515 lines
61 KiB
XML
515 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document id="478CA58B332C226B490B9A65FE211681" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.283009" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6ba5b491-99e6-439b-a4e3-6f25c18174e7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="283009" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460559146004" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Van, Alex R. & May, Bernie" docDate="2012" docId="03F4878DFFFEAE5107BEFAFB004980A4" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03573p039.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3573" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Dactylopius gracilipilus Van & May, 2012, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="FFCDFFF5FFFCAE540729FF9B05168404" masterDocTitle="A new species of Dactylopius Costa (Dactylopius gracilipilus sp. nov.) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae) from the Chihuahuan Desert, Texas, U. S. A." masterLastPageNumber="39" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1698319923535" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="72E3B2CE7D77D699F54B519D90EEFE54" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="99A799081B60F7D3C31B4F06E6546943">
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<mods:title id="11F619EF814EEC0F51553968B763928A">A new species of Dactylopius Costa (Dactylopius gracilipilus sp. nov.) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae) from the Chihuahuan Desert, Texas, U. S. A.</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9670E0C6895D18A252C5437385BED909" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="EE60EAA458E069412ED67DFF2CF4D24E">Van, Alex R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="2F31A0F730B4BE74EC1513026EDBAFB8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D39C51EA5D642B44259926383C9FCDFB">May, Bernie</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="41CC4B610018DF84B7F5A86601161037">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="33D4CD6E21F464FB00D040C5AF121657">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="52BB78AA0E4FC3680CB2EC290FB795B5">
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<mods:date id="0FD6C1A93932C747A8D771E2E69BB789">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="D166FFEDCDBDF23390C87F7BCC134762" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F996AA9DEEAD45F35F9C8EBC136F98B0">3573</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="8BDB0DE21A218554EB5423B7548E01D2">33</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="E66AAA2C91D7C54323458E403910F5DA">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F8AF016864977B586C91F5A426A630D5" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.283009</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4C76E3F456A0CACB9C8746BEE8D0459F" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F4878DFFFEAE5107BEFAFB004980A4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6169450" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119556481" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6169450" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4878DFFFEAE5107BEFAFB004980A4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4878DFFFEAE5107BEFAFB004980A4" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
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<subSubSection id="C3476510FFFEAE5607BEFAFB0439819F" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFFEAE5607BEFAFB070D817E" blockId="2.[151,539,1376,1435]" box="[151,539,1376,1402]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
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<heading id="D0AA81F7FFFEAE5607BEFAFB070D817E" bold="true" box="[151,539,1376,1402]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE5607BEFAFB070D817E" bold="true" box="[151,539,1376,1402]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFEAE5607BEFAFB04A0817E" box="[151,438,1376,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipilus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE5607BEFAFB04A0817E" bold="true" box="[151,438,1376,1402]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Dactylopius gracilipilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21A57F2FFFEAE560694FAFB070D817E" box="[445,539,1376,1402]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFFEAE5607BEFA180439819F" blockId="2.[151,539,1376,1435]" box="[151,303,1411,1435]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13662A1EFFFEAE5607B7FA180430819F" box="[158,294,1411,1435]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURES 2 – 4" captionStartId-0="1.[151,249,1886,1909]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,263,1532,1555]" captionTargetBox-0="[194,1387,184,1869]" captionTargetBox-1="[279,1304,198,1496]" captionTargetId-0="figure@1.[190,1395,173,1874]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[272,1315,193,1511]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Dactylopius gracilipilus sp. nov. adult female, where Ant = antennae, Lab = labium, Met. Leg = metathoracic leg, pt = prothorax, ms = mesothorax, mt = metathorax, I – IX = abdominal segments, A = large stout truncate setae with parallel sides (shown in gray), B = smaller truncate setae with parallel sides (shown in gray), C = truncate setae with sides tapering towards apex, D = hair-like setae, E = wide-rimmed quinquelocular pore cluster, F = narrow-rimmed quinquelocular pore, G = macrotubular duct, and H = simple pore." captionText-1="FIGURES 2 – 4. Plants of Corynopuntia schottii species complex infested with Dactylopius gracilipilus sp. nov. A rrows in Figs 2 and 3, indicate D. gracilipilus locations: Fig. 2 on C. schottii, Fig. 3 on C. aggeria, and Fig. 4 showing desert pavement habitat with C. schottii plants in foreground." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/283010/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/283011/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Figures 1–4</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3476510FFFEAE5007BEFA5101218270" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFFEAE5607BEFA510699822F" blockId="2.[151,1436,1482,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE5607BEFA51049A81E7" bold="true" box="[151,396,1482,1507]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Material Examined.</emphasis>
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All specimens are adult females, and deposited in
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<collectingCountry id="F34A760BFFFEAE5604DBFA50010F81E7" box="[1010,1049,1483,1507]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">UC</collectingCountry>
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Davis, R.M. Bohart Museum of Entomology,
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<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE560606FA7404B58203" bold="true" box="[303,419,1519,1543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
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<typeStatus id="54E68839FFFEAE560606FA74048B8203" box="[303,413,1519,1543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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,
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</emphasis>
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(1adf)
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<collectingCountry id="F34A760BFFFEAE5606D0FA7407228203" box="[505,564,1519,1543]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">USA</collectingCountry>
