117 lines
17 KiB
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117 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="17C6C728E2AAAA0E9A31DD2CCAF013B7" ID-CLB-Dataset="21113" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2015.1010314" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ca129d49-fcde-4104-a503-4602b3bac0e2" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001803" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1598449661740" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Rotheray, Graham & Lyszkowski, Richard" docDate="2015" docId="03F4879DFF95507A9237B7FAFE315F43" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.49.35-36.2139-2211.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 49 (35)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F.6:JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F" docStyleName="JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Meiosimyza platycephala Lauxaniidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="2169" masterDocId="FFCDFFE5FF8850659354B35BFFD15A01" masterDocTitle="Diverse mechanisms of feeding and movement in Cyclorrhaphan larvae (Diptera)" masterLastPageNumber="2211" masterPageNumber="2139" pageNumber="2168" updateTime="1698845480682" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="312321468042BE48910ADF291FE1B574">Diverse mechanisms of feeding and movement in Cyclorrhaphan larvae (Diptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9B88DC31AEB63B5F6A7ED26513F211E4" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E4E7DD2503FEBF007262D7C84E0ECC98">Rotheray, Graham</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="986801BB1A4CC605C3C211ACBA2B1294">Lyszkowski, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="4152949717111568F6BAB615B7EF32F1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="1139E682EF07D7D6F88A92E4DEC72D97">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7189B85462B5D88522604C45DFB7EA61">
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<mods:date id="EEC21610EA1134F0DD046AD3A79AC890">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="78E78260EDE12D25A9BA1EEC42BC5D6D">2015-02-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="64FB7566071A1BF93ABB6377AAFE7803">49</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3AC256AC9E3EAA9F46578FD7F8AD5E6F">35</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="39D7AF00AE1F0FFEA9A7BE8F9CC903EA" type="CLB-Dataset">21113</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4B83C3E38AA8CEEDE676E87327D1C2CB" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2015.1010314</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F4879DFF95507A9237B7FAFE315F43" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4330140" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167366655" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4330140" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4879DFF95507A9237B7FAFE315F43" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4879DFF95507A9237B7FAFE315F43" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="2169" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168">
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<subSubSection id="C3476500FF9550789237B7FAFC925ED9" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168" type="nomenclature">
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<subSection id="E2D22F60FF9550789237B7FAFCAC5EB9" box="[355,893,1184,1209]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE2368BFF9550789237B7FAFCAC5EB9" blockId="29.[355,893,1184,1241]" box="[355,893,1184,1209]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168">
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<heading id="D0AA81E7FF9550789237B7FAFCAC5EB9" box="[355,893,1184,1209]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF9550789237B7FAFCA45EB9" ID-CoL="739P4" authority="(Loew)" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[355,885,1184,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Lauxaniidae" genus="Meiosimyza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycephala">
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<emphasis id="B929EA99FF9550789237B7FAFDAC5EB8" box="[355,637,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168">Meiosimyza platycephala</emphasis>
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(Loew) (Lauxaniidae
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSection>
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<paragraph id="8BE2368BFF95507892CFB79BFC925ED9" blockId="29.[355,893,1184,1241]" box="[411,835,1216,1241]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168">
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<heading id="D0AA81E7FF95507892CFB79BFC925ED9" box="[411,835,1216,1241]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168" reason="2">
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF955078929AB79AFC925ED9" authority="(Meigen)" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" box="[462,835,1216,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Clusia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
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<emphasis id="B929EA99FF955078929AB79AFD825ED8" box="[462,595,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168">Clusia flava</emphasis>
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(Meigen) (Clusiidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3476500FF95507B93C4B65BFE205F1F" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="2169" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE2368BFF95507B93C4B65BFE205F1F" blockId="29.[144,1104,1280,1687]" lastBlockId="30.[212,1172,1159,1661]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="2169" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168">
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These larvae feed on watery biofilm coating relatively smooth substrates where access is restricted + to ++ (
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<tableCitation id="C6DF0330FF955078928BB67BFDE65F39" box="[479,567,1312,1336]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[130,188,479,501]" captionText="Table 1. Details of the 20 species of cyclorrhaphan Diptera studied in this paper, including development sites and collection details." pageId="29" pageNumber="2168">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). The oral cavity of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF9550789079B67AFC345F39" ID-CoL="739P4" baseAuthorityName="Loew" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[813,997,1312,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Lauxaniidae" genus="Meiosimyza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycephala">
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<emphasis id="B929EA99FF9550789079B67AFC345F39" box="[813,997,1312,1336]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168">M. platycephala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is closed by a fleshy bridge, its surface coated with eight transverse rows of conspicuous, upstanding, apically sclerotised seta-like projections which also cover the inflated sides of the pseudocephalon and either side of the mandibular hooks (
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<figureCitation id="13662A0EFF9550789096B6DBFF215FB9" captionStart="Figures 33" captionStartId="37.[144,220,1412,1434]" captionTargetBox="[145,1103,824,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[144,1104,824,1380]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figures 33. Meiosimyza platycephala, preserved larva, pseudocephalon; (A) lateral view; (B) ventral view, length 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001869/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168">Figures 33A and 33B</figureCitation>
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). This larva gathers food into the oral cavity by brushing with these setae (Films 1 and 15). The mandible base is narrow and elongate and the atrium is wide relative to the width of the mandibles (
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<figureCitation id="13662A0EFF9550789105B684FD115FF6" box="[593,704,1503,1527]" captionStart="Figure 34" captionStartId="38.[212,279,1415,1437]" captionTargetBox="[212,1172,168,1383]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[212,1172,168,1383]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="Figure 34. Meiosimyza platycephala, anterior end, dorsal view, still from Film 15." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001871/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168">Figure 34</figureCitation>
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). The atrium is supported dorsally by the sclerotised apex of the epipharygneal plate and cibarial ridges are present. When feeding the larva sweeps from side to side (Film 1,
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<figureCitation id="13662A0EFF9550789009B544FBDE5C36" box="[861,1039,1567,1591]" captionStart="Figures 19" captionStartId="21.[144,220,1608,1630]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,851,1576]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[144,1104,851,1576]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figures 19. Meiosimyza platycephala, sweeping on the surface of a dead leaf, stills from Film 1 of a sequence lasting 12 sec in real time. (A) Limit reached of sweeping right; (B) sweeping back to the midline; (C) sweeping left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001841/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2168">Figures 19A–C</figureCitation>
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) and lunges repeatedly; the lunge distance is fairly short and the lunge time not particularly fast or slow (
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<tableCitation id="C6DF0330FF9550789225B504FE1B5C76" box="[369,458,1631,1655]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="25.[144,202,168,190]" captionText="Table 2. Lunge times, lunge distance (as proportion of head skeleton length) and mandible and head skeleton pivot angles measured from films of the larva of 14 species of higher Cyclorrhapha (= Schizophora), x = unscorable." pageId="29" pageNumber="2168">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Throughout lunging, the mandibles are inclined and parallel, i.e. they do not elevate and only depress over the range 20–70 degrees (
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<tableCitation id="C6DF0330FF96507B9388B7DCFEE55E9E" box="[220,308,1159,1183]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="25.[144,202,168,190]" captionText="Table 2. Lunge times, lunge distance (as proportion of head skeleton length) and mandible and head skeleton pivot angles measured from films of the larva of 14 species of higher Cyclorrhapha (= Schizophora), x = unscorable." pageId="30" pageNumber="2169">Table 2</tableCitation>
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), and they do not separate by much (Film 15,
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<figureCitation id="13662A0EFF96507B9037B7DCFC025E9E" box="[867,979,1159,1183]" captionStart="Figure 34" captionStartId="38.[212,279,1415,1437]" captionTargetBox="[212,1172,168,1383]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[212,1172,168,1383]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="Figure 34. Meiosimyza platycephala, anterior end, dorsal view, still from Film 15." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001871/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="2169">Figure 34</figureCitation>
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). When feeding, the larva avoids obstacles such as prominent leaf veins. However, it crosses over such obstacles during locomotion, is able to make sharp changes in direction, such as over the edges of overhanging leaves, and by flattening its body can squeeze between adhering leaves.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF226603FF96507B9380B762FB455E4E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001853" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4001853" box="[212,1172,1081,1103]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4001853/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="2169" startId="30.[212,279,1081,1103]" targetBox="[212,1172,168,1049]" targetPageId="30">
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<paragraph id="8BE2368BFF96507B9380B762FB455E4E" blockId="30.[212,1172,1081,1103]" box="[212,1172,1081,1103]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2169">
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Figure 25.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF96507B9213B762FDC55E4F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[327,532,1081,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Calliphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vomitoria">
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<emphasis id="B929EA99FF96507B9213B762FDC55E4F" box="[327,532,1081,1102]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2169">Calliphora vomitoria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, preserved larva, pseudocephalon, ventral view, length 0.6 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C3476500FF96507A93AAB67DFE315F43" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="2170" pageId="30" pageNumber="2169" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE2368BFF96507A93AAB67DFE315F43" blockId="30.[212,1172,1159,1661]" lastBlockId="31.[144,1104,1131,1346]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="2170" pageId="30" pageNumber="2169">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D08FF96507B93AAB67DFE555F3F" box="[254,388,1318,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Clusia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
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<emphasis id="B929EA99FF96507B93AAB67DFE555F3F" box="[254,388,1318,1342]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2169">Clusia flava</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: prothorax ovoid with a flattened apex surrounded by sensilla with antennae and maxillary organs almost flat to the surface (
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<figureCitation id="13662A0EFF96507B90F7B61DFB985F5F" box="[931,1097,1350,1374]" captionStart-0="Figure 35" captionStart-1="Figure 36" captionStart-2="Figure 37" captionStartId-0="39.[144,211,589,611]" captionStartId-1="39.[144,211,1424,1446]" captionStartId-2="40.[212,279,1181,1203]" captionTargetBox-0="[144,1104,168,557]" captionTargetBox-1="[144,1104,699,1392]" captionTargetBox-2="[212,1172,168,1149]" captionTargetId-0="figure@39.[144,1104,168,557]" captionTargetId-1="figure@39.[144,1104,699,1392]" captionTargetId-2="figure@40.[212,1172,168,1149]" captionTargetPageId-0="39" captionTargetPageId-1="39" captionTargetPageId-2="40" captionText-0="Figure 35. Clusia flava, preserved larva, lateral view, head to the right, length 8.7 mm." captionText-1="Figure 36. Clusia flava, thorax, position at maximum forward extension, dorsal view, still from Film 15." captionText-2="Figure 37. Clusia flava, prothorax, apical view still from Film 15." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001873" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001875" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001877" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4001873/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4001875/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4001877/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="2169">Figures 35–37</figureCitation>
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). The centre of this apex leads to the inverted pseudocephalon from which project the tips of the lightly sclerotised mandibular hooks. This larva feeds by spot-sucking watery biofilm coated and soaked into soft, decayed, annual layers of sapwood of dead trees and branches (
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<tableCitation id="C6DF0330FF96507B915DB69EFDB55FDC" box="[521,612,1477,1501]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[130,188,479,501]" captionText="Table 1. Details of the 20 species of cyclorrhaphan Diptera studied in this paper, including development sites and collection details." pageId="30" pageNumber="2169">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). Apart from the mandibular hooks, the head skeleton lacks sclerotisation, is translucent and short (
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<tableCitation id="C6DF0330FF96507B9013B6BEFC4E5FFC" box="[839,927,1509,1533]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="28.[130,188,521,543]" captionText="Table 3. Body measurements and proportional lengths taken from larvae of 16 species of higher Cyclorrhapha (= Schizophora) that were preserved after filming, x = unscorable for C. flava due to fusion between the basal and intermediate sclerites (summed length of both sclerites reported under column headed ‘Basal sclerite length’)." pageId="30" pageNumber="2169">Table 3</tableCitation>
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). Like the pseudocephalon, it is fixed in an inverted position and does not protract or retract. The intermediate sclerite is fused to the basal sclerite, and cibarial ridges and dental sclerite are absent. Unusually, the anterior and ventral margins of the mesothorax and metathorax are coated in spicules; spicules also coat much of the ventral and dorsal margins of the rear body compartment. Apart from an inverted head skeleton, this larva is remarkable for its slow movement and highly flexible, middle body compartment (Film 16). The middle body compartment can twist from side to side, rotate 360 degrees, and each segment can collapse and fold into the one behind. Feeding lunges consist of the middle compartment bending down and the apex of the prothorax being placed on to the substrate and remaining in this position for up to 4 minutes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |