193 lines
25 KiB
XML
193 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="EF417025A227C867A51D9301B0FC8BB7" ID-CLB-Dataset="45253" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3232.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e51f5db9-0fae-41c9-97c3-f5cee298cc0d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="280354" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460453431277" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="FISCHER, GEORG., GARCIA, FRANCISCO HITA & PETERS, MARCELL K." docDate="2012" docId="03A187F793110748D3C1EC1C5B51FB63" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03232p043.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3232 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3232.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pheidole pulchella Santschi. Comparison 1910" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FF98FF8F9317074FD356EF015E7EFF86" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of the ant genus Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropical zoogeographic region: definition of species groups and systematic revision of the Pheidole pulchella group" masterLastPageNumber="43" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698338492918" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="FE935357D71ED1EAC1EF9ED16C1D576F">Taxonomy of the ant genus Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropical zoogeographic region: definition of species groups and systematic revision of the Pheidole pulchella group</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E1E320FEAB9BEF87B5B8AF4EEF488FAD" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="22EE48CF48A80073E91937327C27A88A">FISCHER, GEORG.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FB1B873A12C936021CB30C227DC24EEA">Systematic Zoology, Zoological Research Museum A. König, Adenaueralle 160, D- 53113 Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="34009CBE0CCA2E265BEEB87E39365142" type="email">georg.fischer@gmx.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="DC27C2DE601735C5E5A57BA0468EB8A5">GARCIA, FRANCISCO HITA</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0F3CC28B10D2D3517CECE7ADE0287AB2">Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="31407757D35ACA28E5223B3B5A4767FA">PETERS, MARCELL K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4E346622F27D99C33E6FAA1BFF15DF9C">Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D- 97074 Würzburg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="0DC492F034E975B32FD590927C5DE608">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2C906E9E435D837FD2272D9AA908A28C">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7E90891C3E976BA40B5FA0E1BC5A2F16">2012-03-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B075EE887B0566E425C74C489C078157">3232</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03A187F793110748D3C1EC1C5B51FB63" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6315301" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193580262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6315301" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A187F793110748D3C1EC1C5B51FB63" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187F793110748D3C1EC1C5B51FB63" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<subSection id="E2872F0A93110748D3C1EC1C5C5CFE49" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="multiple">
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<subSubSection id="C312656A93110749D3C1EC1C5F01FCB1" box="[151,383,797,823]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB736E193110749D3C1EC1C5F01FCB1" blockId="6.[151,383,797,823]" box="[151,383,797,823]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<heading id="D0FF818D93110749D3C1EC1C5F01FCB1" bold="true" box="[151,383,797,823]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B97CEAF393110749D3C1EC1C5F01FCB1" bold="true" box="[151,383,797,823]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293110749D3C1EC1C5F5EFCB1" ID-CoL="4FYJH" authorityName="Santschi. Comparison" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,288,797,823]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchella">
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<emphasis id="B97CEAF393110749D3C1EC1C5F5EFCB1" bold="true" box="[151,288,797,823]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. pulchella</emphasis>
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group:
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C312656A93110748D3C1EC635C5CFE49" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BB736E193110749D3C1EC635C80FBA8" blockId="6.[151,1437,866,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Relatively large species (minor worker HW:
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<quantity id="4CF09B0493110749D1C1EC635D45FCFC" box="[663,827,866,890]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.149999999999999" metricValueMax="9.7" metricValueMin="6.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="0.815" valueMax="0.97" valueMin="0.66">0.66–0.97 mm</quantity>
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(n=154), major worker HW: 1.63–2.35 (n=53)), with relatively long spines in both, minor (PSLI: 21–40) and major workers (PSLI: 11–19), which are usually curved backwards, except in
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<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293110749D2DFECAD5C64FC45" box="[393,538,939,963]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomandei">
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<emphasis id="B97CEAF393110749D2DFECAD5C64FC45" box="[393,538,939,963]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. diomandei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Minors always with a distinct promesonotal process, followed by a well-developed or conspicuous smaller process (