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, Texas, Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE69505CFFFEAE560373FA7401FF8203" box="[1114,1257,1519,1543]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" precision="1" value="29.134483">N29º08.069’</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE69505CFFFEAE5603DBFA7400818203" box="[1266,1431,1519,1543]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" precision="1" value="-103.03892">W103º02.335’</geoCoordinate>
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, host-plant
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFEAE560627F98F0714822F" box="[270,514,1555,1579]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schottii">
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<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE560627F98F0714822F" box="[270,514,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Corynopuntia schottii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<date id="FFE3105BFFFEAE560539F9880789822F" box="[528,671,1555,1579]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" value="2009-08-30">30-viii-2009</date>
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, coll. A.R. Van Dam.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFFEAE5607EEF9AC00568323" blockId="2.[151,1436,1482,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE5607EEF9AC0453824B" bold="true" box="[199,325,1591,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
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<typeStatus id="54E68839FFFEAE5607EEF9AC0457824B" box="[199,321,1591,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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,
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</emphasis>
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(2adff)
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<collectingCountry id="F34A760BFFFEAE560681F9AC04F2824B" box="[424,484,1591,1615]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">USA</collectingCountry>
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: Texas, Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE69505CFFFEAE56033FF9AC01B2824B" box="[1046,1188,1591,1615]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" precision="1" value="29.192833">N29º11.570’</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE69505CFFFEAE560386F9AC0043824B" box="[1199,1365,1591,1615]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" precision="1" value="-103.02303">W103º01.382’</geoCoordinate>
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, hostplant
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFEAE5607F1F9C7045B8277" box="[216,333,1627,1651]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schottii">
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<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE5607F1F9C7045B8277" box="[216,333,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">C. schottii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<date id="FFE3105BFFFEAE560674F9C004FA8277" box="[349,492,1627,1651]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" value="2009-08-31">31-viii-2009</date>
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, coll. A.R. Van Dam. (2adff)
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<collectingCountry id="F34A760BFFFEAE56046AF9C006688277" box="[835,894,1627,1651]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">USA</collectingCountry>
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, Texas, Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE69505CFFFEAE5607BEF9E404308293" box="[151,294,1663,1687]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" precision="1" value="29.162884">N29º09.773’</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE69505CFFFEAE56061CF9E404CD8293" box="[309,475,1663,1687]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" precision="1" value="-103.00923">W103º00.554’</geoCoordinate>
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, host-plant
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFEAE560544F91B07FE8293" box="[621,744,1663,1687]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schottii">
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<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE560544F91B07FE8293" box="[621,744,1663,1687]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">C. schottii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<date id="FFE3105BFFFEAE5605D7F9E4069B8293" box="[766,909,1663,1687]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" value="2009-08-30">30-viii-2009</date>
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, coll. A.R. Van Dam. (2adff)
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<collectingCountry id="F34A760BFFFEAE56022FF9E400578293" box="[1286,1345,1663,1687]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">USA</collectingCountry>
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, Texas, Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE69505CFFFEAE560571F93807F182BF" box="[600,743,1699,1723]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" precision="1" value="29.149183">N29º08.951’</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE69505CFFFEAE5605C6F938068282BF" box="[751,916,1699,1723]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" precision="1" value="-103.00719">W103º00.431’</geoCoordinate>
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, host-pant
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFEAE560338F93F019282BF" box="[1041,1156,1699,1723]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schottii">
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<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE560338F93F019282BF" box="[1041,1156,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">C. schottii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<date id="FFE3105BFFFEAE5603BAF938003482BF" box="[1171,1314,1699,1723]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" value="2009-08-30">30-viii-2009</date>
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, coll. A.R. Van Dam. (1adf)
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<collectingCountry id="F34A760BFFFEAE560676F95C048C82DB" box="[351,410,1735,1759]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">USA</collectingCountry>
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, Texas, Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE69505CFFFEAE560497F95C015B82DB" box="[958,1101,1735,1759]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" precision="1" value="29.134483">N29º08.069’</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE69505CFFFEAE56037FF95C01EA82DB" box="[1110,1276,1735,1759]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" precision="1" value="-103.03892">W103º02.335’</geoCoordinate>
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, host-plant
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFEAE5602ABF95307778307" authority="(Ralston & Hilsenbeck) Griffith." authorityName="(Ralston & Hilsenbeck) Griffith." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aggeria">
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<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE5602ABF95305F88307" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">C. aggeria</emphasis>
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(Ralston & Hilsenbeck) Griffith.
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||
</taxonomicName>
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<date id="FFE3105BFFFEAE56054EF97007E08307" box="[615,758,1771,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" value="2009-08-30">30-viii-2009</date>
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||
, coll. A.R. Van Dam. (7adff)
|
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<collectingCountry id="F34A760BFFFEAE560317F970016F8307" box="[1086,1145,1771,1795]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">USA</collectingCountry>
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, Texas, Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE69505CFFFEAE5606ABF89407078323" box="[386,529,1807,1831]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" precision="1" value="29.074984">N29º04.499’</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE69505CFFFEAE560531F89407A88323" box="[536,702,1807,1831]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" precision="1" value="-103.10488">W103º06.293’</geoCoordinate>
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, host-plant
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFEAE560469F88B06A58323" box="[832,947,1807,1831]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schottii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE560469F88B06A58323" box="[832,947,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">C. schottii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFE3105BFFFEAE5604E8F89401468323" box="[961,1104,1807,1831]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" value="2009-08-30">30-viii-2009</date>
|
||
, coll. A.R. Van Dam.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFFEAE5607EEF8A9076783B3" blockId="2.[151,1436,1482,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE5607EEF8A90705834F" bold="true" box="[199,531,1842,1867]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Description. Live material.</emphasis>
|
||
Collected from cladodes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFEAE560446F8AF017C834F" box="[879,1130,1843,1867]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schottii">
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||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE560446F8AF017C834F" box="[879,1130,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Corynopuntia schottii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B6AFFFEAE5603D0F8A80081834F" author="Benson" box="[1273,1431,1843,1867]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Benson, L. (1982) The cacti of the United States and Canada. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1044 pp. Chavez-Moreno, C. K., Tecante, A. & Casas, A. (2009) The Opuntia (Cactaceae) and Dactylopius (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) in Mexico: a historical perspective of use, interaction and distribution. Biodiversity and Conservation, 18, 3337 - 3355. Chavez-Moreno, C. K., Tecante, A., Casas, A. & Claps L. E. (2011) Distribution and habitat in Mexico of Dactylopius Costa (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) and their cacti hosts (Cactaceae: Opuntioideae). Neotropical Entomology, 40, 62 - 71. Claps, L. E. & de Haro, M. E. (2001) Coccoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) associated with Cactaceae in Argentina. Journal of the Professional Association for the Cactus Development. 4, 77 - 83." type="book chapter" year="1982">Benson 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B6AFFFEAE5607BEF8CC04C5836B" author="Ralston" box="[151,467,1879,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Ralston, B. E. & Hilsenbeck, R. A. (1992) Opuntia densispina (Cactaceae): a new club cholla from the Big Bend region of Texas. Madrono, 39, 281 - 284." type="journal article" year="1992">Ralston & Hilsenbeck 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B6AFFFEAE5606C9F8CC0761836B" author="Griffith" box="[480,631,1879,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Griffith, M. P. (2002) Grusonia pulchella classification and its impacts on the genus Grusonia: morpholological and molecular evidence. Haseltonia, 9, 86 - 93." type="journal article" year="2002">Griffith 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (figs. 2–4). Superficially similar to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFEAE560373F8CC01F7836B" box="[1114,1249,1879,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE560373F8CC01F7836B" box="[1114,1249,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Dactylopius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(save
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFEAE560205F8C3008A836B" box="[1324,1436,1880,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coccus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE560205F8C3008A836B" box="[1324,1436,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">D. coccus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFEAE56069BF8E707BA8397" authority="Green" authorityName="Green" box="[434,684,1915,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFEAE56069BF8E7075C8397" box="[434,586,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">D. ceylonicus</emphasis>
|
||
(Green)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pers. obs.) with typical dense waxy secretions (figs. 2 & 3). Some infestations contained many male puparia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFFEAE5607EEF858047483DF" blockId="2.[151,1436,1482,2011]" box="[199,354,1987,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Adult female.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF226613FFFFAE5707BEFA67074E824B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/283011/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" targetBox="[279,1304,198,1496]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFFFAE5707BEFA67074E824B" blockId="3.[151,1436,1532,1615]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFFAE5707BEFA67042D8216" bold="true" box="[151,315,1532,1555]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">FIGURES 2–4.</emphasis>
|
||
Plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFFAE570681FA66079E8216" box="[424,648,1532,1554]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schottii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFFAE570681FA66079E8216" box="[424,648,1532,1554]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Corynopuntia schottii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex infested with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFFAE5704F9FA6701DE8216" box="[976,1224,1532,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFFAE5704F9FA6701DE8216" box="[976,1224,1532,1554]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Dactylopius gracilipilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFFAE5703F9FA6600508215" bold="true" box="[1232,1350,1532,1554]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21A57F2FFFFAE5703F9FA6600348216" box="[1232,1314,1533,1554]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
rrows in Figs 2 and 3, indicate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFFAE57065EF987071D8235" box="[375,523,1563,1585]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFFAE57065EF987071D8235" box="[375,523,1563,1585]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">D. gracilipilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
locations: Fig. 2 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFFAE5705F4F98706508235" box="[733,838,1563,1585]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schottii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFFAE5705F4F98706508235" box="[733,838,1563,1585]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">C. schottii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Fig. 3 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFFAE57049DF98701098235" box="[948,1055,1564,1585]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aggeria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFFAE57049DF98701098235" box="[948,1055,1564,1585]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">C. aggeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Fig. 4 showing desert pavement habitat with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFFFAE57063CF9A10468824B" box="[277,382,1593,1615]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schottii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFFAE57063CF9A10468824B" box="[277,382,1593,1615]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">C. schottii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants in foreground.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFFFAE5707EEF9E604C982D8" blockId="3.[151,1437,1660,2008]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFFFAE5707EEF9E604BB8291" bold="true" box="[199,429,1660,1685]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Mounted Material.</emphasis>
|
||
Body oval, length each
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B7EFFFFAE5705E7F9E7067A8290" box="[718,876,1660,1684]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.395" metricValueMax="2.84" metricValueMin="1.95" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="2.395" valueMax="2.84" valueMin="1.95">1.95–2.84mm</quantity>
|
||
, widest point of metathorax each
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B7EFFFFAE5703D0F9E7008F8290" box="[1273,1433,1660,1684]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.38" metricValueMin="1.12" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.38" valueMin="1.12">1.12–2.38mm</quantity>
|
||
. Segmentation distinct on meso- and metathorax, and abdomen. Abdominal segmentation in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A1EFFFFAE57038CF93B01FE82BC" box="[1189,1256,1696,1720]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1886,1909]" captionTargetBox="[194,1387,184,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[190,1395,173,1874]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dactylopius gracilipilus sp. nov. adult female, where Ant = antennae, Lab = labium, Met. Leg = metathoracic leg, pt = prothorax, ms = mesothorax, mt = metathorax, I – IX = abdominal segments, A = large stout truncate setae with parallel sides (shown in gray), B = smaller truncate setae with parallel sides (shown in gray), C = truncate setae with sides tapering towards apex, D = hair-like setae, E = wide-rimmed quinquelocular pore cluster, F = narrow-rimmed quinquelocular pore, G = macrotubular duct, and H = simple pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/283010/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
numbered as in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B6AFFFFAE5707BEF95F04CA82D8" author="Williams" box="[151,476,1732,1756]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Williams, D. J. & Watson G. W. (1987) The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific region part 2 the mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). C. A. B. International, Oxon, Wallingford, 260 pp." type="book" year="1987">Williams and Watson (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFFFAE5707EEF97205C083DC" blockId="3.[151,1437,1660,2008]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Antennae six or seven segmented (six segmented in
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68839FFFFAE570431F97306928304" box="[792,900,1768,1792]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
; segments III and IV fused or partially fused in 10 out of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5BFD12FFFFAE57062CF89704B48320" box="[261,418,1804,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="generic">15 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
); total length 138–197µm. Segment I each 50–82µm wide, 29–62µm long with three hairlike setae;
|
||
<date id="FFE3105BFFFFAE570638F8AA0464834C" box="[273,370,1840,1864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" value="1947-02-30">II 30–47</date>
|
||
µm wide, 7–17µm long, with two hair-like setae and one sensorial pit;
|
||
<date id="FFE3105BFFFFAE5703BFF8AA01C0834C" box="[1174,1238,1840,1864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" value="1932-03">III 32</date>
|
||
–43µm wide, 11– 18µm long, [when fused,
|
||
<date id="FFE3105BFFFFAE570692F8CE07318368" box="[443,551,1876,1900]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" value="1935-04-22">IV 22–35</date>
|
||
µm long];
|
||
<date id="FFE3105BFFFFAE5705B7F8CE061D8368" box="[670,779,1876,1900]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" value="1934-04-30">IV 30–34</date>
|
||
µm wide, 11–16µm long, with two hair-like setae and two sensorial pits;
|
||
<date id="FFE3105BFFFFAE570611F8E2048F8394" box="[312,409,1912,1936]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" value="1921-05-31">V 21–31</date>
|
||
µm wide, 9–15µm long, with one fleshy seta;
|
||
<date id="FFE3105BFFFFAE5704B4F8E2011E8394" box="[925,1032,1912,1936]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" value="1920-06-28">VI 20–28</date>
|
||
µm wide, 10–18µm long, with three hair-like setae and one fleshy seta;
|
||
<date id="FFE3105BFFFFAE570506F80607B383B0" box="[559,677,1948,1972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" value="1919-07-23">VII 19–23</date>
|
||
µm wide, 25–34µm long, with four hair-like setae and five fleshy setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF8AE5007EEFF0C06578518" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Tentorial box 219–275µm wide, 214–283µm long, pentagonal, heavily sclerotized. Labium three segmented, 92–169µm wide, 107–155µm long, triangular in shape. Segment I with two pairs of hair-like setae; II with a single pair of hair-like seta on a paddle-shaped projection between segment II and III; apical segment with six pairs of setae, most apical two pairs stout and fleshy, others hair-like.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF8AE5007EEFEBC014E8583" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Spiracles all with a smooth opening, lacking jagged edges, appearing oval, with an inner projection; anterior atrium 47–60µm wide, with 2–7 narrow-rimmed quinquelocular pores and 1 or 2 hair-like setae; posterior spiracle with atrium 43–66µm wide, with 1 or 2 hair-like setae and 2–7 narrow-rimmed pores.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF8AE5007EEFE0E07E18613" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Legs not reduced, typical of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF8AE50056FFE0F07DB85A8" box="[582,717,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE50056FFE0F07DB85A8" box="[582,717,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Dactylopius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., each 310–450µm long, increasing in size posteriorly; each tarsus and claw with two digitules, knobbed at apex, tarsal digitules 37.5–57µm long, ungual digitules 24–41µm long; tarsal claw each with a minute denticle near apex; legs situated on small fleshy lobes, each with 0-2 hair-like setae and 1 or 2 narrow-rimmed quinquelocular pores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF8AE5007EEFDBF008A86C8" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE5007EEFDBF04398638" bold="true" box="[199,303,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Dorsum.</emphasis>
|
||
Hair-like setae, each 3.75–7.5µm wide at basal collar, 10–30µm long, smallest on head increasing in size posteriorly towards abdominal segment X; setae scattered anteriorly on head, and prothorax; abdominal segments I–VII, with only 1 or 2 present along margins; abdominal segment VIII with 1 or 2 larger hair-like setae (each approximately 30µm long) near midline and with a single seta submedially; an additional pair present between the margin and submedial setae; abdominal segment IX with a hair-like seta on either side of midline only.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF8AE5007EEFD4204138078" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Truncate setae of two distinct
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68839FFF8AE50053FFD42074386F5" box="[534,597,729,753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">types</typeStatus>
|
||
: (i) setae with parallel sides and (ii) setae with sides tapering towards apex.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68839FFF8AE5007BEFD6605D98711" box="[151,207,765,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
(i) truncate setae (shown in gray in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A1EFFF8AE500549FD67078D8710" box="[608,667,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1886,1909]" captionTargetBox="[194,1387,184,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[190,1395,173,1874]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dactylopius gracilipilus sp. nov. adult female, where Ant = antennae, Lab = labium, Met. Leg = metathoracic leg, pt = prothorax, ms = mesothorax, mt = metathorax, I – IX = abdominal segments, A = large stout truncate setae with parallel sides (shown in gray), B = smaller truncate setae with parallel sides (shown in gray), C = truncate setae with sides tapering towards apex, D = hair-like setae, E = wide-rimmed quinquelocular pore cluster, F = narrow-rimmed quinquelocular pore, G = macrotubular duct, and H = simple pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/283010/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Fig.1</figureCitation>
|
||
) with parallel sides, each 7.5–10µm wide at basal collar, 10–27.5µm long, smallest on head and increasing in size posteriorly; scattered on head and prothorax, but in two longitudinal lines medially and in indistinct submedial lines from mesothorax to abdominal segment VII (that medially on VII wider than all other
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68839FFF8AE5006ABFCF204A48785" box="[386,434,873,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(i) setae, each 12.5–17.5µm wide at basal collar by 20–22.5µm long) plus 1-4
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68839FFF8AE500261FCF2006E8785" box="[1352,1400,873,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(i) setae near margins on mesothorax and abdominal segments I-VII; abdominal segment VIII with 1 or 2
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68839FFF8AE50026EFC16006187A1" box="[1351,1399,909,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(i) setae on either side of midline, but not submedially; abdominal segment IX with a single
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68839FFF8AE500397FC2A01F887CD" box="[1214,1262,945,969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(i) seta nearly adjacent to either side of midline with 2–3 more scattered near margin.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68839FFF8AE500497FC4E06E087E9" box="[958,1014,981,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
(ii) setae with sides tapering towards apex, each 5–10µm wide at basal collar, 10–31µm long, smallest on head, increasing in size posteriorly; present in a scattered pattern across head and prothorax, but in distinct transverse bands on meso- and metathorax and all abdominal segments; abdominal segment VII with 1 or 2 near midline; present in clusters of 3-9 on margins of abdomen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF8AE5007EEFB1C07EF80C1" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Simple pores each 3µm wide, abundant, scattered across dorsal surface, mainly in indistinct transverse bands on meso- and metathorax and all abdominal segments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF8AE5007EEFB5404138150" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Wide-rimmed quinquelocular pores present mostly in clusters of 2–5 across head and prothorax, but with larger clusters of
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B7EFFF8AE500649FB6F04A18108" box="[352,439,1268,1292]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" metricValueMax="5.334" metricValueMin="1.27" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" unit="in" value="13.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="5.0">5–21 in</quantity>
|
||
distinct transverse bands on meso- and metathorax and all abdominal segments except only present singly or in clusters of 2 or
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B7EFFF8AE500574FA8C079E812B" box="[605,648,1303,1327]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
abdominal segment VIII; larger clusters tending to be near margins of abdomen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF8AE5007EEFAFB01218270" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE5007EEFAFB040F817C" bold="true" box="[199,281,1376,1400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Venter.</emphasis>
|
||
Eyespots each 43–59µm wide, 30–47µm long. Hair-like setae, each 5–7.5µm wide at basal collar 12.5–22.5µm long, smallest on head increasing in size posteriorly; setae tending to be scattered across medial surface of head and thorax but forming indistinct transverse bands across venter of abdominal segments. Narrowrimmed quinquelocular pores present in dense bands on abdominal segments IV–VIII but fewer on abdominal segments II and III and segment I with only 2 narrow rimmed pores close to midline and with a group near margin on II; also present just posterior and anterior to each spiracle. Macrotubular ducts scattered across head through to abdominal segment VII, tending to form transverse bands from mesothorax through abdominal segment VII but with fewer on abdominal segments IV–VI, and absent on abdominal segment VIII.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3476510FFF8AE5007EEF91B005D836B" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF8AE5007EEF91B06D782B8" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE5007EEF91B0458829C" bold="true" box="[199,334,1664,1688]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF8AE50050BF91B07B5829C" box="[546,675,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE50050BF91B07B5829C" box="[546,675,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">gracilipilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is composed of
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE500472F91B06B0829C" box="[859,934,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">gracili</emphasis>
|
||
(Latin) = gracile or slender and
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE500238F91B005E829C" box="[1297,1352,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">pilus</emphasis>
|
||
(Latin) = hair, the name referring to gracile truncate setae that adorn its dorsum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF8AE5007EEF95C005D836B" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE5007EEF95C04A482E4" bold="true" box="[199,434,1735,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Diagnostic features.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF8AE500690F95307D182E4" box="[441,711,1736,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE500690F95307D182E4" box="[441,711,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Dactylopius gracilipilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE5005E7F953063182E4" bold="true" box="[718,807,1736,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21A57F2FFF8AE5005E7F953063182E4" box="[718,807,1736,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is most similar in appearance to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF8AE5003BDF952002282E4" box="[1172,1332,1737,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE5003BDF952002282E4" box="[1172,1332,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but they are easily distinguish by (character-states on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF8AE500588F97606538300" box="[673,837,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE500588F97606538300" box="[673,837,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in brackets): (i) presence of abundant simple pores (absent or rare), (ii) clusters of wide-rimmed quinquelocular pores with10 or more pores abundant (large clusters of wide-rimmed pores uncommon), and (iii) truncate setae with parallel sides forming medial longitudinal rows, each seta 1.5–2 times as long as wide (setae in medial longitudinal row each less than 1.5 times as long as wide).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3476510FFF8AE5107EEF8E7004980A4" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF8AE5107EEF8E707E78518" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2012]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,1185]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE5007EEF8E7042D8390" bold="true" box="[199,315,1916,1940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF8AE500656F8E607348390" box="[383,546,1916,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE500656F8E607348390" box="[383,546,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">D. gracilipilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF8AE500571F8E607EE8390" box="[600,760,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE500571F8E607EE8390" box="[600,760,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infest members of the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF8AE50031DF8E701E08390" box="[1076,1270,1916,1940]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Cylindropuntieae">Cylindropuntieae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE5003D4F8E6002D8390" box="[1277,1339,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B6AFFF8AE50026AF8E7047083BC" author="Wallace" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Wallace, R. S. & Dickie, S. L. (2002) Systematic implications of chloroplast DNA sequence variation in subfam. Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). Succulent Plant Research, 6, 9 - 24." type="journal article" year="2002">Wallace and Dickie (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF8AE50065FF83B04F883BC" box="[374,494,1952,1976]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cactaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This might suggest a close affinity between these two species but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF8AE5003DEF83A008A83BC" box="[1271,1436,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE5003DEF83A008A83BC" box="[1271,1436,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">D. gracilipilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be restricted to
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE5006EEF85E077F83D8" box="[455,617,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF8AE5006EEF85E077383D8" box="[455,613,1989,2012]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Corynopuntia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF8AE5005FEF85E066F83D8" box="[727,889,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE5005FEF85E066F83D8" box="[727,889,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has always been found on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF8AE50039DF85F004883D8" box="[1204,1374,1988,2012]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Cylindropuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF8AE50039DF85F004883D8" box="[1204,1374,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Cylindropuntia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., even when
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE51063EFF0304A584AB" box="[279,435,152,175]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE51063EFF0304A584AB" box="[279,435,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Corynopuntia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants are growing about a meter away and are infested with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE51034CFF02001F84B4" box="[1125,1289,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE51034CFF02001F84B4" box="[1125,1289,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. gracilipilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Only a very small portion of desert pavement habitat containing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE5105F4FF26066F84D0" box="[733,889,189,212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE5105F4FF26066F84D0" box="[733,889,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Corynopuntia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been explored for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE510351FF2701E984D0" box="[1144,1279,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE510351FF2701E984D0" box="[1144,1279,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Dactylopius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so there may be other localities in the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, and Mojave Deserts where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE51031FFF7A01F484FC" box="[1078,1250,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE51031FFF7A01F484FC" box="[1078,1250,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. gracilipilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or even other undiscovered species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE510680FE9F07268518" box="[425,560,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE510680FE9F07268518" box="[425,560,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Dactylopius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, might be found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF9AE5107EEFEBC07048638" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B6AFFF9AE5107EEFEBC04AF853B" author="Mathenge" box="[199,441,295,320]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" refString="Mathenge, C. W., Holford, P., Hoffmann, J. H., Zimmermann, H. G., Spooner-Hart, R. & Beattie, G. A. (2009) Distinguishing suitable biotypes of Dactylopius tomentosus (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) for biological control of Cylindropuntia fulgida var. fulgida (Caryophyllaes: Cactaceae) in South Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 99, 619 - 627." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Mathenge
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE510616FEB204648544" box="[319,370,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that, under the conditions of their study, collections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE5103B8FEB200248544" box="[1169,1330,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE5103B8FEB200248544" box="[1169,1330,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be transferred to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE5106AAFED7073B8560" box="[387,557,332,356]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Cylindropuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE5106AAFED7073B8560" box="[387,557,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Cylindropuntia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. These authors found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE51048AFED6015F8560" box="[931,1097,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE51048AFED6015F8560" box="[931,1097,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collections from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE510235FED604E48583" authority="(Engelm.) F.M. Knuth" authorityName="(Engelm.) F.M. Knuth" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Cylindropuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="fulgida" subSpecies="fulgida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE510235FED605F0858C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Cy. fulgida fulgida</emphasis>
|
||
(Engelm.) F.M. Knuth
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
performed poorly on the host-plant species on which they were not native, and proposed a ‘red queen’ or ‘new association’
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68839FFF9AE510592FE0E07FD85A9" box="[699,747,405,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
|
||
hypothesis for their poor performance (Van Valen 1973;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B6AFFF9AE5107BEFE2C04C085CB" author="Hokkanen" box="[151,470,439,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" refString="Hokkanen, H. M. T. & Pimentel, D. (1984) New approach for selecting biological control agents. Canadian Entomologist, 116, 1109 - 1121." type="journal article" year="1984">Hokkanen & Pimentel 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B6AFFF9AE5106CBFE2C070885CB" author="Hokkanen" box="[482,542,439,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" refString="Hokkanen, H. M. T. & Pimentel, D. (1989) New associations in biological control: theory and practice. Canadian Entomologist, 121, 829 - 840." type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, they hypothesized that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE5104FBFE2301B285D4" box="[978,1188,440,464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Cylindropuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="fulgida" subSpecies="fulgida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE5104FBFE2301B285D4" box="[978,1188,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Cy. fulgida fulgida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants have no innate immunity to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE510602FE4604DB85F0" box="[299,461,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE510602FE4604DB85F0" box="[299,461,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
biotypes originally collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE51046CFE4606C985F0" box="[837,991,476,500]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Cylindropuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="imbricata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE51046CFE4606C985F0" box="[837,991,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Cy. imbricata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(DC.) F. Knuth and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE5103E4FE4604978613" authority="(F.A.C. Webber) F.M. Knuth" authorityName="(F.A.C. Webber) F.M. Knuth" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Cylindropuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cholla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE5103E4FE46005685F0" box="[1229,1344,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Cy. cholla</emphasis>
|
||
(F.A.C. Webber) F.M. Knuth
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which they used to explain the superior performance of biotypes collected from the latter two host plants on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE510610FDBE071C8638" box="[313,522,548,572]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Cylindropuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="fulgida" subSpecies="fulgida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE510610FDBE071C8638" box="[313,522,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Cy. fulgida fulgida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF9AE5107EEFDDC071C8710" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
There are many alternative host-plant specificity hypotheses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B6AFFF9AE51045FFDDC06FD865B" author="Janz" box="[886,1003,583,607]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" refString="Janz, N. (2011) Ehrlich and Raven Revisited: Mechanisms Underlying Codiversification of Plants and Enemies. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 47, 71 - 89." type="journal article" year="2011">Janz 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hypotheses incorporating population genetic theory (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B6AFFF9AE510660FDF707618680" author="Normark" box="[329,631,620,644]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" refString="Normark, B. & Johnson, N. A. (2011) Niche explosion. Genetica, 139, 551 - 564." type="journal article" year="2011">Normark & Johnson 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggest that, overtime, isolated populations accumulate mutations on detoxification genes for host-plants that do not occur in their isolated range. This is considered to be a plausible alternative hypothesis for the formation of biotypes, as it would also explain why isolated populations from different biotypes collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A760BFFF9AE5106D3FD4C074686EB" box="[506,592,727,751]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE51054DFD42061186F4" box="[612,775,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE51054DFD42061186F4" box="[612,775,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
‘tunicata’ and ‘rosea’ biotypes) had such poor ability to reproduce on
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE510618FD66071C8710" box="[305,522,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE510618FD6607108710" box="[305,518,764,788]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Cylindropuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="fulgida" subSpecies="fulgida">Cy. fulgida fulgida</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2369BFFF9AE5107EEFC84004980A4" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Evidence presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B6AFFF9AE5106FBFC8407D08733" author="Mathenge" box="[466,710,799,824]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" refString="Mathenge, C. W., Holford, P., Hoffmann, J. H., Zimmermann, H. G., Spooner-Hart, R. & Beattie, G. A. (2009) Distinguishing suitable biotypes of Dactylopius tomentosus (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) for biological control of Cylindropuntia fulgida var. fulgida (Caryophyllaes: Cactaceae) in South Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 99, 619 - 627." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Mathenge
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE510562FCBA0768873C" box="[587,638,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
clearly shows that biotypes do exist in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE5103B8FCBB000E873C" box="[1169,1304,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE5103B8FCBB000E873C" box="[1169,1304,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Dactylopius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
even if the evolutionary processes are not clear at present. Additionally, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA gene phylogenies reconstructed by the authors (
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE5106C6FCF207578784" box="[495,577,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">in prep</emphasis>
|
||
), including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE5105E6FCF206658784" box="[719,883,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE5105E6FCF206658784" box="[719,883,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens from much of its known geographic distribution and from similar locations to those used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B6AFFF9AE510427FC17011687A0" author="Mathenge" box="[782,1024,908,932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" refString="Mathenge, C. W., Holford, P., Hoffmann, J. H., Zimmermann, H. G., Spooner-Hart, R. & Beattie, G. A. (2009) Distinguishing suitable biotypes of Dactylopius tomentosus (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) for biological control of Cylindropuntia fulgida var. fulgida (Caryophyllaes: Cactaceae) in South Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 99, 619 - 627." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Mathenge
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE5104ACFC1606A087A0" box="[901,950,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, such as the ‘cholla’ biotype, clearly define
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE5107C2FC2A048087CC" box="[235,406,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE5107C2FC2A048087CC" box="[235,406,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. gracilipilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE5106F2FC2A079487CC" box="[475,642,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE5106F2FC2A079487CC" box="[475,642,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as separate monophyletic groups. Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE5103AFFC2A003B87CC" box="[1158,1325,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE5103AFFC2A003B87CC" box="[1158,1325,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there is geographic structuring largely defined by different desert biomes (
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE510498FC4E011087E8" box="[945,1030,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">in prep</emphasis>
|
||
). It seems plausible that biotypes represent geographically isolated populations that receive a negligible amount of gene flow from other populations. Allopatry between different populations of the common ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE51048AFB8601538030" box="[931,1093,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE51048AFB8601538030" box="[931,1093,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE510356FB8600338030" box="[1151,1317,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE510356FB8600338030" box="[1151,1317,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. gracilipilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have resulted in genetic drift in detoxification genes leading to host specificity and eventual speciation after extended periods of allopatry.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE510657FBFE070C8078" box="[382,538,1125,1148]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Corynopuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE510657FBFE070C8078" box="[382,538,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Corynopuntia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE510579FBFF07EC8078" box="[592,762,1124,1148]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Cylindropuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE510579FBFF07EC8078" box="[592,762,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Cylindropuntia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can have different alkaloid compounds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B6AFFF9AE5103EBFBFF00868078" author="Meyer" box="[1218,1424,1124,1148]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" refString="Meyer, B. N., Mohamed, Y. A. H. & McLaughlin, J. L. (1980) b-Phenethylamines from the cactus genus Opuntia. Phytochemistry, 19, 719 - 720." type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||
Meyer
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE51023DFBFE00508078" box="[1300,1350,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and this difference may act as part of a reinforcement mechanism between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE5104F7FB12016880A4" box="[990,1150,1161,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE5104F7FB12016880A4" box="[990,1150,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. tomentosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D18FFF9AE51039DFB12004E80A4" box="[1204,1368,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Dactylopiidae" genus="Dactylopius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EA89FFF9AE51039DFB12004E80A4" box="[1204,1368,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D. gracilipilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |