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<mods:title id="D1053CA24C5B765CCB524F6B2F923873">Taxonomy of the ant genus Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropical zoogeographic region: definition of species groups and systematic revision of the Pheidole pulchella group</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E211F37A84848F117B2CC6C5D990C8CE">FISCHER, GEORG.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C2DD772AE410815B7509FC251799DE75">Systematic Zoology, Zoological Research Museum A. König, Adenaueralle 160, D- 53113 Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="282EE3274258205E9469FB5FEC9C1185">GARCIA, FRANCISCO HITA</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="41E998CD4FDB68B5091B4D57F7F0FC46">PETERS, MARCELL K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="962BF74B2F52B81258E25F346B4D9B6C">Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D- 97074 Würzburg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03A187F79312074AD3C1ED685D4AFA58" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6180070" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119575573" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6180070" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A187F79312074AD3C1ED685D4AFA58" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187F79312074AD3C1ED685D4AFA58" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<subSubSection id="C312656A9312074AD3C1ED685F03FD04" box="[151,381,616,643]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB736E19312074AD3C1ED685F03FD04" blockId="5.[151,381,616,643]" box="[151,381,616,643]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D0FF818D9312074AD3C1ED685F03FD04" bold="true" box="[151,381,616,643]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD3C1ED685F03FD04" bold="true" box="[151,381,616,643]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD3C1ED685F5CFD05" ID-CoL="4FYBT" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,290,617,643]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excellens">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD3C1ED685F5CFD05" bold="true" box="[151,290,617,643]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. excellens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group:
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C312656A9312074AD3C1EDAF5D4AFA58" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB736E19312074AD3C1EDAF5D57FC88" blockId="5.[151,1436,686,1502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Species with square-like heads in both, minor and major workers, shorter appendages (minor worker SI: 86115, n=32), often extensive and coarse body sculpture (sometimes only on pronotum), abundant and fine pilosity and small postpetioles, in major workers with a lateral process.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB736E19312074AD391EC1B5D4AFA58" blockId="5.[151,1436,686,1502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Minor workers: characterized by wide, square head with straight posterior margin and subangulate to angulate corners, relatively short scape, barely to moderately exceeding occipital margin. Postpetiole very short, lower than petiole, about as wide as long. Body often deeply punctate-rugulose/rugose [e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD778EC625AA5FCFD" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[1070,1243,867,891]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excellens">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD778EC625AEBFCFD" box="[1070,1173,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">excellens</emphasis>
Mayr
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD7BEEC625BEFFCFC" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1894" box="[1256,1425,866,891]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liengmei">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD7BEEC625B37FCFD" box="[1256,1353,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">liengmei</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
], with coarse ridges along dorsopropodeum, but some species mostly smooth [
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD74BEC875B0FFC18" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[1053,1393,902,926]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sculpturata" subSpecies="rhodesiana">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD74BEC875B5BFC18" box="[1053,1317,902,926]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sculpturata rhodesiana</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
], to superficially sculptured [
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD2E4ECAA5C4FFC45" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1866" box="[434,561,939,963]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturata">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD2E4ECAA5C4FFC45" box="[434,561,939,963]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sculpturata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]. Usually with high amount of very thin and moderately short body pilosity, often pelt-like, at least on the head. Spines short to long, linearly spinose. Major workers: head usually elongate, much longer than wide, or at least square-like with parallel to subparallel sides, sometimes wider anteriorly than posteriorly. Submedian and outer hypostomal teeth well-developed to large, median tooth absent. Promesonotal dome high, spines quasi-vertical, often thick, blunt or truncated. Postpetiole laterally with an (often strongly) extended, wing-like, posteriorly curved process. Pilosity and sculpture similar to minor workers. The group can be subdivided into two different complexes, one with small species (
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD02EEB825DAFFB1D" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1907" box="[888,977,1155,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="katonae">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD02EEB825DAFFB1D" box="[888,977,1155,1179]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">katonae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex; minor worker HW: 0.570.63, n=8), possessing short legs and spines, and relatively larger eyes [
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD0D8EBA75A54FB38" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1907" box="[910,1066,1190,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="katonae">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD0D8EBA75D99FB38" box="[910,999,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">katonae</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD76DEBA75BEFFB38" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" box="[1083,1425,1190,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sculpturata" subSpecies="zambeziana">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD76DEBA75B39FB38" box="[1083,1351,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sculpturata zambeziana</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
]. The other complex consists of larger species (
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD1CEEBCA5C81FB65" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[664,767,1227,1251]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excellens">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD1CEEBCA5C81FB65" box="[664,767,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">excellens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex; minor worker HW: 0.690.93, n=24), which possess longer legs and spines, and relatively smaller eyes [
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD05BEBEF5DC7FA81" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[781,953,1262,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excellens">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD05BEBEF5D0DFA80" box="[781,883,1262,1286]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">excellens</emphasis>
Mayr
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD092EBEF5A14FA80" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1894" box="[964,1130,1262,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liengmei">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD092EBEF5A5AFA80" box="[964,1060,1262,1286]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">liengmei</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD723EBEE5B33FA80" authority="Viehmeyer" authorityName="Viehmeyer" authorityYear="1914" box="[1141,1357,1262,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="njassae">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD723EBEE5AB7FA80" box="[1141,1225,1263,1286]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">njassae</emphasis>
Viehmeyer
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD601EBEF5F5CFAAD" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1866" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturata">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD601EBEF5EA5FAAD" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sculpturata</emphasis>
Mayr
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD263EA125CC7FAAC" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" box="[309,697,1298,1323]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sculpturata" subSpecies="welgelengensis">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD263EA125C15FAAD" box="[309,619,1299,1323]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sculpturata welgelengensis</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
]. The described species belonging to this group are:
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD66EEA125F51FAC8" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD66EEA125E94FAC8" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pheidole arnoldi</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD214EA395C6FFAC9" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[322,529,1334,1359]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excellens">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD214EA395FB6FAC8" box="[322,456,1334,1359]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. excellens</emphasis>
Mayr
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD177EA395D1AFAC8" authority="Santschi" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1910" box="[545,868,1334,1359]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="excellens" subSpecies="weissi">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD177EA395C89FAC8" box="[545,759,1334,1359]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. excellens weissi</emphasis>
Santschi
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD025EA395A4FFAC8" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1907" box="[883,1073,1334,1359]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="katonae">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD025EA395D95FAC8" box="[883,1003,1334,1359]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. katonae</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD712EA395B72FAC8" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1894" box="[1092,1292,1334,1359]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liengmei">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD712EA395ABAFAC8" box="[1092,1220,1334,1359]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. liengmei</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD64AEA395F27FAF4" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="liengmei" subSpecies="micrartifex">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD64AEA395F6DFAF5" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. liengmei micrartifex</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD232EA5D5CB9FAF4" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[356,711,1370,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="liengmei" subSpecies="shinsendensis">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD232EA5D5CFFFAF5" box="[356,641,1371,1395]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. liengmei shinsendensis</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD184EA5D5DB8FAF4" authority="Viehmeyer" authorityName="Viehmeyer" authorityYear="1914" box="[722,966,1370,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="njassae">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD184EA5D5D3CFAF5" box="[722,834,1372,1395]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. njassae</emphasis>
Viehmeyer
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD087EA5D5ACDFAF5" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1866" box="[977,1203,1371,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturata">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD087EA5D5A12FAF5" box="[977,1132,1371,1395]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. sculpturata</emphasis>
Mayr
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD7E8EA5D5F75FA10" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sculpturata" subSpecies="areolata">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD7E8EA5D5EBDFA10" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. sculpturata areolata</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD24DEA815C05FA10" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1894" box="[283,635,1406,1431]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sculpturata" subSpecies="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD24DEA815C4CFA10" box="[283,562,1406,1431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. sculpturata berthoudi</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD1DDEA815D86FA10" authority="Santschi" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1915" box="[651,1016,1406,1431]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sculpturata" subSpecies="dignata">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD1DDEA815DF4FA10" box="[651,906,1406,1431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. sculpturata dignata</emphasis>
Santschi
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD751EA815B06FA10" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[1031,1400,1406,1431]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sculpturata" subSpecies="rhodesiana">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD751EA815B50FA10" box="[1031,1326,1406,1431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. sculpturata rhodesiana</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD6D1EA815C6EFA3C" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sculpturata" subSpecies="welgelengensis">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD6D1EA815FB6FA3D" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. sculpturata welgelengensis</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C084D629312074AD14AEAA55D90FA3C" authority="Forel. Several" authorityName="Forel. Several" box="[540,1006,1442,1467]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sculpturata" subSpecies="zambeziana">
<emphasis id="B97CEAF39312074AD14AEAA55D39FA3D" box="[540,839,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. sculpturata zambeziana</emphasis>
Forel. Several
</taxonomicName>
probably undescribed morphospecies are located in the collections of BMNH, CASC and ZFMK.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>