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<figureCitation id="13332A6493110749D117ECCF5CFEFC60" box="[577,640,974,998]" captionStart="FIGURE 1 A" captionStartId="4.[151,244,1137,1158]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1110]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,195,1111]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1 A) Pheidole pulchella, full-face view of minor worker: the two lines show the lateral clypeal carinae on the sides of the clypeus (1). B) P. pulchella, lateral view of minor worker: illustrating posterior head margin with a weakly developed occipital carina (2), promesonotum with inconspicuous humeri (3), and second mesonotal process not reduced (4). C) P. pulchella, lateral view of major worker: illustrating second mesonotal process reduced to a small ridge anterior of the metanotal groove (5) and well-developed metapleural carina (6) situated above the metapleural gland scrobe (7). D) P. pulchella, in oblique fronto-dorsal (dorsocaudad) view (Will Ericson 2011): measurement of propodeal spine length (PSL), the bold line representing the measurement, bordered by the perpendicular line across the base of the spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280355/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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B–4) and a distinctly impressed metanotal groove. Majors always with a distinct promesonotal process and hypostomal margin of the head always with two conspicuous inner and two outer submedian teeth, but lacking the median process.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB736E193110749D391EB3B5ADFFBF0" blockId="6.[151,1437,866,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Both worker subcastes with a well-developed postpetiolar ventral process, similar to the species of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293110749D600EB3D5E8EFBF0" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">
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<emphasis id="B97CEAF393110749D600EB3D5E8EFBF0" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">megacephala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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complex, but distinctly separated from them by the previous character combination.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB736E193110749D391EB835E80F8EC" blockId="6.[151,1437,866,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Minor workers: head shape in full-face view variable among species, but never square with angulate posterolateral corners, from short and rounded (CI: 85–98) with sides of head strongly convex, posterior margin convex [
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<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293110749D3F6EBCA5EB7FB65" box="[160,201,1227,1251]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dea">
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<emphasis id="B97CEAF393110749D3F6EBCA5EB7FB65" box="[160,201,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">dea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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], or almost straight [
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<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293110749D2E4EBCA5C68FB65" authorityName="FISCHER & GARCIA & PETERS" authorityYear="2012" box="[434,534,1227,1251]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rebeccae">
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<emphasis id="B97CEAF393110749D2E4EBCA5C68FB65" box="[434,534,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">rebeccae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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], to long-elliptical (CI: 73–84), sub-angular at eye-level and posteriorly elongate towards occipital carina (
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<figureCitation id="13332A6493110749D297EBEF5C7AFA80" box="[449,516,1262,1286]" captionStart="FIGURE 1 A" captionStartId="4.[151,244,1137,1158]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1110]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,195,1111]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1 A) Pheidole pulchella, full-face view of minor worker: the two lines show the lateral clypeal carinae on the sides of the clypeus (1). B) P. pulchella, lateral view of minor worker: illustrating posterior head margin with a weakly developed occipital carina (2), promesonotum with inconspicuous humeri (3), and second mesonotal process not reduced (4). C) P. pulchella, lateral view of major worker: illustrating second mesonotal process reduced to a small ridge anterior of the metanotal groove (5) and well-developed metapleural carina (6) situated above the metapleural gland scrobe (7). D) P. pulchella, in oblique fronto-dorsal (dorsocaudad) view (Will Ericson 2011): measurement of propodeal spine length (PSL), the bold line representing the measurement, bordered by the perpendicular line across the base of the spine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280355/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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B–2) [
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<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293110749D103EBEF5CBBFA80" authorityName="FISCHER & GARCIA & PETERS" authorityYear="2012" box="[597,709,1262,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="christinae">
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<emphasis id="B97CEAF393110749D103EBEF5CBBFA80" box="[597,709,1262,1286]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">christinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293110749D18EEBEF5D57FA80" authorityName="FISCHER & GARCIA & PETERS" authorityYear="2012" box="[728,809,1262,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heliosa">
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<emphasis id="B97CEAF393110749D18EEBEF5D57FA80" box="[728,809,1262,1286]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">heliosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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]. Mandibles smooth and shiny, sometimes with very superficial rugulae, laterally with weak longitudinal rugulae. Eyes situated near midlength of the head, of medium size (EI: 19–29). Scapes moderately to very long (SI: 102–174) and surpassing posterior head margin by one quarter to approximately one third of their length. Occipital carina always conspicuous in full-face view. Mesonotal declivity interrupted by promesonotal process, followed by a smaller process between promesonotal process and metanotal groove. The second, smaller, process is reduced and less conspicuous in some species. Propodeal spines long and spinose, much longer than distance between their bases (PSLI: 21–40), curved posteriorly towards petiole, rarely straight. Promesonotum, in lateral view, with angulate to subangulate edges, pronotal dorsum flat to weakly rounded, never strongly convex. Petiole longer than postpetiole (PpLI: 117–223), and in dorsal view usually about half as wide (PpWI: 152–232). Postpetiole also with well-developed convex ventral process and about as high as long, with subglobular to globular shape in profile. In dorsal view postpetiole about as long as wide, with a roughly trapezoidal shape. Pilosity with few to many long acute standing hairs, some species with hair apices truncate (or bifurcate), but in some species almost completely absent from dorsum of head, meso- and metasoma. Mesonotum and propodeum often with shorter, suberect to subdecumbent hairs. Standing hairs never very short and stiff. Between long erect hairs on head often shorter suberect to subdecumbent hairs present. Sculpture variable between species, with relatively little intraspecific variation, from completely and strongly punctate [
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<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293110749D785E80A5B67F8A5" authorityName="Bernard. Minor" authorityYear="1953" box="[1235,1305,1803,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nimba">
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<emphasis id="B97CEAF393110749D785E80A5B67F8A5" box="[1235,1305,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">nimba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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] to mostly smooth and shiny [
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<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293110749D224E82F5FA8F8C0" authorityName="FISCHER & GARCIA & PETERS" authorityYear="2012" box="[370,470,1838,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rebeccae">
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<emphasis id="B97CEAF393110749D224E82F5FA8F8C0" box="[370,470,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">rebeccae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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], but mesonotum and propodeum never completely smooth and shiny, at least partly punctate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB736E193110748D391E8775C5CFE49" blockId="6.[151,1437,866,2006]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,463]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Major workers: head about as wide as long (CI: 96–105), broadest always between eye level and occipital margin, frons and sides of head rugose-punctate to varying degrees. Posterolateral lobes often differently sculptured. Dorsal surface of mandible smooth, laterally longitudinally rugulose. Clypeus with median longitudinal carina present. Scapes moderately long (SI: 49–58). Hypostomal margin always with two inner and two outer submedian teeth present, median process absent to inconspicuous. In full-face view, and for all species but
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<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293100748D7BEEFBC5B29FF52" authorityName="FISCHER & GARCIA & PETERS" authorityYear="2012" box="[1256,1367,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heliosa">
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<emphasis id="B97CEAF393100748D7BEEFBC5B29FF52" box="[1256,1367,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. heliosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, head margin without projecting hairs of any kind, only with relatively short appressed pilosity and long erect hairs, that are visible in lateral view. Pilosity on scape appressed to subdecumbent. Humeral area laterally not or weakly produced, mesonotal process always developed and with posterior steep declivity towards metanotal groove, which, in lateral view, is barely to broadly impressed. Propodeal spines relatively long and spinose, longer than distance between their bases. Petiole longer than postpetiole (PpLI: 131–176). Postpetiole considerably wider than petiole (PpWI: 177–252), wider and higher than long, in lateral view with anteriorly produced ventral process. Pilosity and sculpture similar to minor workers.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</subSection>
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<subSection id="E2872F0A93100748D3C1ED225B51FB63" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="multiple">
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<subSubSection id="C312656A93100748D3C1ED225B51FB63" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB736E193100748D3C1ED225C1CFDBB" blockId="7.[151,610,547,574]" box="[151,610,547,574]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="D0FF818D93100748D3C1ED225C1CFDBB" bold="true" box="[151,610,547,574]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B97CEAF393100748D3C1ED225C1CFDBB" bold="true" box="[151,610,547,574]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Comments on the
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<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293100748D22CED255C7DFDB8" authorityName="Santschi. Comparison" authorityYear="1910" box="[378,515,548,574]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchella">
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<emphasis id="B97CEAF393100748D22CED255C7DFDB8" bold="true" box="[378,515,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. pulchella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
group:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB736E193100748D3C1ED685D5FFC43" blockId="7.[151,1436,617,1253]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293100748D39DED685FE1FD07" authorityName="Santschi. Comparison" authorityYear="1910" box="[203,415,617,641]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CEAF393100748D39DED685FE1FD07" box="[203,415,617,641]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pheidole pulchella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group was defined in the process of our identification efforts of two very distinct groups of specimens from the Kakamega Forest in Western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F767193100748D06CED8F5DFDFD20" box="[826,899,654,678]" name="Kenya" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
and from the Budongo and Rabongo Forests in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F767193100748D3C1EDB05E8CFD4F" box="[151,242,689,713]" name="Uganda" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Both were at first identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293100748D13FEDB35D8FFD4F" authority="Santschi. Comparison" authorityName="Santschi. Comparison" authorityYear="1910" box="[617,1009,689,713]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CEAF393100748D13FEDB35C91FD4F" box="[617,751,689,713]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. pulchella</emphasis>
|
||
Santschi. Comparison
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B3884393100748D760EDB35A18FD4C" box="[1078,1126,690,714]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material later revealed the dark colored morphospecies to be conspecific with
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CEAF393100748D1B5EDD75D5BFD6B" box="[739,805,725,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. d e a</emphasis>
|
||
Santschi from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F767193100748D752EDD45B15FD6B" box="[1028,1387,725,749]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Democratic Republic of Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
. We are now able to describe the previously unknown major workers. The orange colored specimens from Budongo Forest belong to a previously undescribed species and are likely to be closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293100748D7DEEC1F5BE2FCB3" authority="Santschi. In" authorityName="Santschi. Comparison" authorityYear="1910" box="[1160,1436,797,821]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CEAF393100748D7DEEC1F5B73FCB3" box="[1160,1293,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. pulchella</emphasis>
|
||
Santschi. In
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsequent
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B3884393100748D248EC435F30FCDC" box="[286,334,834,858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material examinations and museum visits, additional undescribed material was found from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F767193100748D3C1EC675F62FCFB" box="[151,284,869,894]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the West, along the equatorial rainforest belt to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F767193100748D031EC645DCBFCFB" box="[871,949,869,893]" name="Gabon" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F767193100748D094EC645A9AFCFB" box="[962,1252,869,893]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
, towards
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F767193100748D605EC675BE2FCF8" box="[1363,1436,870,894]" name="Kenya" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F767193100748D39EEC885F52FC27" box="[200,300,905,929]" name="Tanzania" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the East. In their general morphology the species in this group are well separated from those of other groups (see group definition above, first paragraph).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB736E193100748D391ECD35B51FB63" blockId="7.[151,1436,617,1253]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Most of the collection localities for species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C084D6293100748D1A2ECD35D09FC6F" authorityName="Santschi. Comparison" authorityYear="1910" box="[756,887,977,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CEAF393100748D1A2ECD35D09FC6F" box="[756,887,977,1001]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. pulchella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group are in rainforests; habitats of a few are not indicated on the labels. Specimens were caught in pitfall-traps, leaf-litter extractions, by beating of the lower vegetation, or by hand-collection. Thus, the species in this group are most likely forest specialists living and/or foraging on the ground and in the lower vegetation. Their conspicuous morphology with the relatively large size, long spines and appendages, and well-developed eyes indicates that these species are not living within, but rather upon or above the leaf-litter layer. They possibly nest in dead wood, because several of the specimens, especially the more rarely observed majors, were collected from rotten logs. Still, the biology of this species group is largely unknown and there are no records or observations available, other than the collection data mentioned on the labels.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |