. This record represents the first host association for
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE65F175BD8F4F9C5" box="[1064,1235,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verecundum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE65F175BD8F4F9C5" box="[1064,1235,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">S. verecundum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFADFFCCE37F178BDE6DF936" blockId="29.[264,1323,1684,1870]" box="[264,586,1684,1710]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE37F178BDDF9F935" box="[264,478,1684,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE37F178BDDF9F935" box="[264,478,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Simulium vittatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFADFFCFE34F17A3DD73FE36" blockId="29.[264,1323,1684,1870]" lastBlockId="30.[264,1323,284,430]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE06917A3DF1BF94E" authority="Haywood Co." authorityName="Haywood Co." box="[542,828,1724,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co.</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE13C17A3D820F94E" box="[843,1031,1724,1750]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2002-03-19">19 March 2002</date>
, Cataloochee, swarming around elk; Swain Co. Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFADFFCCE13517FBDFF5F966" box="[834,978,1764,1790]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2001-06-09">9 June 2001</date>
, biting horses. Adults of the two species in the
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFADFFCCE0BF1613DF6FF8BD" box="[712,840,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFADFFCCE0BF1613DF6FF8BD" box="[712,840,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">S. vittatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex cannot be identified; either or both species might occur in the Park. These black flies feed on mammals, including horses and elk.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE3181003DE61FEAD" box="[367,582,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE3181003DE61FEAD" box="[367,582,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Simulium vittatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a laboratory vector of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE1031003D8E5FEAE" authority="Laveran &amp; Lucet" authorityName="Laveran &amp; Lucet" box="[884,1218,284,310]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Leucocytozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="smithi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE1031003DFFCFEAD" box="[884,987,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">L. smithi</emphasis>
(Laveran &amp; Lucet)
</taxonomicName>
, a blood parasite of wild and domestic turkeys (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAEFFCFE095105BDF4BFEC6" author="Cupp" box="[738,876,324,350]" pageId="30" pageNumber="40" refString="Cupp, E. W. (1987) The epizootiology of livestock and poultry diseases associated with black flies. In: K. C. Kim &amp; R. W. Merritt (Eds.), Black Flies Ecology, Population Management, and Annotated World List. Pennsylvania State University, University Park. pp. 387 - 395." type="book chapter" year="1987">Cupp 1987</bibRefCitation>
), but its role as a vector in nature is unknown.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE3F21073DE7BFE1D" box="[389,604,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatum">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE3F21073DE7BFE1D" box="[389,604,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Simulium vittatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a potential vector of vesicular stomatits virus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAEFFCFE6D31073DD60FE36" author="Mead" pageId="30" pageNumber="42" refString="Mead, D. G., Mare, C. J. &amp; Ramberg, F. B. (1999) Bite transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus (New Jersey serotype) to laboratory mice by Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 36, 410 - 413." type="journal article" year="1999">Mead et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAEFFCFE37F10FBDED5FE66" blockId="30.[264,1323,484,958]" box="[264,754,484,510]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE37F10FBDED5FE66" authority="Currie &amp; Hunter" authorityName="Currie &amp; Hunter" box="[264,754,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE37F10FBDE0EFE65" box="[264,553,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Stegopterna diplomutata</emphasis>
Currie &amp; Hunter
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAEFFCFE34F1313DFF1FD6E" blockId="30.[264,1323,484,958]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE0571313D807FDBE" authority="Haywood Co., Cove Creek Gap" authorityName="Haywood Co., Cove Creek Gap" box="[544,1056,524,550]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Cove Creek Gap</taxonomicName>
, roadside seepage,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAEFFCFE7791313DDBDFDD6" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2001-03-14">14 March 2001</date>
, larvae; Cataloochee,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAEFFCFE0D7132BDF13FDD6" box="[672,820,564,590]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2002-05-03">3 May 2002</date>
, larvae; Purchase Knob,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAEFFCFE62B132BDD62FDEE" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2001-04-27" valueMax="2001-05-15" valueMin="2001-04-27">27 April–15 May 2001</date>
, Lingren funnel, adult male, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen; Swain Co., Clingman's Dome, seepage,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAEFFCFE3B9139BDE83FD06" box="[462,676,644,670]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="1999-02-10">10 February 1999</date>
, larvae; Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAEFFCFE64D139BD8D4FD06" box="[1082,1267,644,670]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2001-01-08">8 January 2001</date>
, larvae; Tennessee, Blount Co., Tipton Place,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAEFFCFE08F13B3DFECFD5E" box="[760,971,684,710]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="1992-02-15">15 February 1992</date>
, larvae, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAEFFCFE64213B3D8EDFD5E" author="Traore" box="[1077,1226,684,710]" pageId="30" pageNumber="44" refString="Traore, S. (1992) The black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity. M. S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 51 pp." type="book" year="1992">Traore 1992</bibRefCitation>
); Sevier Co., seepage at
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFAEFFCFE3B613C3DE01FD6E" box="[449,550,724,758]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" precision="555" value="35.38">35.38o N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFAEFFCFE04513C3DEBBFD6E" box="[562,668,724,758]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" precision="555" value="-83.81">83.81o W</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFAEFFCFE0DF13C3DF5DFD6E" box="[680,890,732,758]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="1999-02-10">10 February 1999</date>
, larvae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFAEFFCFE34F121BDD73FC26" blockId="30.[264,1323,484,958]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE34F121BDE7DFC85" box="[312,602,772,797]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE34F121BDE7DFC85" box="[312,602,772,797]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Stegopterna diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an early­season black fly. The larvae live in seepages and small streams. Females were not found on Park animals, but further trapping should determine what this black fly attacks. A parthenogenic triploid species,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE636124BDDA7FC0E" authority="Malloch" authorityName="Malloch" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutata">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE636124BD90CFCF5" box="[1089,1323,852,877]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Stegopterna mutata</emphasis>
(Malloch)
</taxonomicName>
, might be present in the Park. Only
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFAEFFCFE15A1263DFFDFC0D" box="[813,986,892,917]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Stegopterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diplomutata">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFAEFFCFE15A1263DFFDFC0D" box="[813,986,892,917]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. diplomutata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has males (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFAEFFCFE6121263DD60FC26" author="Currie" pageId="30" pageNumber="40" refString="Currie, D. C. &amp; Hunter, F. F. (2003) A new species of Stegopterna Enderlein, and its relationship to the allotriploid species St. mutata (Malloch, 1914) (Diptera: Simuliidae). Zootaxa, 214, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2003">Currie &amp; Hunter 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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