447 lines
62 KiB
XML
447 lines
62 KiB
XML
<document id="DED76E3B0E74017F847D2AC736138361" ID-CLB-Dataset="22502" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4669.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9b5e0ec3-e1cf-4a16-9af1-a3773e4d77cd" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3773373" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6E2F8FE4-4524-44B1-B5F8-BCC58D4FDF8E" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588073674033" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pugh, P. R." docDate="2019" docId="0384A8378262FFE8FF37FC22FCF879C5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4669.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4669 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Cystonectae Polygastricae." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="FFBDD04F8252FFDBFFA0FF8EFFFE7B6E" masterDocTitle="A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)" masterLastPageNumber="91" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1698837942893" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8BD63400DF815674151244827CA3DC07">
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<mods:title id="488800D30302223482BB8C20FA311DEE">A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="36168F942FC69CE0B8B6F55A0DC6BCE2">Pugh, P. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="443BA6670D0CF7D06B2C1BD864EAA566">National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, Southampton, SO 14 3 ZH</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5F142CFF6E7E1BB146D20C80D9280B3C" type="email">prp@noc.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="93610D0F269CD0593E28E5B605CBF3E4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="18672BEEF93C4F0B72D62E02A380DE7D">
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<mods:date id="246E6A30C648789119697DED767091CD">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="496EAF54570F261F4CA0422D178F80D0">2019-09-13</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0384A8378262FFE8FF37FC22FCF879C5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3796972" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163830832" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3796972" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0384A8378262FFE8FF37FC22FCF879C5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384A8378262FFE8FF37FC22FCF879C5" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection id="C3374AAA8262FFEBFF37FC22FDE17D1F" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF37FC22FD5878A8" blockId="48.[151,1437,939,1938]" box="[151,678,939,966]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<heading id="D0DAAE4D8262FFEBFF37FC22FD5878A8" bold="true" box="[151,678,939,966]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF37FC22FD5878A8" bold="true" box="[151,678,939,966]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF37FC22FE3B78A8" authority="Polygastricae." authorityName="Polygastricae." box="[151,453,939,966]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cystonectae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF37FC22FE3B78A8" bold="true" box="[151,453,939,966]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cystonectae Polygastricae.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFD87FC25FD6178A8" box="[551,671,939,966]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Epibulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFD87FC25FD6178A8" bold="true" box="[551,671,939,966]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Epibulidae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF67FC5EFDE17D1F" blockId="48.[151,1437,939,1938]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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We come now to
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFE28FC41FDAB7884" author="Haeckel, E." box="[392,597,975,1002]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
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short-stemmed grouping of cystonects, the Brachysteliniae, which included the families
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFEBFFC7DFE6C7F63" box="[287,402,1011,1037]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Epibulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Epibulidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFE67FC7DFDC07F63" authorityName=", Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[455,574,1011,1037]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physalidae</taxonomicName>
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. The species
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFD6FFC7AFCD17F60" authorityName=", Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[719,815,1012,1038]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFD6FFC7AFCD17F60" box="[719,815,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Epibulia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was briefly discussed earlier and for all the descriptions Haeckel was the most muddled. In
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFD86FB99FD1E7F5C" author="Haeckel, E." box="[550,736,1047,1074]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref65601" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 a) System der Siphonophoren auf phylogenetischer Grundlage entworfen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 22, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888a)</bibRefCitation>
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he consider the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFC44FB96FBBA7F5C" authorityName=", Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[996,1092,1048,1074]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC44FB96FBBA7F5C" box="[996,1092,1048,1074]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Epibulia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to belong to the calycophoran family
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF48FBB5FE9E7F3B" box="[232,352,1083,1109]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Diphyidae</taxonomicName>
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, and even established the Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFCA0FBB5FC877F3B" box="[768,889,1083,1109]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epibulidae">Epibulidae</taxonomicName>
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to include it, noting that the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFAA9FBB2FA977F38" authorityName=", Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[1289,1385,1084,1110]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFAA9FBB2FA977F38" box="[1289,1385,1084,1110]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Epibulia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was the same as Blainville’s
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFE14FBEEFDD17F14" box="[436,559,1120,1146]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Galeolaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFE14FBEEFDD17F14" box="[436,559,1120,1146]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Galeolaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which currently is referred to as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFC60FBEEFBA97F14" box="[960,1111,1120,1146]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Sulculeolaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC60FBEEFBA97F14" box="[960,1111,1120,1146]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Sulculeolaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Another diphyid subfamily was the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF54FB0DFEA77FF3" authorityName="Kolliker" authorityYear="1853" box="[244,345,1155,1181]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Prayidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Prayidae</taxonomicName>
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, which has long been known to be a distinct family. However, in his
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFBC7FB0AFB1B7FF0" box="[1127,1253,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Challenger</emphasis>
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Report
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFAE1FB0DFF177FAF" author="Haeckel, E." pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 151) remarked that the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFDCEFB26FD177FAC" box="[622,745,1192,1218]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Galeolaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFDCEFB26FD177FAC" box="[622,745,1192,1218]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Galeolaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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had been: “confounded by later authors with
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFB5BFB26FAA57FAC" authorityName=", Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[1275,1371,1192,1218]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFB5BFB26FAA57FAC" box="[1275,1371,1192,1218]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Epibulia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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”, apparently forgetting that he was one of them. He again placed the genus in its own family, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFB1EFB45FACA7F8B" box="[1214,1332,1227,1253]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Epibulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Epibulidae</taxonomicName>
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, but now returned it to its original placed amongst the cystonect siphonophores. He (
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFBA5FB7EFBCF7E64" box="[1029,1073,1264,1290]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">ibid</emphasis>
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, p. 332) defined the family as: “
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF00FA9AFE437E43" authority="polygastricae" authorityName="Polygastricae" box="[160,445,1299,1326]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cystonectae" pageId="48" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Cystonectae polygastricae</taxonomicName>
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with a short inflated trunk of the vesicular siphosome, which is spirally convoluted beyond the basal side of the large subvertical pneumatophore. Cormidia ordinate in a spiral ring, protected by a corona of palpons. Pneumatosaccus without radial septa and pericystic radial pouches, but with eight or more radial groups of hypocystic villi”. He included two genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFD34FA0EFD0A7EF4" authorityName=", Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[660,756,1408,1434]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFD34FA0EFD0A7EF4" box="[660,756,1408,1434]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Epibulia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFC8DFA0EFC827EF4" box="[813,892,1408,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Angela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC8DFA0EFC827EF4" box="[813,892,1408,1434]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Angela</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, for the species
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFB96FA0EFAC27EF4" authority="Lesson. He" authorityName="Lesson. He" box="[1078,1340,1408,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Angela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cytherea">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFB96FA0EFB4B7EF4" box="[1078,1205,1408,1434]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">A. cytherea</emphasis>
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Lesson. He
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</taxonomicName>
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devoted just twelve lines to the latter genus, in which he noted that the tentilla were trifid, which is a classic character for species of the genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFEC7FA46FE407E8C" box="[359,446,1480,1506]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Agalma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFEC7FA46FE407E8C" box="[359,446,1480,1506]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Agalma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFE6DFA46FDC37E8C" box="[461,573,1480,1506]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Athorybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFE6DFA46FDC37E8C" box="[461,573,1480,1506]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Athorybia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFDD6FA46FD0F7E8C" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[630,753,1480,1506]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Melophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFDD6FA46FD0F7E8C" box="[630,753,1480,1506]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Melophysa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFCA0FA49FC4E7E8C" author="Bigelow, H. B." box="[768,944,1479,1506]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="171 - 402" refId="ref62533" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1911) The Siphonophorae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 38, 171 - 402." type="journal article" year="1911">Bigelow (1911)</bibRefCitation>
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considered Lesson’s species in some detail and concluded that it belonged to the physonect family that he called the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFC6AFA65FB897D6B" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[970,1143,1515,1541]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Anthophysidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Anthophysidae</taxonomicName>
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. Indeed, there can be very little doubt that, despite the poorness of the illustration the species name
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFC64F99EFBDD7D44" box="[964,1059,1552,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Angela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cytherea">
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<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC64F99EFBDD7D44" box="[964,1059,1552,1578]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">cytherea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFA8CF99EFE4C7D20" authority="(Forsskal, 1775)" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Athorybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rosacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFA8CF99EFF117D23" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Athorybia rosacea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFF5FF9BDFE577D20" author="Forsskal, P." box="[255,425,1587,1614]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref65108" refString="Forsskal, P. (1775) Descriptiones animalium avium, amphiborum, piscium, insectorum, vermium quae in itinere orientali observavit. Post mortem auctoris edit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae, 20 + xxxiv + 164 pp., 1 map." type="book" year="1775">Forsskål, 1775</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which currently is included in the physonect family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFBADF9BDFB627D23" box="[1037,1180,1587,1613]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Agalmatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFB7AF9BDFAA17D20" author="Pugh P. R." box="[1242,1375,1587,1614]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref68175" refString="Pugh P. R. (2006) The taxonomic status of the genus Moseria (Siphonophora, Physonectae). Zootaxa 1343, 1 - 42. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5281 / zendo. 174440" type="journal article" year="2006">Pugh, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and so need not concern us any further.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3374AAA8262FFE8FF67F9F5FCF879C5" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218262FFEBFF67F9F5FC967CFF" blockId="48.[151,1437,939,1938]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFE32F9F2FD477DF8" authority="Haeckel (1888 b)" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[402,697,1659,1686]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFE32F9F2FE0C7DF8" box="[402,498,1660,1686]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Epibulia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08262FFEBFE5CF9F5FD477DF8" author="Haeckel, E." box="[508,697,1659,1686]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFC8CF9F2FB5B7DFB" authority="Eysenhardt" authorityName="Eysenhardt" box="[812,1189,1659,1686]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chamissonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC8CF9F2FBE07DF8" box="[812,1054,1660,1686]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Epibulia chamissonis</emphasis>
|
||
Eysenhardt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFB48F9F2FF1D7DD7" authority="Brandt" authorityName="Brandt" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="erythrophysa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFB48F9F2FA637DF8" box="[1256,1437,1660,1686]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">E. erythrophysa</emphasis>
|
||
Brandt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but, as noted above, despite Haeckel’s statement that he saw the original manuscript drawing of Mertens, those drawings remain unpublished and so that species name must be treated as a
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFB98F94AFB297DB0" box="[1080,1239,1732,1758]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
||
. As Haeckel also had what he identified as an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFE77F966FDC97C6C" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[471,567,1768,1794]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFE77F966FDC97C6C" box="[471,567,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Epibulia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen, collected off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33A59B18262FFEBFCE9F969FC447C6F" box="[841,954,1767,1793]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
, of course he described it as a new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFF37F882FE777C4B" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,393,1803,1829]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFF37F882FEDC7C4B" box="[151,290,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">E. ritteriana</emphasis>
|
||
Haeckel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and illustrated it in his Plate XXII (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="131605A48262FFEBFCEEF885FC2D7C48" box="[846,979,1803,1830]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="49.[151,250,810,835]" captionTargetBox="[161,1404,176,784]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[151,1436,166,790]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 24. Epibulia ritteriana. A. Reproduced from Haeckel (1888) Plate XXII (partim). B. Adapted from Alvariño (1972, fig. 1). Scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773413" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773413/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Figure 24A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Like so many of Haeckel’s illustration, this is a work of art but, as always, the question remains as to just how accurate was it? As noted above, Haeckel keenness to find intermediary species was also applied to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFC84F8DAFC7A7C00" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[804,900,1876,1902]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338262FFEBFC84F8DAFC7A7C00" box="[804,900,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Epibulia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which he considered to be a prime example of an intermediate between the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFE79F8F9FDA47CFF" box="[473,602,1911,1937]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physaliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28262FFEBFD1AF8F9FC9A7CFF" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[698,868,1911,1937]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Rhizophysidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5249A98263FFEAFF37FCA4FE797808" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773413" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3773413" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773413/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" startId="49.[151,250,810,835]" targetBox="[161,1404,176,784]" targetPageId="49">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218263FFEAFF37FCA4FE797808" blockId="49.[151,1436,810,871]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFF37FCA4FEDF782D" bold="true" box="[151,289,810,835]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 24.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFE87FCA5FE19782D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[295,487,811,835]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFE87FCA5FE19782D" box="[295,487,811,835]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Epibulia ritteriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFE54FCA4FDF8782D" bold="true" box="[500,518,810,835]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Reproduced from Haeckel (1888) Plate XXII (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFC50FCA2FBCA782D" box="[1008,1076,812,835]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">partim</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFBE9FCA5FBA4782D" bold="true" box="[1097,1114,811,835]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Adapted from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08263FFEAFB5AFCA4FA66782D" author="Alvarino, A." box="[1274,1432,810,835]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="507 - 509" refId="ref62251" refString="Alvarino, A. (1972) A second record of a rare siphonophore Epibulia ritteriana Haeckel, 1888. Fishery Bulletin US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 70, 507 - 509." type="journal article" year="1972">Alvariño (1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1). Scale bar 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218263FFEAFF67FC1BFCF67E55" blockId="49.[151,1437,917,2024]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08263FFEAFF67FC1BFE7A78DE" author="Haeckel, E." box="[199,388,917,944]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in his comparatively lengthy (88 lines) description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFC40FC1BFB4C78C1" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[992,1202,917,943]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFC40FC1BFB4C78C1" box="[992,1202,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Epibulia ritteriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, spent a great deal of space (40%) describing the pneumatophore with its hypocystic villi that, as Haeckel noted, were also found in his
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFF37FC53FEC57899" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,315,989,1015]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Rhizophysidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The critical part of the description, however, is the description of the siphosome. Haeckel considered that this was made up by 40–60 palpons, as well as many young buds. He counted eight “cormidia” of which “four siphons and tentacles, and four large gonodendra were fully developed, two others (smaller) half developed, and two very small and young” (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFE02FBC7FE2B7F0D" box="[418,469,1097,1123]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ibid.</emphasis>
|
||
p. 335). By dividing the number of palpons by the number of “cormidia”, he suggested that each “cormidium” bore 6–10 palpons. However, despite the fact that he himself had captured the specimen and watched its “vivid motions”, he noted (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFD29FB1FFD4B7FC5" box="[649,693,1169,1195]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
.): “Unfortunately, I was not able to examine closely the form of the central trunk of the siphosome, and the mode of attachment to the cormidia; probably it is similar to that of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFF37FB57FEC37F9D" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,317,1241,1267]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Anthophysidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Anthophysidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Discolabidae, and Nectalidae; all that I could observe of the trunk was that it represented a shortly conical or ovate bladder, coiled up in a spiral, with a single dexiotropic turning”. Thus once again it appears that we were being given pure speculation rather than hard fact.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218263FFEAFF67FACBFA627D11" blockId="49.[151,1437,917,2024]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08263FFEAFF67FACBFE727E31" author="Schneider, K. C." box="[199,396,1349,1375]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="185 - 200" refId="ref68494" refString="Schneider, K. C. (1898) Mittheilungen uber Siphonophoren. III. Systematische und andere Bemerkungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 21, 51 - 53, 73 - 93, 114 - 133, 153 - 173, 185 - 200." type="journal article" year="1898">Schneider (1898)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, rather mysteriously, retained
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFD43FACBFC217E31" box="[739,991,1349,1375]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="erythrophysa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFD43FACBFC217E31" box="[739,991,1349,1375]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Epibulia erythrophysa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which must be considered as a
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFAF2FAC8FF1D7EED" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
||
, as the only species of the genus and synonymised Haeckel’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFC15FAE4FBBC7EED" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[949,1090,1386,1411]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFC15FAE4FBBC7EED" box="[949,1090,1386,1411]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">E. ritteriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with it, on the rather dubious grounds that they both came from the Indo–Pacific. He thought that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFC3DFA00FBB87EC9" box="[925,1094,1421,1447]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chamissonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFC3DFA00FBB87EC9" box="[925,1094,1421,1447]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">E. chamissonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
