350 lines
43 KiB
XML
350 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="67CEDADD137680FDF3480B94C2E26F76" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4147.1.1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4147.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e41d4e91-d40f-474a-9c07-5e5f7a6d7e5e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="262836" ID-ZooBank="DFDC5EE6-BB16-4BDD-883D-3530AAD04FA0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1470118416046" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Messing, Charles G." docDate="2016" docId="03A6C633C8484504CAE9FD1B71A4FF42" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4147.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4147 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Phrynocrinidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="FF9FBE4BC8494506CA7EFF997071FFBA" masterDocTitle="Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), a sea lily from the tropical western Atlantic with a unique crown pattern" masterLastPageNumber="35" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698366615280" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="708FED091ECB78EF36A589106A89D869">Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), a sea lily from the tropical western Atlantic with a unique crown pattern</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1AC729272343C8FEC0F6BBB78EB086AC">Messing, Charles G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="90AB8672F4BF4DA34B589561547F137F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="2C182F1D24A4EF5C13EF0EB9FF186C71">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E7DE2A43FE42DE9F6AA031B35764F406">
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<mods:date id="65D9CE31C6DA51D6DCBD0271FD3C897C">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="654CA6EA9AE866EA3CC1F27B46A6F1A1" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="50F6FB8DF05F68363B4CA9C1BE6FA588">4147</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="ECF4ED228D0EF15C8E24E287FC3B9D94" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4147.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="68FC7071767599938FE9A4BE0780FDD2" type="GBIF-Dataset">e41d4e91-d40f-474a-9c07-5e5f7a6d7e5e</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A6C633C8484504CAE9FD1B71A4FF42" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6069862" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123514657" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6069862" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A6C633C8484504CAE9FD1B71A4FF42" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6C633C8484504CAE9FD1B71A4FF42" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="C31524AEC8484507CAE9FD1B72E4FD26" box="[151,661,642,668]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB07725C8484507CAE9FD1B72E4FD26" blockId="1.[151,661,642,668]" box="[151,661,642,668]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="D0F8C049C8484507CAE9FD1B72E4FD26" bold="true" box="[151,661,642,668]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CAE9FD1B72E4FD26" bold="true" box="[151,661,642,668]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CA88FD1B71C8FD26" box="[246,441,642,668]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Phrynocrinidae</taxonomicName>
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AH
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CB8AFD1B72E4FD26" author="Clark" box="[500,661,642,668]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Clark, A. H. (1907 a) Two new crinoids from the North Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 32, 507 - 512. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.32 - 1543.507" type="journal article" year="1907" yearSuffix="a">Clark, 1907a</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31524AEC8484507CAE9FD5071C1FC2C" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BB07725C8484507CAE9FD5071C1FC2C" blockId="1.[151,1437,713,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CAE9FD5071F7FD58" bold="true" box="[151,390,713,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Emended diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Aboral cup with visible sutures between ossicles; radials and basals easily separated; radials usually taller than basals; rays either undivided or branched following a primibrachial series of more than two ossicles; ligamentary articulations joining primibrachs 1–2 (IBr1+2) and more distal brachials at variable intervals; first pinnule on brachial 5 to 10, more frequently 7–8; proximale absent; stalk xenomorphic, with mesistele and dististele columnals mostly articulated by synarthries having deep ligamentary depressions; attachment via irregular encrusting disk.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31524AEC8484504CAB9FC3871A4FF42" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB07725C8484507CAB9FC3874A2FB28" blockId="1.[151,1437,713,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CAB9FC38714AFC00" bold="true" box="[199,315,929,954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CB3AFC38719EFC00" box="[324,495,929,954]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Phrynocrinidae</taxonomicName>
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has previously been subdivided with varying membership, e.g., AM
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CF74FC3875EDFC00" author="Clark" box="[1290,1436,929,954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Clark, A. M. (1973) Some new taxa of recent stalked Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 25 (7), 267 - 288, 6 fig., pl. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1973">Clark (1973)</bibRefCitation>
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placed
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CA93FC5C7232FC64" authority="Gislen, 1925" authorityName="Gislen" authorityYear="1925" box="[237,579,965,990]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CA93FC5C71EFFC64" box="[237,414,965,990]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Porphyrocrinus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CBD5FC5C7232FC64" author="Gislen" box="[427,579,965,990]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Gislen, T. (1925) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition. 1914 - 1916. XXVI. Two stalked crinoids from the Kei Islands. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn, 79, 85 - 95." type="journal article" year="1925">Gislén, 1925</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C8F5FC5C733BFC64" box="[651,842,965,990]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Naumachocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C8F5FC5C733BFC64" box="[651,842,965,990]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Naumachocrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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AH Clark, 1912, in a separate
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CEADFC5C75E9FC64" box="[1235,1432,965,990]" class="Crinoidea" family="Porphyrocrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Porphyrocrinidae</taxonomicName>
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, whereas Hess (2011) followed Mironov (2000) in recognizing monogeneric
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C988FC7074D0FBB8" box="[1014,1185,1001,1026]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phrynocrininae">Phrynocrininae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CEA4FC7075EDFBB8" box="[1242,1436,1001,1026]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Porphyrocrininae">Porphyrocrininae</taxonomicName>
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within
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CA9BFB9471E5FB9C" box="[229,404,1037,1062]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Phrynocrinidae</taxonomicName>
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. DNA sequence data support
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C89FFB9473FDFB9C" box="[737,908,1037,1062]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Phrynocrinidae</taxonomicName>
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as monophyletic (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CE24FB977486FB9C" author="Hemery" box="[1114,1271,1038,1062]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Eleaume, M., Hemery, L. G., Bowden, D. A., & Roux, M. (2011) A large new species of the genus Ptilocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Hyocrinidae) from Antarctic seamounts. Polar Biology, 34 (9), 1385 - 1397. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 011 - 0993 - 2" type="journal article" year="2011">Hemery 2011</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CF7DFB9770A0FBF0" author="Hemery" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Hemery, L. G., Roux, M., Ameziane, N. & Eleaume, M. (2013) High-resolution crinoid phyletic inter-relationships derived from molecular data. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 54, 511 - 523" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Hemery
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<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CF1AFB9775EDFB9C" box="[1380,1436,1037,1062]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
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2013
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</bibRefCitation>
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) with two genera and no subfamilial distinctions.
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C96AFBA874FDFBF0" authority="A.H. Clark, 1907a" authorityName="A.H. Clark" authorityYear="1907" box="[788,1164,1073,1098]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Phrynocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C96AFBA873DDFBF0" box="[788,940,1073,1098]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phrynocrinus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507C9C8FBAB74FDFBF0" author="Clark" box="[950,1164,1073,1098]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Clark, A. H. (1907 a) Two new crinoids from the North Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 32, 507 - 512. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.32 - 1543.507" type="journal article" year="1907" yearSuffix="a">A.H. Clark, 1907a</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, includes only
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CF45FBAB7118FBD4" authority="A.H. Clark, 1907a" authorityName="A.H. Clark" authorityYear="1907" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Phrynocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nudus">
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<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CF45FBAB75EDFBF0" box="[1339,1436,1073,1098]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">P. nudus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CAE9FBCF7118FBD4" author="Clark" box="[151,361,1109,1134]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Clark, A. H. (1907 a) Two new crinoids from the North Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 32, 507 - 512. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.32 - 1543.507" type="journal article" year="1907" yearSuffix="a">A.H. Clark, 1907a</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, known from the W Pacific (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507C8D1FBCF73A7FBD4" author="Donovan" box="[687,982,1110,1134]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Donovan, S. K. & Pawson, D. L. (1994) Skeletal morphology and palaeontological significance of the stem of extant Phrynocrinus nudus Clark, A. H. (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Journal of Paleontology, 68, 1336 - 1343, 6 fig." type="journal article" year="1994">Donovan & Pawson 1994</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507C99CFBCC7489FBD4" author="Ameziane" box="[994,1272,1109,1134]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Ameziane, N. & Roux, M. (2001) The seamount crinoid fauna off southern Tasmania (preliminary results). In: Barker, M. (Ed.), Echinoderms 2000, Proceedings of the 10 th International Conference, Dunedin, 31 January - 4 February 2000. Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 131." type="journal article" year="2001">Améziane & Roux 2001</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CF7AFBCC708EFB28" author="Tunnicliffe" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Tunnicliffe, V., Roux, M., Eleaume, M. & Schornagel, D. (2015) The stalked crinoid fauna (Echinodermata) of the Molucca and Celebes Seas, Indonesia: taxonomic diversity and observations from remotely operated vehicle imagery. Marine Biodiversity, 1 - 24." type="book chapter" year="2015">
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Tunnicliffe
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<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CFF6FBCF70C5FB28" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2015
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CB6FFBE071B0FB28" box="[273,449,1145,1170]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CB6FFBE071B0FB28" box="[273,449,1145,1170]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Porphyrocrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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currently includes four extant taxa and one fossil species (see below).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB07725C8484507CAB9FB077566FA98" blockId="1.[151,1437,713,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CAB9FB077104FB0C" author="Hemery" box="[199,373,1182,1206]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Eleaume, M., Hemery, L. G., Bowden, D. A., & Roux, M. (2011) A large new species of the genus Ptilocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Hyocrinidae) from Antarctic seamounts. Polar Biology, 34 (9), 1385 - 1397. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 011 - 0993 - 2" type="journal article" year="2011">Hemery (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
returned three terminals treated as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C968FB0473B7FB0C" box="[790,966,1181,1206]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C968FB0473B7FB0C" box="[790,966,1181,1206]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Porphyrocrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C9AFFB047465FB0C" bold="true" box="[977,1044,1181,1206]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A248164CC8484507C9AFFB047465FB0C" box="[977,1044,1181,1206]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
(but representing 1–2 species) as sister to one
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CB5BFB5871CCFB60" box="[293,445,1217,1242]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Phrynocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CB5BFB5871CCFB60" box="[293,445,1217,1242]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phrynocrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CBBBFB587275FB60" bold="true" box="[453,516,1217,1242]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A248164CC8484507CBBBFB587275FB60" box="[453,516,1217,1242]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507C875FB5B7287FB60" box="[523,758,1217,1242]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Hemery, L. G., Roux, M., Ameziane, N. & Eleaume, M. (2013) High-resolution crinoid phyletic inter-relationships derived from molecular data. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 54, 511 - 523" type="journal article">
|
||
Hemery
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||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C812FB5B72D5FB60" box="[620,676,1217,1242]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
returned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C91CFB58757EFB60" authority="Roux, 1977" authorityName="Roux" authorityYear="1977" box="[866,1295,1217,1242]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="thalassae">
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||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C91CFB5874F2FB60" box="[866,1155,1217,1242]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Porphyrocrinus thalassae</emphasis>
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Roux, 1977
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CF34FB5B7508FB63" box="[1354,1401,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Por.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CF01FB5871D8FB44" authority="Gislen, 1925" authorityName="Gislen" authorityYear="1925" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="verrucosus">
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CAE9FB7F7163FB47" box="[151,274,1254,1277]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">verrucosus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CB66FB7C71D8FB44" author="Gislen" box="[280,425,1253,1278]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Gislen, T. (1925) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition. 1914 - 1916. XXVI. Two stalked crinoids from the Kei Islands. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn, 79, 85 - 95." type="journal article" year="1925">Gislén, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C84FFB7C7362FB44" box="[561,787,1253,1278]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Phrynocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nudus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C84FFB7C7362FB44" box="[561,787,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phrynocrinus nudus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both reconstructions returned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CE0AFB7C756EFB44" box="[1140,1311,1253,1278]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Phrynocrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to a clade composed of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CBFDFA907252FA98" box="[387,547,1289,1314]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Bathycrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C850FA907289FA98" box="[558,760,1289,1314]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bourgueticrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Bourgueticrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(both stalked), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C9A9FA90741FFA98" box="[983,1134,1289,1314]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(feather stars).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB07725C8484507CAB9FAB47284F848" blockId="1.[151,1437,713,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
External morphology placed the family with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C8B7FAB473E7FAFC" box="[713,918,1325,1350]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bourgueticrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Bourgueticrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C9DCFAB4744EFAFC" box="[930,1087,1325,1350]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Bathycrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CE07FAB47562FAFC" box="[1145,1299,1325,1350]" class="Crinoidea" family="Septocrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Septocrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CAE9FAC87125FAD0" box="[151,340,1361,1386]" class="Crinoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Bourgueticrinina">Bourgueticrinina</taxonomicName>
|
||
within order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C868FAC87336FAD0" authority="Hess 2011" authorityName="Hess" authorityYear="2011" box="[534,839,1361,1386]" class="Crinoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Comatulida (Hess 2011)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, recent molecular data indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CAE9FAEC7125FA34" box="[151,340,1397,1422]" class="Crinoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Bourgueticrinina">Bourgueticrinina</taxonomicName>
|
||
is polyphyletic.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507C86AFAEC7284FA34" box="[532,757,1397,1422]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Cohen, B. L., Ameziane, N., Eleaume, M. & Richer de Forges, B. (2004) Crinoid phylogeny: A preliminary analysis. Marine Biology, 144, 605 - 617, 3 fig." type="journal article">
|
||
Cohen
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C81BFAEF72EEFA34" box="[613,671,1397,1422]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507C97CFAEF73ACFA34" box="[770,989,1397,1422]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Rouse, G. W., Jermiin, L. S., Wilson, N. G., Eeckhaut, I., Lanterbecq, D., Oji, T., Young, C. M., Browning, T., Cisternas, P., Helgen, L. E., Stuckey, M. & Messing, C. G. (2013) Fixed, free, and fixed: the fickle phylogeny of extant Crinoidea (Echinodermata) and their Permian-Triassic origin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66 (1), 161 - 81. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.09.018" type="journal article">
|
||
Rouse
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C92EFAEF73FBFA34" box="[848,906,1397,1422]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CE69FAEF7577FA34" box="[1047,1286,1397,1422]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Hemery, L. G., Roux, M., Ameziane, N. & Eleaume, M. (2013) High-resolution crinoid phyletic inter-relationships derived from molecular data. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 54, 511 - 523" type="journal article">
|
||
Hemery
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CE04FAEF74C5FA34" box="[1146,1204,1397,1422]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
all produced trees in which the bathycrinid-like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C852FA0075E6FA08" authority="Avocat & Roux, 1990 (in Ameziane-Cominardi et al. 1990)" authorityName="Avocat & Roux, 1990 (in Ameziane-Cominardi et al." authorityYear="1990" box="[556,1431,1433,1458]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Caledonicrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C852FA0072A8FA08" box="[556,729,1433,1458]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Caledonicrinus</emphasis>
|
||
Avocat & Roux, 1990 (in Améziane-Cominardi
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CF71FA03753BFA08" box="[1295,1354,1433,1458]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1990)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, branched well away from other included bourgueticrinines, supporting Mironov’s (2000) removal of this genus to a separate Caledonicrinidae Mironov, 2000.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507C804FA7B7324FA40" box="[634,853,1505,1530]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Rouse, G. W., Jermiin, L. S., Wilson, N. G., Eeckhaut, I., Lanterbecq, D., Oji, T., Young, C. M., Browning, T., Cisternas, P., Helgen, L. E., Stuckey, M. & Messing, C. G. (2013) Fixed, free, and fixed: the fickle phylogeny of extant Crinoidea (Echinodermata) and their Permian-Triassic origin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66 (1), 161 - 81. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.09.018" type="journal article">
|
||
Rouse
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C8B6FA7B7373FA40" box="[712,770,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recommended reducing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CE11FA78755DFA40" box="[1135,1324,1505,1530]" class="Crinoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Bourgueticrinina">Bourgueticrinina</taxonomicName>
|
||
to family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CAE9F99C7115F9A4" box="[151,356,1541,1566]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bourgueticrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Bourgueticrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including within it at least
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C8D4F99C74DBF9A4" authority="Thomson, 1872" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[682,1194,1541,1566]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C8D4F99C7340F9A4" box="[682,817,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bathycrinus</emphasis>
|
||
Thomson, 1872 (Bathycrinidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CEC9F99F71C4F9F8" authority="Perrier, 1883" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1883" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Democrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CEC9F99F7531F9A7" box="[1207,1344,1542,1565]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Democrinus</emphasis>
|
||
Perrier, 1883 (Bourgueticrinidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CBBEF9B07201F9F8" box="[448,624,1577,1602]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CBBEF9B07201F9F8" box="[448,624,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Porphyrocrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C8D9F9B0734EF9F8" box="[679,831,1577,1602]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Phrynocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C8D9F9B0734EF9F8" box="[679,831,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phrynocrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507C9BCF9B374CEF9F8" box="[962,1215,1577,1602]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Hemery, L. G., Roux, M., Ameziane, N. & Eleaume, M. (2013) High-resolution crinoid phyletic inter-relationships derived from molecular data. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 54, 511 - 523" type="journal article">
|
||
Hemery
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CE5DF9B3742AF9F8" box="[1059,1115,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
’s (2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
