145 lines
15 KiB
XML
145 lines
15 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BEBAAADB6A2560EBB995CD29DA2B0E32">Biological Inclusions in Amber from the Paleogene Chickaloon Formation of Alaska</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CCE3A166060113A61843B25CE7C487FC">Sunderlin, David</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4CFA5049059675E190C4590E7EF8DB30">Department of Geology & Environmental Geosciences, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="EC0509E951DEB6CE16D72342AC0C5583">Department of Geology & Environmental Geosciences, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7BE7B9603832BCCF46C9AFA7E8DAF4E7">Tillery, George Q.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="954A001C24FAE8ED2B205EDAFF44F245">Department of Geology & Environmental Geosciences, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="83B2B6126B3A386DFE9C08E0F75273BF">Barden, Phillip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FF631451224D7439DCB73CCE4814AB34">Department of Biology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="ED566B8F2CCFFAEEAB94B85C22F15929">Nascimbene, Paul C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7FEFAD2A93D6C7AF5E25DDCA95A1AE0E">Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="52750A55119695B3283D7716061A2679">Williams, Christopher J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6F9E07A482803F4FA97A05ECFD18ADA0">Department of Earth & Environment, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="D04A41F514275157FDBD6EE854FAA4C0">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="949AEB984206CF3AC17CD77F87F9D931">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="04B8ABDC41DFE2746E111E463F5B8A8E">2018-09-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="BB1EAC6EA186A74477AF2D1960ACDB4F">2018</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1AB441C2273FB3554C9ED8B374B9F0B4">3908</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03A187BFFF992F32A86341BF530AF909" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4598226" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183232798" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4598226" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A187BFFF992F32A86341BF530AF909" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187BFFF992F32A86341BF530AF909" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName id="4C084D2AFF992F32A86341BF524FFC89" ID-CoL="RN" ID-ENA="6893" authority="(SPIDERS)" baseAuthorityName="SPIDERS" box="[543,780,767,793]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">ARANEAE (SPIDERS)</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="8BB736A9FF992F32A852407753B9FCC1" blockId="18.[558,762,822,849]" box="[558,762,822,849]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<heading id="D0FF81C5FF992F32A852407753B9FCC1" box="[558,762,822,849]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="7">
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<figureCitation id="13332A2CFF992F32A852407753DAFCC1" box="[558,665,822,849]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[108,150,1492,1513]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,1466]" captionTargetId="figure-10@8.[108,1212,224,1466]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. Arachnids. A−E. Two fragments of the same piece containing portion of a spider egg sac, shown in different views and magnifications (AMNH LC-B3a, b). D, E. Highest magnification, showing how silk strands are cabled and woven. F. Spider (unidentified), ventral view (AMNH LC-D7). G. Pseudoscorpion, family indet. AMNH GC-A8b. H. Mite, Acari: Oribatida (family indet.), ventral view (AMNH LC-D1). See figure 7D for another spider inclusion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4598579" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4598579/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figures 5</figureCitation>
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A−F, 7E
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<paragraph id="8BB736A9FF992F32AAE0402F506CFA29" blockId="18.[108,1215,879,1690]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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Three pieces contain the remains of spiders, none of which could be identified to family level. AMNH WH-3B is a small (
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<quantity id="4CF09B4CFF992F32AB9140D45314FC3F" box="[493,599,916,943]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.80 mm</quantity>
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body length), complete juvenile lying next to a male chironomid, the cuticle of which is mostly cleared but with some decayed internal tissue visible (fig. 7D). AMNH LC-D7 (
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<quantity id="4CF09B4CFF992F32ABE0409F5344FC69" box="[412,519,991,1017]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.84">0.84 mm</quantity>
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) is a different taxon, having considerably longer legs, which are folded and cover the ventral surface of the cephalothorax (fig. 5F). The entire dorsum and a portion of the anterior end of the spider are obscured by a dark mass; the opisthosoma is shriveled. AMNH LC-B3a, b is in two sections (A, B), both from the same piece, each containing a distinctive mesh of fibers that form a rounded structure some
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in diameter (figs. 5A−E). The individual, fine strands are uniform in thickness, many of them woven and cabled into thick fibers, all interconnected into a mesh lying in several concentric layers. The interior of the rounded structure is empty. This is clearly the silken cocoon of a terrestrial arthropod, probably that of a spider. Many spiders form spherical cocoons around their egg masses (which they may carry or suspend from a web), or hemispherical ones (woven to a substrate), and the structure of the fossil silk strands conforms to that of spiders. No remains of eggs or spiderlings occur in the cocoon. Fossilized spider egg sacs are exceptionally rare, even in amber from prolific deposits.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB736A9FF992F32AAE04684530AF909" blockId="18.[108,1215,879,1690]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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The fossil record of spiders extends to the Devonian and has been reviewed several times (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF994B58FF992F32AAD246A950C4F993" author="Selden, P. A. & H. M. Anderson & J. M. Anderson" box="[174,391,1513,1540]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="105 - 116" refId="ref15164" refString="Selden, P. A., H. M. Anderson, and J. M. Anderson. 2009. A review of the fossil record of spiders (Araneae) with special reference to Africa, and description of a new specimen from the Triassic Molteno Formation of South Africa. African Invertebrates 50: 105 - 116." type="journal article" year="2009">Selden et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF994B58FF992F32ABEF46A953FFF993" author="Selden, P. A. & D. Penney" box="[403,700,1513,1540]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="171 - 206" refId="ref15139" refString="Selden, P. A., and D. Penney. 2010. Fossil spiders. Biological Reviews 85: 171 - 206." type="journal article" year="2010">Selden and Penney, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF994B58FF992F32A8B446A952F3F993" author="Dunlop, J. A. & D. Penney & D. Jekel" box="[712,944,1513,1540]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref12405" refString="Dunlop, J. A., D. Penney, and D. Jekel. 2018. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. The world spider catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Online resource (http: // wsc. nmbe. ch), version 19.0, accessed on 10 March 2018. [doi: 10.24436 / 2]" type="book" year="2018">Dunlop et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
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). Spiders are abundant and very diverse in the major amber deposits of the world, from the Early Cretaceous to the Miocene, allowing conclusions that many (most?) modern families are Cretaceous in origin, and that spiders were hardly affected by the end-Cretaceous extinctions, at least at higher-taxon (e.g., family) levels (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF994B58FF992F32AB24453F537EF909" author="Penney, D. & C. P. Wheater & P. A. Selden" box="[344,573,1663,1689]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="2599 - 2607" refId="ref14554" refString="Penney, D., C. P. Wheater, and P. A. Selden. 2003. Resistance of spiders to Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction events. Evolution 57: 2599 - 2607." type="journal article" year="2003">Penney et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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