probably also belonged to the genus. He suggested that Haeckel’s description should be interpreted with some caution as Haeckel was describing features not known in cystonect species, i.e. stem palpons. Further, he noted that the descriptions of the pneumatophore, tentacles and genital clusters also equally applied to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFC99FA77FC447D7D" authorityName="Peron & Lesueur" authorityYear="1807" box="[825,954,1529,1555]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFC99FA77FC447D7D" box="[825,954,1529,1555]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08263FFEAFB36FA77FAC17D7D" author="Bigelow, H. B." box="[1174,1343,1529,1555]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="171 - 402" refId="ref62533" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1911) The Siphonophorae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 38, 171 - 402." type="journal article" year="1911">Bigelow (1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 320) considered that: “one species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFE49F990FD277D59" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[489,729,1565,1591]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFE49F990FD8D7D59" box="[489,627,1566,1591]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">E. ritteriana</emphasis>
|
||
Haeckel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the Indian Ocean, has been carefully described and beautifully figured. Two others from the Pacific,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFD23F9CCFBB27D35" authority="Eysenhardt" authorityName="Eysenhardt" box="[643,1100,1601,1628]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chamissonis" subGenus="Rhizophysa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFD23F9CCFD6A7D35" box="[643,660,1602,1627]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">E</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFD0BF9CFFCD27D35" box="[683,812,1601,1627]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFC9BF9CFFC3A7D35" box="[827,964,1601,1627]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">chamissonis</emphasis>
|
||
Eysenhardt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5496A7838263FFEAFBDFF9CCFB4C7D32" box="[1151,1202,1602,1628]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFB4BF9CCFF187D11" authority="Brandt" authorityName="Brandt" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="erythrophysa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFB4BF9CCFA637D35" box="[1259,1437,1601,1627]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">E. erythrophysa</emphasis>
|
||
Brandt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are known, but from such incomplete accounts that their relationship to Haeckel’s form remains doubtful”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218263FFE9FF67F907FCD27AC1" blockId="49.[151,1437,917,2024]" lastBlockId="50.[151,1437,153,539]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08263FFEAFF67F907FE667DCA" author="Stepanjants, S. D." box="[199,408,1673,1700]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 216" refId="ref68721" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1967) Siphonophores of the seas of the USSR and the north western part of the Pacific Ocean. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR, 96, 1 - 216. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1967">Stepanjants (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
retained all three species in her systematic list (see below), but otherwise made no mentioned of the genus.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08263FFEAFE92F920FE387DA9" author="Totton, A. K." box="[306,454,1708,1736]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref69244" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. London: British Museum (Natural History), 230 pp, 20 plates." type="book" year="1965">Totton (1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 44) wrote of the “?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFD72F923FC077DA9" authority="Haeckel, 1888" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[722,1017,1709,1735]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Epibulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Epibulidae Haeckel, 1888</taxonomicName>
|
||
” that the chief characteristic was the presence of a ring of palpons below the pneumatophore so that (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFCFDF95FFC777D85" box="[861,905,1745,1771]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
.): “it seems best to regard these animals, if they exist, as forming a quite separate family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFDC5F97BFCB77C61" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" box="[613,841,1781,1807]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Epibulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Epibulidae Haeckel</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. He included both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFB89F978FB2C7C61" box="[1065,1234,1781,1807]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chamissonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFB89F978FB2C7C61" box="[1065,1234,1781,1807]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">E. chamissonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFAAAF978FA6B7C61" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1290,1429,1782,1807]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFAAAF978FA6B7C61" box="[1290,1429,1782,1807]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">E. ritteriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and for the latter he was (
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFE13F897FE217C5D" box="[435,479,1817,1843]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
.): “not satisfied of the existence of a siphonophore such as was figured by Haeckel. If it was indeed a cystonect it could hardly have a ring of palpons under the float. The description is incomplete and unconvincing. It seems possible that Haeckel had worked up notes and sketches of an incompletely examined specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFF4EF80BFE407CF1" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[238,446,1925,1951]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Athorybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rosacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFF4EF80BFE407CF1" box="[238,446,1925,1951]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Athorybia rosacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. Indeed, Totton included as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFC0BF808FBC87CF1" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[939,1078,1926,1951]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFC0BF808FBC87CF1" box="[939,1078,1926,1951]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">E. ritteriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFBFFF80BFF2A7CAD" authority="(Forskal) 1775" baseAuthorityName="Forskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Athorybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rosacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFBFFF80BFAD07CF1" box="[1119,1326,1925,1951]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Athorybia rosacea</emphasis>
|
||
(Forskål) 1775
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. However, that seems to be a rather strange conclusion and perhaps Totton was actually thinking of the other species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFEAFF58F843FE4E7C89" box="[248,432,1997,2023]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Angela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cytherea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFEAFF58F843FE4E7C89" box="[248,432,1997,2023]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Angela cytherea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is also strange that Totton, who must have studied several specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28263FFE9FABBF843FF007BDD" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338263FFE9FABBF843FF007BDD" italics="true" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Rhizophysa filiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
during his visits to Villefranche-sur-Mer, appeared not to have noticed the fact that in that species the youngest gastrozooids, close to the pneumatophore, have yet to develop their tentacles; the buds of which gradually appear and enlarge as the gastrozooids move posteriorly in accordance with the growth of the stem. The reason for the presence of the so-called palpons would then become apparent. They are nothing more than young gastrozooids.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08260FFE9FF37FEA7FED37A2D" author="Daniel, R." box="[151,301,297,323]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 242" refId="ref63498" refString="Daniel, R. (1974) Siphonophora from the Indian Ocean. Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India, 15 (4), 1 - 242." type="journal article" year="1974">Daniel (1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 33) also elucidated this point when she said: “As pointed out by Totton
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338260FFE9FBCDFEA4FB787A2D" box="[1133,1158,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">…</emphasis>
|
||
the species of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28260FFE9FF37FEC3FEE67A09" box="[151,280,333,359]" family="Epibuliidae" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Epibuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
will have to be treated as
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338260FFE9FDE5FEC0FCD27A09" box="[581,812,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">species inquirendae.</emphasis>
|
||
The alleged presence of ‘palpons’ below the float may be really young gastrozooids, for if it were really palpons this family may have to be removed from the Suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28260FFE9FF37FE1BFEDE7AC1" box="[151,288,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cystonectae" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Cystonectae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and placed before the Suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28260FFE9FD2CFE1BFCE07AC1" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[652,798,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Physonectae">Physonectae</taxonomicName>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FF67FE37FB017975" blockId="50.[151,1437,153,539]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08260FFE9FEAFFE37FE417ABD" author="Totton, A. K." box="[271,447,440,467]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref69244" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. London: British Museum (Natural History), 230 pp, 20 plates." type="book" year="1965">Totton’s (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Synopsis,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08260FFE9FD9EFE37FD097ABD" author="Alvarino, A." box="[574,759,441,467]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="507 - 509" refId="ref62251" refString="Alvarino, A. (1972) A second record of a rare siphonophore Epibulia ritteriana Haeckel, 1888. Fishery Bulletin US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 70, 507 - 509." type="journal article" year="1972">Alvariño (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the second record for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28260FFE9FBCAFE37FAC17ABD" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1130,1343,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338260FFE9FBCAFE37FAC17ABD" box="[1130,1343,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Epibulia ritteriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131605A48260FFE9FAF1FE37FF377A99" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="49.[151,250,810,835]" captionTargetBox="[161,1404,176,784]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[151,1436,166,790]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 24. Epibulia ritteriana. A. Reproduced from Haeckel (1888) Plate XXII (partim). B. Adapted from Alvariño (1972, fig. 1). Scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773413" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3773413/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figure 24B</figureCitation>
|
||
), from off
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E9D7C38260FFE9FEE1FE53FE4B7A99" box="[321,437,477,503]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and gave a “description” of the specimen. This description is remarkable for the fact that it reads almost exactly as though it had been copied directly from that of Haeckel (1888), as follows:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FF06FDC4FD527886" blockId="50.[166,751,586,1965]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08260FFE9FF06FDC4FEB7790C" author="Alvarino, A." box="[166,329,586,611]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="507 - 509" refId="ref62251" refString="Alvarino, A. (1972) A second record of a rare siphonophore Epibulia ritteriana Haeckel, 1888. Fishery Bulletin US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 70, 507 - 509." type="journal article" year="1972">Alvariño (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“The pneumatophore is an ovate chitinous case,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48260FFE9FD31FDFEFD3579E6" box="[657,715,624,648]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48260FFE9FF19FD1EFEFE79C6" box="[185,256,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
in size. According to Haeckel (1888) the size of the pneumatophore ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48260FFE9FDADFD3EFDAA79A6" box="[525,596,688,712]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48260FFE9FDCEFD3EFD4A79A6" box="[622,692,688,712]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
in the expanded stage to a spheroid of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48260FFE9FDB1FD5EFD867986" box="[529,632,720,744]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3 to 4 mm</quantity>
|
||
after the emission of the gas through the apical pore. The structure of the pneumatophore, according to Haeckel (1888) in- cludes the pneumatocodon or outer wall of the pneumato- phore, which is separated from the inner wall, or pneu- matosac, pneumatocyst or air sac, which contains the gas gland; and the hypocystic villi (giant cells) protrude from the air sac into the pericystic space. The apical pore is closed by the stigmatis sphicter [sic] (ring muscle).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FF06FB9EFD6C7FC7" blockId="50.[166,751,586,1965]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">"The palpons (feelers or testers) are slender, cylindrical tubes, smaller than the siphons, with a thick muscular wall. They connect into the vascular trunk, and the outer end is armed with cnidocysts. The palpons are conse- quently then both sensory and protective organs.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FF06FB5FFE327E64" blockId="50.[166,751,586,1965]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">"The siphons or gastrozoids [sic] are large ... rod-shaped tubes of thick muscular wall.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FF06FABFFE4E7EC4" blockId="50.[166,751,586,1965]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">"The largest part is the stomach with the hepatic villi, and the outer opening a muscular proboscis. The opening of the mouth may be expanded in a kind of disc or sucker, divided into several lobes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FF06FA7CFD417D25" blockId="50.[166,751,586,1965]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
"The tentacle arising from the base of each gastrozoid [sic] consists of a long cylindrical tube reaching to 80 mm or more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48260FFE9FEFBF9BDFE507D24" box="[347,430,1587,1611]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
long when fully extended.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FF06F9FDFD5F7DC2" blockId="50.[166,751,586,1965]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">"The concave side of each tentillum has sensitive papil- lae, and the convex side is armed with cnidocysts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FF06F95AFEF67CC2" blockId="50.[166,751,586,1965]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">"The gonodendra are attached by a short pedicle to the periphery of the vesicular trunk, between the palpons and the siphons or gastrozoids [sic]. The gonostyle is branched, and each branch has at the end a gonopalpo [sic] and a medusoid gynophore (female gonophore) and below a bunch of roundish androphores (male gono- phores). "</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FCACFDC4FBDB7886" blockId="50.[780,1419,586,1933]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08260FFE9FCACFDC4FC4B790D" author="Haeckel, E." box="[780,949,586,611]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“The great float filled with air is ovate, and has a diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48260FFE9FCACFD1EFC6E79C6" box="[780,912,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10 to 12 mm</quantity>
|
||
. in the expanded state; in the contracted state, however, after the emission of gas through the apical pore, it represented a depressed spheroid of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48260FFE9FB30FD5EFB057986" box="[1168,1275,720,744]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3 to 4 mm</quantity>
|
||
. only. The pneumatocodon or the outer wall of the pneumatophore is separated from the inner wall, or the pneumatosaccus, by a wide cavity. This pericystic cavity opens below into the stemcavity of the siphosome, whilst it is closed above, surrounding like a ring the apical pore where both walls are connected. The distal or inferior half of the pericystic cavity is filled by the numerous finger-shaped hypocystic villi, arising in eight radial bunches from the airfunnel.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FCACFB9EFB467FC7" blockId="50.[780,1419,586,1933]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">"The palpons are slender, very movable, cylindrical tubes with a thick muscular wall. Their cavity opens at the proximal end into the vesicular trunk, whilst the closed distal end is armed with cnidocysts and a purple ocellus. Their function is not only sensory, but also protective and capturing.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FCACFB5FFCC17E64" blockId="50.[780,1419,586,1933]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">"Siphons [are] ... spindle-shaped tubes with a thick muscular wall.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FCACFABFFC697EA4" blockId="50.[780,1419,586,1933]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">"The largest part is the dilated stomach, covered inside with numerous yellow hepatic villi. The distal proboscis is very muscular; its mouth-opening may be expanded in the form of a circular suctorial disc, the margin of which is divided into sixteen lobes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FCACFA7CFC347D24" blockId="50.[780,1419,586,1933]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
"The single tentacle which arises from the base of each siphon is a long cylindrical tube, in the fully expanded state
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5B4C48260FFE9FA85F99DFA7B7D45" box="[1317,1413,1555,1579]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="100.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="80.0">80 to 120</quantity>
|
||
mm. long or more.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE9FCACF9FDFA7D7DC2" blockId="50.[780,1419,586,1933]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">"The concave ventral side of the tentilla bears sensible papillae; the convex dorsal side is armed with spherical cnidocysts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9219218260FFE8FCACF95AFCF879C5" blockId="50.[780,1419,586,1933]" lastBlockId="51.[151,1437,153,683]" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
"Gonodendra [are] attached by a short pedicle to the periphery of the vesicular trunk, between the superior palpons and the inferior siphon. The gonostyle is richly branched, and each ultimate branch ... bears a large, distal, medusiform gynophore and a bunch of club-shaped androphores with small gonopalpons scattered between them." Thus, there appeared to be no new observations in Alvariño’s description, and the only difference from that of Haeckel is that she, probably inadvertently, at one point equated the palpons with young gastrozooids.Alvariño also gave a presentation concerning this species at the Third International Conference on Coelenterate Biology, which took place in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E9D7C38261FFE8FE91FE8BFE707A71" box="[305,398,261,287]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
, B.C. in 1976. She showed some photographs of the specimen and both Dr. D.C. Biggs and myself were present and were immediately convinced that what we were seeing was a highly contracted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FABBFEA7FA627A2D" authorityName="Peron & Lesueur" authorityYear="1807" box="[1307,1436,297,323]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FABBFEA7FA627A2D" box="[1307,1436,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Thus we contend that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FE48FEC3FDB67A09" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[488,584,333,359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FE48FEC3FDB67A09" box="[488,584,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Epibulia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are merely young, highly contracted specimens of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FB46FEC3FA997A09" authorityName="Peron & Lesueur" authorityYear="1807" box="[1254,1383,333,359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FB46FEC3FA997A09" box="[1254,1383,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Rhizophysa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Because of the pink and red pigmentation and the simple, filiform nature of the tentilla, the most obvious candidate for both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08261FFE8FF70FE1BFE4F7AC1" author="Eysenhardt, K. W." box="[208,433,405,431]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="375 - 422" refId="ref64593" refString="Eysenhardt, K. W. (1821) Zur Anatomie und Naturegeschichte der Quallen. Ueber die Seeblassen. Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldin-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum, 10, 375 - 422." type="journal article" year="1821">Eysenhardt’s (1821)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FE18FE18FD9E7AC1" box="[440,608,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chamissonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FE18FE18FD9E7AC1" box="[440,608,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">E. chamissonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC64D08261FFE8FD36FE1BFC9D7ADE" author="Haeckel, E." box="[662,867,405,432]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 380" refId="ref65628" refString="Haeckel, E. (1888 b) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 28, 1 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1888">Haeckel’s (1888b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FCCAFE18FC0A7AC1" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[874,1012,406,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FCCAFE18FC0A7AC1" box="[874,1012,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">E. ritteriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FBB4FE18FB3A7AC1" box="[1044,1220,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FBB4FE18FB3E7AC1" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1859" box="[1044,1216,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">R. eysenhardtii</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However, personal observations (see below) have shown that the young gastrozooids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FC33FE34FBC47ABD" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1859" box="[915,1082,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FC33FE34FBC47ABD" box="[915,1082,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. eysenhardtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
quickly develop their tentacles, so that the sixth gastrozooid from the zone of proliferation has a well-developed one. In contrast, for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FAB5FE50FA637A99" box="[1301,1437,477,503]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FAB5FE50FA637A99" box="[1301,1437,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. filiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the first 30 developing gastrozooids have no sign of a tentacle. This again raises the question, possessed above, as to whether all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FE98FDA8FE1E7951" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1859" box="[312,480,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eysenhardtii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FE98FDA8FE1E7951" box="[312,480,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. eysenhardtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens are red and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FD45FDA8FC957951" box="[741,875,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" genus="Rhizophysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FD45FDA8FC957951" box="[741,875,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">R. filiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ones green. Nonetheless, the large number of palpons, i.e. young gastrozooids, illustrated by Haeckel for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FCAFFDC4FC67790D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[783,921,586,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Epibulia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959C5338261FFE8FCAFFDC4FC67790D" box="[783,921,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">E. ritteriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be put down to the artistic licence that Haeckel (ab)uses all too often. It is concluded that there is no reason to continue to consider the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D62A28261FFE8FAB4FDE3FA6679E9" box="[1300,1432,621,647]" family="Epibuliidae" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="family">Epibuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including its genera and species, as having any validity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |