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<document id="93D57557A81673ED20B74F76CF0D144D" ID-CLB-Dataset="45800" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f0614c34-e456-4231-a5c0-281479168dac" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="252134" ID-ZooBank="77AB3EAA-DA13-4C8D-885D-EB9F5F14DE34" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460418923756" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L. &amp; Foltz, David W." docDate="2014" docId="039F453C95748707FF0BFAF3FB60FCDB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03795p372.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3795 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Spoladaster veneris Perrier 1879" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="363" masterDocId="FFA63D4495568723FF9CFFD9FFA3FF87" masterDocTitle="New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology" masterLastPageNumber="372" masterPageNumber="327" pageNumber="361" updateTime="1698329523474" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="FDE5B130A38DFE1BF7054E0459EE8EEA">New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="07CE9A87C32F147753D429AE89EF8676">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EA15F6A4D752F46A7FCCC6A6DDFFDC60">Foltz, David W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="08ABDE987E2A95388BA9E252033C52F3">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039F453C95748707FF0BFAF3FB60FCDB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6133869" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426348" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6133869" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F453C95748707FF0BFAF3FB60FCDB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F453C95748707FF0BFAF3FB60FCDB" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="363" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195748701FF0BFAF3FEE2FAE1" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BFAF3FD84FAC2" blockId="34.[151,551,1322,1382]" box="[151,551,1322,1349]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<heading id="D0C1434695748701FF0BFAF3FD84FAC2" bold="true" box="[151,551,1322,1349]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FF0BFAF3FD84FAC2" ID-CoL="4Z9T6" authority="Perrier 1879" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,551,1322,1349]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Spoladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="veneris">
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BFAF3FD84FAC2" bold="true" box="[151,551,1322,1349]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BFAF3FE21FAC3" bold="true" box="[151,386,1322,1348]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Spoladaster veneris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FE15FAF2FD84FAC2" author="Perrier" box="[393,551,1323,1349]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Perrier, E. (1879) Les Stellerides de Iile Saint - Paul. Archives du Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 31, 47 - 49." type="journal article" year="1879">Perrier 1879</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BFA94FEE2FAE1" blockId="34.[151,551,1322,1382]" box="[151,321,1357,1382]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95748701FF0BFA94FEA1FAE1" box="[151,258,1357,1382]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1814,1836]" captionTargetBox="[171,1426,220,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,193,1792]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 10. Spoladaster veneris. A. MNHN IE- 2006 - 1234 Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface of large specimen (R = 3.9, St. Paul Island, southern Indian Ocean). C. CASIZ 87573, smaller sized specimens (R = 1.6 Off South Africa), showing marginal and actinal plates. D. CASIZ 87573, small sized specimen (R = 1.7, off South Africa) showing marginal and actinal plates. Note R for each specimen to reference scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252144/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Figure 10</figureCitation>
A–D.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195748707FF0BFA4CFE44FE48" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="363" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BFA4CFDDCFA2C" blockId="34.[151,1436,1429,1635]" box="[151,639,1429,1451]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495748701FF0BFA4CFDDCFA2C" box="[151,639,1429,1451]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FF0BFA4CFE7DFA2C" authority="Perrier 1879: 48" authorityName="Perrier" authorityPageNumber="48" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,478,1429,1451]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Culcita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="veneris">
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BFA4CFE92FA2C" box="[151,305,1429,1451]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Culcita veneris</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FEABFA4CFE7DFA2C" author="Perrier" box="[311,478,1429,1451]" page="48" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1879">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FEABFA4CFE1BFA2C" author="Perrier" box="[311,440,1429,1451]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Perrier, E. (1879) Les Stellerides de Iile Saint - Paul. Archives du Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 31, 47 - 49." type="journal article" year="1879">Perrier 1879</bibRefCitation>
: 48
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; Bell 1905: 248
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BFA6DFBC1FA4D" blockId="34.[151,1436,1429,1635]" box="[151,1122,1460,1482]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495748701FF0BFA6DFBC1FA4D" box="[151,1122,1460,1482]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FF0BFA6DFDE7FA4D" ID-CoL="5b191d1c-5c95-4c25-b6c1-226ff27573e9" authority="H.L. Clark 1923:293" authorityName="H.L. Clark" authorityPageNumber="293" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,580,1460,1482]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Cryaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="brachyactis">
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BFA6DFECFFA4D" box="[151,364,1460,1482]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Cryaster brachyactis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FEEEFA6CFDE7FA4D" author="Clark" box="[370,580,1460,1482]" page="293" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1923">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FEEEFA6CFDBBFA4D" author="Clark" box="[370,536,1460,1482]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Clark, H. L. (1923) The Echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435." type="journal article" year="1923">H.L. Clark 1923</bibRefCitation>
:293
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–294, pl.11, figs 1,2;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FC81FA6CFC54FA4D" author="Mortensen" box="[797,1015,1460,1482]" page="249" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FC81FA6CFC66FA4D" author="Mortensen" box="[797,965,1460,1482]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Mortensen, T. (1933) Echinoderms of South Africa (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i. Kobenhavn, 93, 215 - 400." type="journal article" year="1933">Mortensen 1933</bibRefCitation>
: 249
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 12, 14
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BFA0BFEC5F980" blockId="34.[151,1436,1429,1635]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495748701FF0BFA0BFEC5F980" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FF0BFA0BFDF2FA6F" ID-CoL="8bb0f293-e707-440c-ae5c-ba0153a00751" authority="Mortensen 1933: 249" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityPageNumber="249" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,593,1490,1512]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Tylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BFA0BFECCFA6F" box="[151,367,1490,1512]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Tylaster meridionalis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FEEAFA0AFDF2FA6F" author="Mortensen" box="[374,593,1490,1512]" page="249" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FEEAFA0AFDBCFA6F" author="Mortensen" box="[374,543,1490,1512]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Mortensen, T. (1933) Echinoderms of South Africa (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i. Kobenhavn, 93, 215 - 400." type="journal article" year="1933">Mortensen 1933</bibRefCitation>
: 249
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–250, pl.12, figs 11–13;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FCD5FA0BFB85FA6F" author="Clark" box="[841,1062,1490,1512]" page="196" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1952">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FCD5FA0BFC57FA6F" author="Clark" box="[841,1012,1490,1512]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Clark, A. M. (1952) Some echinoderms from South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 33, 193 - 221. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359195109519884" type="journal article" year="1952">A.M.Clark 1952</bibRefCitation>
: 196
</treatmentCitation>
, 207–208; A.M. Clark &amp; Courtman- Stock 1976: 74.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BF9C9FDA1F9C3" blockId="34.[151,1436,1429,1635]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495748701FF0BF9C9FDA1F9C3" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FF0BF9C9FDE5F9A1" ID-CoL="4Z9T5" authority="Fisher 1940: 135" authorityName="Fisher" authorityPageNumber="135" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,582,1552,1574]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Spoladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="brachyactis">
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BF9C9FE2DF9A1" box="[151,398,1552,1574]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Spoladaster brachyactis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FE0AF9C9FDE5F9A1" author="Fisher" box="[406,582,1552,1574]" page="135" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1940">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FE0AF9C9FDB7F9A1" author="Fisher" box="[406,532,1552,1574]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher 1940</bibRefCitation>
: 135
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–136;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FD1BF9C9FCCCF9A1" author="Clark" box="[647,879,1552,1574]" page="196" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1952">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FD1BF9C9FC9FF9A1" author="Clark" box="[647,828,1552,1574]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Clark, A. M. (1952) Some echinoderms from South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 33, 193 - 221. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359195109519884" type="journal article" year="1952">A.M. Clark 1952</bibRefCitation>
: 196
</treatmentCitation>
, 208; 1976: 254–255;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FBC7F9C9FE80F9C3" author="Clark" page="74" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FBC7F9C9FF5EF9C3" author="Clark" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publ. 766 BMNH, London, 277 pp." type="book" year="1976">A.M. Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 74
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FEB1F9F6FDA1F9C3" author="Clark" box="[301,514,1582,1604]" page="41" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FEB1F9F6FE7DF9C3" author="Clark" box="[301,478,1582,1604]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51." type="journal article" year="1984">A.M. Clark 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 41
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BF994FA86F9E4" blockId="34.[151,1436,1429,1635]" box="[151,1317,1613,1635]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495748701FF0BF994FA86F9E4" box="[151,1317,1613,1635]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FF0BF994FDEAF9E4" ID-CoL="4Z9T6" authority="A.M. Clark 1952: 208" authorityName="A.M. Clark" authorityPageNumber="208" authorityYear="1952" box="[151,585,1613,1635]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Spoladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="veneris">
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BF994FEFCF9E4" box="[151,351,1613,1635]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Spoladaster veneris</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FEF9F997FDEAF9E4" author="Clark" box="[357,585,1613,1635]" page="208" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1952">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FEF9F997FDB4F9E4" author="Clark" box="[357,535,1613,1635]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Clark, A. M. (1952) Some echinoderms from South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 33, 193 - 221. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359195109519884" type="journal article" year="1952">A.M. Clark 1952</bibRefCitation>
: 208
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 1976: 251;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FD5AF997FC09F9E4" author="Clark" box="[710,938,1613,1635]" page="237" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FD5AF997FCDBF9E4" author="Clark" box="[710,888,1613,1635]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2, Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366." type="journal article" year="1993">A.M. Clark 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 237
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FC28F994FAA1F9E4" author="Stampanato" box="[948,1282,1613,1635]" page="28" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FC28F994FB7FF9E4" author="Stampanato" box="[948,1244,1613,1635]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Stampanato, S. &amp; Jangoux, M. (1997) Les asterides (Echinodermata) recoltes autour es Iles Saint - Paul et Amsterdam (ocean Indien sud). Zoosystema, 19 (1), 27 - 33." type="journal article" year="1997">Stampanato &amp; Jangoux 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 28
</treatmentCitation>
, 31
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BF953FDF5F818" blockId="34.[151,1437,1674,1951]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BF953FC99F924" bold="true" box="[151,826,1674,1699]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
Taxonomic comments &amp; synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FD15F953FC90F924" ID-CoL="4Z9T5" box="[649,819,1674,1699]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Spoladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="brachyactis">
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FD15F953FC90F924" bold="true" box="[649,819,1674,1699]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">S. brachyactis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Examination of South African and Indian Ocean specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FEADF977FE14F940" ID-CoL="7Q2MW" box="[305,439,1710,1735]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Spoladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FEADF977FE14F940" box="[305,439,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Spoladaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reveal that the morphological boundaries used to separate the two previously established species overlap, and do little to distinguish them from one another. A.M. Clark (1976: 255) outlined the character differences for both species.
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FE7FF92FFD60F889" ID-CoL="4Z9T6" box="[483,707,1782,1807]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Spoladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="veneris">
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FE7FF92FFD60F889" box="[483,707,1782,1807]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Spoladaster veneris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possessed two furrow spines per adambulacral plates, lacked a band of intermarginal papulae and did not show spines on the inferomarginal spines at the junction between the abactinal and actinal regions. Although spines are variably present on South African specimens (e.g., CASIZ 87573, 87574), they are abundantly present on the actinal and inferomarginal surfaces of south Indian Ocean specimens (e. g MNHN IE-2006-1234).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF49A4A295758700FF0BF8CFFD07F80F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252144/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="362" targetBox="[171,1426,220,1776]" targetPageId="35">
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95758700FF0BF8CFFD07F80F" blockId="35.[151,1436,1813,1928]" pageId="35" pageNumber="362">
<emphasis id="B942283895758700FF0BF8CFFDBFF8AB" bold="true" box="[151,540,1813,1836]" pageId="35" pageNumber="362">
FIGURE 10.
<emphasis id="B942283895758700FEB4F8CCFE58F8AC" bold="true" box="[296,507,1813,1835]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="362">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995758700FEB4F8CCFE54F8AC" ID-CoL="4Z9T6" box="[296,503,1813,1835]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Spoladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="35" pageNumber="362" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="veneris">Spoladaster veneris</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A.
</emphasis>
MNHN IE-2006-1234 Abactinal surface.
<emphasis id="B942283895758700FC53F8CFFC45F8AB" bold="true" box="[975,998,1814,1836]" pageId="35" pageNumber="362">B.</emphasis>
Actinal surface of large specimen (R=3.9, St. Paul Island, southern Indian Ocean).
<emphasis id="B942283895758700FDD3F8EDFDCBF8CD" bold="true" box="[591,616,1844,1866]" pageId="35" pageNumber="362">C.</emphasis>
CASIZ 87573, smaller sized specimens (R=1.6 Off South Africa), showing marginal and actinal plates.
<emphasis id="B942283895758700FE26F88AFE70F8EE" bold="true" box="[442,467,1875,1897]" pageId="35" pageNumber="362">D.</emphasis>
CASIZ 87573, small sized specimen (R=1.7, off South Africa) showing marginal and actinal plates. Note R for each specimen to reference scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95728707FF5BFF4EFCCDFE0F" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">
Adambulacral spine count for specimens from both localities is identical, two to three present per plate. However proximal furrow spines counts on South African specimens (e.g., CASIZ 87573) show both double (on proximal) and single (on distal) furrow spines present on adambulacral plates. Subambulacral spines, which may have been sheathed in skin, may also have been mistaken for furrow spines adding to confusion of spine counts. Furrow spine counts for South African and Indian Ocean
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995728707FCD4FEFEFC6DFEC7" ID-CoL="7Q2MW" box="[840,974,295,320]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Spoladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895728707FCD4FEFEFC6DFEC7" box="[840,974,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">Spoladaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens overlap and do not provide distinction between species as A.M. Clark (1976) has outlined.
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995728707FC15FE95FADEFEE3" ID-CoL="4Z9T5" authority="H.L. Clark 1923" authorityName="H.L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" box="[905,1405,332,357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Spoladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="brachyactis">
<emphasis id="B942283895728707FC15FE95FB3DFEE2" box="[905,1182,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">Spoladaster brachyactis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95728707FB2EFE95FAD6FEE3" author="Clark" box="[1202,1397,332,357]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" refString="Clark, H. L. (1923) The Echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435." type="journal article" year="1923">H.L. Clark 1923</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
is relegated to the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995728707FE78FEB6FCC9FE0F" ID-CoL="4Z9T6" authority="Perrier 1879" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1879" box="[484,874,367,392]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Spoladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="veneris">
<emphasis id="B942283895728707FE78FEB6FD61FE0F" box="[484,706,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">Spoladaster veneris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95728707FD4CFEB6FCC2FE0F" author="Perrier" box="[720,865,367,392]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" refString="Perrier, E. (1879) Les Stellerides de Iile Saint - Paul. Archives du Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 31, 47 - 49." type="journal article" year="1879">Perrier 1879</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95728707FF5BFE4DFE44FE48" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">
<emphasis id="B942283895728707FF5BFE4DFEFAFE2A" bold="true" box="[199,345,404,429]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">Occurrence.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95728707FEFEFE4DFE56FE2A" box="[354,501,404,429]" name="South Africa" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, west and south coasts of Cape Province, Southern Indian Ocean: Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands.
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95728707FEECFE6EFE40FE48" box="[368,483,439,464]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="11.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" unit="m" value="575.0" valueMax="1150.0" valueMin="0.0">0–1150 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195728707FF5BFE05FB60FCDB" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95728707FF5BFE05FB60FCDB" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">
<emphasis id="B942283895728707FF5BFE05FDF9FE72" bold="true" box="[199,602,476,501]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">
Material examined.
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95728707FE24FE05FDF6FE72" box="[440,597,476,501]" name="South Africa" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95728707FDFDFE05FD11FE73" box="[609,690,476,500]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">CASIZ</collectionCode>
87574 Off
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95728707FCA9FE05FC6BFE72" box="[821,968,476,501]" name="South Africa" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, South Atlantic,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95728707FB1BFE05FAA1FE73" box="[1159,1282,476,501]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" precision="15" value="-35.042778">35º1’94” S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95728707FA96FE05FA34FE73" box="[1290,1431,476,500]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" precision="15" value="20.372223">20º22’20” E</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395728707FF0BFDD9FF46FD90" box="[151,229,512,536]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95728707FF0BFDD9FF42FD90" box="[151,225,512,536]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" unit="m" value="101.0">101 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. J. Korrubel,
<date id="FF88D2EA95728707FE2AFDD9FDEAFD9F" box="[438,585,512,536]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" value="1991-09-14">14 Sept 1991</date>
(1 dry spec. R=1.7, r=1.2, body upturned);
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95728707FBAFFDD9FB27FD9F" box="[1075,1156,512,536]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">CASIZ</collectionCode>
87573 Off
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95728707FA99FE26FA3BFD9F" box="[1285,1432,511,536]" name="South Africa" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, South Atlantic,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95728707FED5FDFDFE00FDBA" box="[329,419,548,573]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" precision="925" value="-35.1">35º06’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95728707FE36FDFDFDA4FDBB" box="[426,519,548,572]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" precision="925" value="20.35">20º21’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395728707FD88FDFDFDC1FDBB" box="[532,610,548,572]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95728707FD88FDFDFDFDFDBB" box="[532,606,548,572]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" unit="m" value="109.0">109 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. J. Korrubel,
<date id="FF88D2EA95728707FCAAFDFDFC61FDBB" box="[822,962,548,572]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" value="1991-06-08">8 June 1991</date>
. (5 dry specs. R=2.6, r=2.2; R=1.7, r=0.9; R=1.6, r=1.2; R=1.4, r=0.7; R=1.8, r=0.9).
<emphasis id="B942283895728707FD02FD9EFC02FDE7" bold="true" box="[670,929,583,608]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">South Indian Ocean.</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95728707FC32FD9EFC70FDE7" box="[942,979,583,608]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">IE-</collectionCode>
2006-1234, Saint Paul
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95728707FB79FD9EFA8FFDE7" box="[1253,1324,583,608]" name="Iceland" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">Island</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95728707FAA1FD9EFA34FDE7" box="[1341,1431,583,608]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" precision="925" value="-38.416668">38°25'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95728707FF0BFDB5FF51FD02" box="[151,242,620,645]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" precision="925" value="77.416664">77°25'E</geoCoordinate>
, 105-111, MD50, St. 34, CP 152 (2 dry specs. R=3.8, r=3.1; R=3.9, r=3.3);
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95728707FBE1FDB5FB02FD02" box="[1149,1185,620,645]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">IE-</collectionCode>
2006-1228 Saint Paul
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95728707FF0BFD56FF7DFD2F" box="[151,222,655,680]" name="Iceland" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">Island</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95728707FF75FD49FEE0FD2F" box="[233,323,656,680]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" precision="925" value="-38.666668">38°40'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95728707FED3FD49FE08FD2F" box="[335,427,656,680]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" precision="925" value="77.5">77°30'E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95728707FE2BFD49FD8BFD20" box="[439,552,656,680]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" unit="m" value="90.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="80.0">80–100 m</quantity>
MD 50, St. 35, CP 165 (1 dry spec. R=3.8, r=2.7);
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95728707FBF5FD49FB2EFD2F" box="[1129,1165,656,680]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">IE-</collectionCode>
2013–4402, Amsterdam
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95728707FF0BFD6DFF78FD4A" box="[151,219,692,717]" name="Iceland" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">Island</collectingCountry>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95728707FF7FFD6DFE9EFD4B" box="[227,317,692,716]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" precision="925" value="-38.666668">38º40’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95728707FEDFFD6DFE3CFD4B" box="[323,415,692,716]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" precision="925" value="-77.5">77º30’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95728707FE37FD6DFDBCFD4B" box="[427,543,692,716]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" unit="m" value="90.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="80.0">
80–
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395728707FE4AFD6DFDBCFD4B" box="[470,543,692,716]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" type="generic">100 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. Coll. P.Lozouet
<date id="FF88D2EA95728707FD7CFD6DFCD2FD4A" box="[736,881,692,717]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" value="1986-07-23">23 July 1986</date>
(1 dry spec. R=3.5. r=2.4); no. number. Paris.
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95728707FAE2FD6DFA38FD4A" box="[1406,1435,692,717]" name="Iceland" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">Ile</collectingCountry>
Saint-Paul, “inferieur du cratere, parte N-E, sous l’echelle de mares. Coll.
<date id="FF88D2EA95728707FC78FD01FBC7FD77" box="[996,1124,727,752]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" value="1972-02-02">2 Feb 1972</date>
(1 dry spec. R=3.8, r=2.5);
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95728707FF0BFD25FF18FC93" box="[151,187,764,788]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">IE-</collectionCode>
2013-4401 South Indian Ocean,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95728707FDB4FD25FD21FC92" box="[552,642,764,789]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" precision="925" value="-37.85">37º51’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95728707FD15FD25FD44FC92" box="[649,743,764,789]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" precision="925" value="77.6">77º36’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95728707FD6EFD25FCC4FC93" box="[754,871,764,789]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.375" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.75" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" unit="m" value="137.5" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="75.0">
75–
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395728707FC80FD25FCC4FC93" box="[796,871,764,789]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" type="generic">200 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. Coll. R/V
<emphasis id="B942283895728707FC7AFD24FB04FC93" box="[998,1191,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">Marion Dufresne</emphasis>
MD50, st. 11-DC 59. Coll. P Lozouet
<date id="FF88D2EA95728707FECCFCC6FE76FCBF" box="[336,469,799,824]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" value="1986-07-05">5 July 1986</date>
(1 wet spec. R=5.0, r=4.5); EcAs No # Crater,
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95728707FC70FCC6FBAAFCBF" box="[1004,1033,799,824]" name="Iceland" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">Ile</collectingCountry>
St. Paul,
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395728707FBEBFCC6FB1BFCB0" box="[1143,1208,799,824]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95728707FBEBFCC6FB17FCB0" box="[1143,1204,799,824]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="363" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. P. Noel (1 dry spec. R=5.4, r=3.6);
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95728707FEE2FC9DFE01FCDB" box="[382,418,836,860]" pageId="36" pageNumber="363">IE-</collectionCode>
2013-4402. I’le Amsterdam. (2 dry specs. R=4.5, r=3.4; R=4.4, r=3.3).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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