tree returned seven bourgueticrinines (except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CBC1F9D4721DF9DC" box="[447,620,1613,1638]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Caledonicrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CBC1F9D4721DF9DC" box="[447,620,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Caledonicrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as a paraphyletic clade with the feather star family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CEB1F9D47517F9DC" box="[1231,1382,1613,1638]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(not included in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CB65F9EB7190F930" author="Rouse" box="[283,481,1649,1674]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Rouse, G. W., Jermiin, L. S., Wilson, N. G., Eeckhaut, I., Lanterbecq, D., Oji, T., Young, C. M., Browning, T., Cisternas, P., Helgen, L. E., Stuckey, M. & Messing, C. G. (2013) Fixed, free, and fixed: the fickle phylogeny of extant Crinoidea (Echinodermata) and their Permian-Triassic origin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66 (1), 161 - 81. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.09.018" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Rouse
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CB16F9EB71D1F930" box="[360,416,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) nested within as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C977F9E873DBF930" box="[777,938,1649,1674]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Bathycrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Knobby processes on the interior surface of primibrachial ossicles in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CBA1F90C720DF914" box="[479,636,1685,1710]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Bathycrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C8E2F90C7352F914" box="[668,803,1685,1710]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Bathycrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C8E2F90C7352F914" box="[668,803,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bathycrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C93FF90F73BDF917" box="[833,972,1686,1709]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Cingocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C93FF90F73BDF917" box="[833,972,1686,1709]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cingocrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C997F90C74F7F914" box="[1001,1158,1685,1710]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Discolocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C997F90C74F7F914" box="[1001,1158,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Discolocrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CEDAF90C7525F914" box="[1188,1364,1685,1710]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Monachocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CEDAF90C7525F914" box="[1188,1364,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Monachocrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CAE9F9207275F968" authority="(Democrinus)" baseAuthorityName="Democrinus" box="[151,516,1721,1746]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bourgueticrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">
|
||
Bourgueticrinidae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CB0CF923718AF96B" box="[370,507,1722,1745]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Democrinus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Carpenter 1884a, pl. VII, 4a;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507C91BF92074FFF968" author="Macurda" box="[869,1166,1721,1746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Macurda, D. B. Jr. & Meyer, D. L. (1976) The morphology and life habits of the abyssal crinoid Bathycrinus aldrichianus Wyville Thomson and its paleontological implications. Journal of Paleontology, 50, 647 - 667, 5 fig., 5 pl." type="journal article" year="1976">Macurda and Meyer 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 3.5;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CE8CF92075E6F968" author="Mironov" box="[1266,1431,1721,1746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Mironov, A. N. (2008) Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology, 5 (2), 133 - 153." type="journal article" year="2008">Mironov 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CAE9F94471A1F94C" author="Mironov" box="[151,464,1757,1782]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Mironov, A. N. & Pawson, D. L. (2014) A new species of Western Atlantic sea lily in the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with a discussion of relationships between crinoids with xenomorphic stalks. Zootaxa, 3873 (3), 259 - 274. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3873.3.5" type="journal article" year="2014">Mironov and Pawson 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) correspond with those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C976F94473EEF94C" box="[776,927,1757,1782]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Messing, 2004, 2013), but do not occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CAE9F8987145F8A0" box="[151,308,1793,1818]" class="Crinoidea" family="Septocrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Septocrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Caledonicrinidae or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C850F89872ACF8A0" box="[558,733,1793,1818]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Phrynocrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These features reflect molecular reconstructions that placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CAE9F8BC7133F884" box="[151,322,1829,1854]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Phrynocrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sister to a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CBBDF8BC72FEF884" box="[451,655,1829,1854]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bourgueticrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Bourgueticrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C8D8F8BC7335F884" box="[678,836,1829,1854]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Bathycrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C92CF8BC739AF884" box="[850,1003,1829,1854]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CE36F8BF755DF884" author="Hemery" box="[1096,1324,1829,1854]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Hemery, L. G., Roux, M., Ameziane, N. & Eleaume, M. (2013) High-resolution crinoid phyletic inter-relationships derived from molecular data. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 54, 511 - 523" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hemery
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CED3F8BF7496F884" box="[1197,1255,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CF47F8BF7086F8D8" author="Rouse" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Rouse, G. W., Jermiin, L. S., Wilson, N. G., Eeckhaut, I., Lanterbecq, D., Oji, T., Young, C. M., Browning, T., Cisternas, P., Helgen, L. E., Stuckey, M. & Messing, C. G. (2013) Fixed, free, and fixed: the fickle phylogeny of extant Crinoidea (Echinodermata) and their Permian-Triassic origin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66 (1), 161 - 81. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.09.018" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Rouse
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CFF6F8BF70C5F8D8" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and returned both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CBA4F8D07205F8D8" box="[474,628,1865,1890]" class="Crinoidea" family="Septocrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Septocrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(represented by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507C94CF8D37464F8DB" box="[818,1045,1866,1889]" class="Crinoidea" family="Septocrinidae" genus="Rouxicrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vestitus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507C94CF8D37464F8DB" box="[818,1045,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Rouxicrinus vestitus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CE92F8D07251F83C" authority="in Rouse et al. (2013)" authorityName="in Rouse et al." authorityYear="2013" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Monachocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caribbeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CE92F8D07174F83C" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Monachocrinus caribbeus</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507CB49F8F77251F83C" box="[311,544,1901,1926]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Rouse, G. W., Jermiin, L. S., Wilson, N. G., Eeckhaut, I., Lanterbecq, D., Oji, T., Young, C. M., Browning, T., Cisternas, P., Helgen, L. E., Stuckey, M. & Messing, C. G. (2013) Fixed, free, and fixed: the fickle phylogeny of extant Crinoidea (Echinodermata) and their Permian-Triassic origin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66 (1), 161 - 81. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.09.018" type="journal article">
|
||
Rouse
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CBF4F8F771B8F83C" box="[394,457,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507C811F8F473CFF83C" author="Mironov" box="[623,958,1901,1926]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Mironov, A. N. & Pawson, D. L. (2010) A new genus and species of Western Atlantic sea lily in the family Septocrinidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Bourgueticrinida). Zootaxa, 2449, 49 - 68." type="journal article" year="2010">Mironov and Pawson (2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507C9AEF8F77478F83C" author="Mironov" box="[976,1033,1902,1926]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Mironov, A. N. & Pawson, D. L. (2014) A new species of Western Atlantic sea lily in the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with a discussion of relationships between crinoids with xenomorphic stalks. Zootaxa, 3873 (3), 259 - 274. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3873.3.5" type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)) and Caledonicrinidae as distant branches.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C8484507CB73F80871C9F810" box="[269,440,1937,1962]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Phrynocrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is maintained here based on the absence of knobby processes, and strong bootstrap (100%) and posterior probability (1) supports in the phylogenetic tree (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C8484507C9C4F82F74E9F874" author="Hemery" box="[954,1176,1973,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Hemery, L. G., Roux, M., Ameziane, N. & Eleaume, M. (2013) High-resolution crinoid phyletic inter-relationships derived from molecular data. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 54, 511 - 523" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hemery
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C8484507CE63F82F7427F874" box="[1053,1110,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) distinguishing it from its bathycrinid/bourgueticrinid/atelecrinid sister clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84B4504CAB9FF0E71A4FF42" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Finally, AM
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E0AD4C84B4504CB21FF0E7185FF0A" author="Clark" box="[351,500,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Clark, A. M. (1973) Some new taxa of recent stalked Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 25 (7), 267 - 288, 6 fig., pl. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1973">Clark (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
diagnosed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C84B4504C803FF0E734EFF0A" box="[637,831,151,176]" class="Crinoidea" family="Porphyrocrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Porphyrocrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(followed by Hess (2011) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C84B4504CED3FF0E7500FF0A" box="[1197,1393,151,176]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Porphyrocrininae">Porphyrocrininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as having arms undivided. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C84B4504C863FF257331FF6F" box="[541,832,188,213]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="thalassae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84B4504C863FF257331FF6F" box="[541,832,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Porphyrocrinus thalassae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually has 8–15 arms; a single ray may divide once or twice (Roux 1977, 1985).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |