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<document id="DEFF48DF55A31FD6F2362B5FB5E78BAC" ID-CLB-Dataset="3913" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3881.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4e956cd3-472d-4923-8fab-908e519cd093" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4949793" ID-ZooBank="76AD286E-2592-48CA-9D7D-9753950A909C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623706455032" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Nakahara, Shinichi, Fratello, Steven A. &amp; Harvey, Donald J." docDate="2014" docId="03BD87DE5C3BC139FFEEFA33FADFFB9E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03881p300.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3881 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Euptychia roraima Nakahara, Fratello &amp; Harvey 2014, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="296" masterDocId="FF84FFA65C3AC13CFF79FFF9FFA0FF8E" masterDocTitle="A new species of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini) from Mount Roraima, Guyana" masterLastPageNumber="300" masterPageNumber="291" pageNumber="292" updateTime="1699015703195" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="DBE65BB2318CE664065B215FC7BB1D51">A new species of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini) from Mount Roraima, Guyana</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B0912C321D229A5323B45E48576BD94B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="379EAB784A3C6C7044C7BCF112331111">Nakahara, Shinichi</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FE0CE3183322FFFF882CE455F88EE9D4">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. E-mail: snakahara @ ufl. edu</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EF7FE83863193B1500FA8A824B78F910">Fratello, Steven A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B63593FC6168DD8489BA943AA3373FDF">11 First St, W. Islip, NY 11795, USA. E-mail: sfratell @ suffolk. lib. ny. us</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C7AD4CED12BE6B57FB6FC8C3ACAFC80B">Harvey, Donald J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E339B5145D3C5AD928DDCCDC74728968">Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560 - 0127, USA. E-mail: harveyd @ si. edu</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="65DA4D6682152676288C4C6A645C2733">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="4CE4D0363E24398F0BFCB9A0BF7FB2D8">
<mods:date id="610E174D523B6E853F031CB93D97E4FD">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FE0DD0E81DD205DDEBC68AE9F5C5F134">2014-11-05</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="771518402E711DF2240FDE7EEBE31D34">3881</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="BBDF69CAA23F9F4121EEDB3D4F2A76D0">3</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="2C7AEDFF78C92378A76A4B51935DAABD">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="6EAFE1C28D163EE5EC79F00DE02AC12C" type="CLB-Dataset">3913</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1C5C6D61CA7113A76C7D6638DB556B54" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3881.3.7</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BD87DE5C3BC139FFEEFA33FADFFB9E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5593204" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189163293" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5593204" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BD87DE5C3BC139FFEEFA33FADFFB9E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87DE5C3BC139FFEEFA33FADFFB9E" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">
<subSubSection id="C30E65435C3BC13DFFEEFA33FC33FA6B" box="[151,915,1482,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3BC13DFFEEFA33FC33FA6B" blockId="1.[151,915,1482,1542]" box="[151,915,1482,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">
<heading id="D0E381A45C3BC13DFFEEFA33FC33FA6B" bold="true" box="[151,915,1482,1509]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3BC13DFFEEFA33FC33FA6B" bold="true" box="[151,915,1482,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3BC13DFFEEFA33FD56FA6B" authority="Nakahara, Fratello &amp; Harvey" authorityName="Nakahara, Fratello &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,758,1482,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roraima" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3BC13DFFEEFA33FEDCFA6A" bold="true" box="[151,380,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">Euptychia roraima</emphasis>
Nakahara, Fratello &amp; Harvey
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25357A15C3BC13DFC7AFA32FC33FA6B" box="[771,915,1483,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E65435C3BC13DFFEEFA14FEB1F988" box="[151,273,1517,1542]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3BC13DFFEEFA14FEB1F988" blockId="1.[151,915,1482,1542]" box="[151,273,1517,1542]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">
(
<figureCitation id="132F2A4D5C3BC13DFFE6FA14FEA9F988" box="[159,265,1517,1542]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,852,874]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,250,1520,1542]" captionStartId-2="3.[151,250,1769,1791]" captionTargetBox-0="[158,1431,201,822]" captionTargetBox-1="[171,1419,971,1493]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,193,1736]" captionTargetId-0="figure-279@2.[151,1436,193,830]" captionTargetId-1="figure-288@2.[171,1419,971,1493]" captionTargetId-2="figure-139@3.[150,1436,193,1736]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Holotype male of Euptychia roraima from Mount Roraima, Guyana; left, dorsum, right, venter. Scale bar = 10 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Body morphology of E. roraima. A. head (lateral view). B. head (front view). C. legs. D. antennae (dorsal view). E. antennae (ventral view)." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Male genitalia of holotype of E. roraima. A. dorsal view. B. lateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. (Photo courtesy Karie Darrow, USNM)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949795" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949799" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949801" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4949795/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4949799/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4949801/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E65435C3BC13DFFEEF9CCFDF5F9C5" box="[151,597,1589,1611]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3BC13DFFEEF9CCFDF5F9C5" blockId="1.[151,597,1589,1611]" box="[151,597,1589,1611]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0411E65C3BC13DFFEEF9CCFDF5F9C5" box="[151,597,1589,1611]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3BC13DFFEEF9CCFE83F9C5" box="[151,291,1589,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3BC13DFFEEF9CCFF5EF9C5" box="[151,254,1589,1611]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">Euptychia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AB510D95C3BC13DFE57F9CCFE51F9C5" author="Fratello, S. A." box="[302,497,1589,1611]" page="125" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3BC13DFE57F9CCFE51F9C5" author="Fratello, S. A." box="[302,497,1589,1611]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" pagination="122 - 125" refId="ref5003" refString="Fratello, S. A. (2004) New species from Mt. Roraima. News of the Lepidopterists' Society, 46 (4), 122 - 125." type="journal article" year="2004">Fratello, 2004: 125</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 7–8
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E65435C3BC138FFEEF98EFE65FB2E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="295" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3BC13DFFEEF98EFCB2F901" blockId="1.[151,1436,1655,1969]" box="[151,786,1655,1680]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3BC13DFFEEF98EFE2CF91E" bold="true" box="[151,396,1655,1680]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3BC13DFFEEF98EFE88F91E" box="[151,296,1655,1680]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" reason="1">Description.</emphasis>
MALE:
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54AF886A5C3BC13DFEEDF98EFE5CF91E" box="[404,508,1655,1680]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
forewing length
<quantity id="4CEC9B2D5C3BC13DFDC5F98EFCAEF901" box="[700,782,1655,1680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3BC13DFFBEF965FF44F891" blockId="1.[151,1436,1655,1969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3BC13DFFBEF965FEFDF93B" bold="true" box="[199,349,1692,1717]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" reason="1">Wing shape.</emphasis>
Forewing nearly triangular but with costa convex, inner margin almost straight, outer margin almost straight (very slightly concave), with a distinctive, sharply angled apex, tornus approximately right-angled; hindwing subtriangular, costa slightly convex, outer margin convex, rounded tornus, anal margin incised basal to tornus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3BC13DFFBEF8D5FC26F8CB" blockId="1.[151,1436,1655,1969]" box="[199,902,1836,1861]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3BC13DFFBEF8D5FEDCF8CB" bold="true" box="[199,380,1836,1861]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" reason="1">Wing venation.</emphasis>
Forewing recurrent vein present in discal cell.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3BC13DFFBEF8B6FBE2F83F" blockId="1.[151,1436,1655,1969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="292">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3BC13DFFBEF8B6FEDBF8E6" bold="true" box="[199,379,1871,1896]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="292" reason="1">Dorsal surface.</emphasis>
Ground colour dark brown on inner two thirds of forewing and inner half of hindwing, lighter brown and moderately translucent distal to dark brown inner wing areas and along costa and subcosta of both wings and also anal margin and anal interspaces of hindwing; fringe greyish brown.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6B66405C38C13EFFEEFCADFF65FC06" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949795" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4949795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949795/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="293" startId="2.[151,250,852,874]" targetBox="[158,1431,201,822]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C38C13EFFEEFCADFF65FC06" blockId="2.[151,1435,852,904]" pageId="2" pageNumber="293">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C38C13EFFEEFCADFEB5FCE7" bold="true" box="[151,277,852,874]" pageId="2" pageNumber="293">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Holotype male of
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C38C13EFEA2FCADFD3CFCE4" authorityName="Nakahara, Fratello &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2014" box="[475,668,852,874]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="293" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roraima">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C38C13EFEA2FCADFD3CFCE4" box="[475,668,852,874]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="293">Euptychia roraima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Mount Roraima, Guyana; left, dorsum, right, venter. Scale bar = 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6B66405C38C13EFFEEFA09FE09F9AB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949799" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4949799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949799/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="293" startId="2.[151,250,1520,1542]" targetBox="[171,1419,971,1493]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C38C13EFFEEFA09FE09F9AB" blockId="2.[151,1436,1520,1573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="293">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C38C13EFFEEFA09FEB3F98B" bold="true" box="[151,275,1520,1542]" pageId="2" pageNumber="293">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Body morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C38C13EFE8FFA08FDC5F988" authorityName="Nakahara, Fratello &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2014" box="[502,613,1521,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="293" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roraima">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C38C13EFE8FFA08FDC5F988" box="[502,613,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="293">E. roraima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A. head (lateral view). B. head (front view). C. legs. D. antennae (dorsal view). E. antennae (ventral view).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C38C138FFBEF9B5FD48FE7B" blockId="2.[151,1437,1612,2033]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="295" pageId="2" pageNumber="293">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C38C13EFFBEF9B5FE26F9EB" bold="true" box="[199,390,1612,1637]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="293" reason="1">Ventral surface.</emphasis>
Forewing ground colour greyish brown, distal one-third slightly paler; a narrow, dark brown band extends basally along the inflation (swollen vein) from radial vein to wing base; regular, narrow and dark brown discal band extends from radial vein, crossing discal cell in a slightly outward diagonal direction, fading away before touching vein 2A, slightly inward diagonal direction below cubital vein; postdiscal band almost parallel, same color, but broader than discal band, extends from radial vein and traverses towards the inner margin until reaching vein 2A, and roughly delimiting the paler distal region; sinuate submarginal band, extends from apex to tornus, in a slightly inward direction below vein M3, gradually broadens towards vein Cu2 and slightly narrower after this vein and also very slightly angled back towards the outer margin; undulating marginal band, same color as submarginal band, slightly thinner than submarginal band and aligned parallel to the submarginal band, extends from the apex towards the tornus, undulating until vein Cu1 and then straight and narrowing towards the inner margin at the tornus after this vein; fringe brownish; ocellus in cell M1, wider than the interspace and spilling over vein M1 and M2, ringed in yellow with one centered white pupil in black area;
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C38C13EFB3DF821FB14F87F" bold="true" box="[1092,1204,2008,2033]" pageId="2" pageNumber="293">hindwing</emphasis>
ground color almost same as that of forewing, distal one-third slightly paler; dark brown regular band extends from the costal margin to inner margin, near the base of hindwing; discal band almost same color, same width as that of forewing band, traverses from costal margin towards inner margin, very slightly curved distally, near the inner margin sharply angled basally; postdiscal band almost same color, mostly same width as that of fore- wing band, extends from costal margin towards the inner margin, bent outwardly posterior to vein M2, parallel to discal band after vein M3, narrower and curving distally below 1A, joining the submarginal band near the anal margin, roughly delimiting the paler distal region; irregular submarginal band, slightly paler than basal three bands, traverses from apex along submargin towards the tornus, broadens and rounded M-shaped in each of cells M3 and M2, fused to post discal band in cell 2A and ScR1; wavy marginal band, much thinner and same color as submarginal band, traverses along the distal margin from the apex towards tornus; rufous hints at the tornus; fringe greyish brown; three submarginal ocelli, the smallest of all, in cell ScRs, encircled by a yellow ring surrounded by dark brown ring, with one centered white pupil in the black area; larger ocellus in cell M1, tornally spilling over vein M2, encircled by a yellow ring sur rounded by dark brown ring and one centered white pupil in the black area; largest ocellus, likewise ringed in yellow surrounded by dark brown ring, with one centered white pupil in the black area in cell Cu1, apically and tornally spilling over vein Cu1 and Cu2 respectively.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6B66405C39C13FFFEEF910FEE8F890" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949801" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4949801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949801/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="294" startId="3.[151,250,1769,1791]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1736]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C39C13FFFEEF910FEE8F890" blockId="3.[151,1436,1769,1822]" pageId="3" pageNumber="294">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C39C13FFFEEF910FEB2F970" bold="true" box="[151,274,1769,1791]" pageId="3" pageNumber="294">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Male genitalia of holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C39C13FFD3FF913FD14F971" authorityName="Nakahara, Fratello &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2014" box="[582,692,1770,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="294" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roraima">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C39C13FFD3FF913FD14F971" box="[582,692,1770,1791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="294">E. roraima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A. dorsal view. B. lateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. (Photo courtesy Karie Darrow, USNM).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3EC138FFBEFE06FB1BFDEE" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FFBEFE06FEAEFD96" bold="true" box="[199,270,511,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Head.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132F2A4D5C3EC138FE67FE06FE53FD96" box="[286,499,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[171,1419,971,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-288@2.[171,1419,971,1493]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Body morphology of E. roraima. A. head (lateral view). B. head (front view). C. legs. D. antennae (dorsal view). E. antennae (ventral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949799/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Figs. 2A–B, 2D–E</figureCitation>
) Eyes dark brown and densely hairy; palpi prominent, approximately 2 times head height, cream-colored, densely pilose ventrally with long brown hairs (see
<figureCitation id="132F2A4D5C3EC138FCA1FDDDFBF9FDB3" box="[984,1113,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[171,1419,971,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-288@2.[171,1419,971,1493]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Body morphology of E. roraima. A. head (lateral view). B. head (front view). C. legs. D. antennae (dorsal view). E. antennae (ventral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949799/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Figs. 2A–B</figureCitation>
for detail); antennae orangebrown, approximately half of the length of costa from base to apex (see
<figureCitation id="132F2A4D5C3EC138FCC7FDBEFB9DFDEE" box="[958,1085,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[171,1419,971,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-288@2.[171,1419,971,1493]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Body morphology of E. roraima. A. head (lateral view). B. head (front view). C. legs. D. antennae (dorsal view). E. antennae (ventral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949799/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Figs. 2D–E</figureCitation>
for detail).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3EC138FFBEFD95FC09FD0B" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" box="[199,937,620,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FFBEFD95FE86FD0B" bold="true" box="[199,294,620,645]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" reason="1">Thorax.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132F2A4D5C3EC138FE4FFD95FE2CFD0B" box="[310,396,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[171,1419,971,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-288@2.[171,1419,971,1493]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Body morphology of E. roraima. A. head (lateral view). B. head (front view). C. legs. D. antennae (dorsal view). E. antennae (ventral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949799/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
) Dark brown and hairy (see
<figureCitation id="132F2A4D5C3EC138FDB4FD95FC8CFD0B" box="[717,812,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[171,1419,971,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-288@2.[171,1419,971,1493]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Body morphology of E. roraima. A. head (lateral view). B. head (front view). C. legs. D. antennae (dorsal view). E. antennae (ventral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949799" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949799/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Figs. 2C</figureCitation>
for detail).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3EC138FFBEFD76FBD7FD26" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" box="[199,1143,655,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FFBEFD76FEE2FD26" bold="true" box="[199,322,655,680]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" reason="1">Abdomen.</emphasis>
Dark brown and hairy, dorsally and laterally, grayish and hairy ventrally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3EC138FFBEFD4DFE44FBF3" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FFBEFD4DFE9CFD43" bold="true" box="[199,316,692,717]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" reason="1">Genitalia.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132F2A4D5C3EC138FE2DFD4DFE3FFD43" box="[340,415,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1769,1791]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-139@3.[150,1436,193,1736]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male genitalia of holotype of E. roraima. A. dorsal view. B. lateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. (Photo courtesy Karie Darrow, USNM)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949801/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) (
<specimenCount id="9D12FD415C3EC138FEBBFD4DFDE8FD43" box="[450,584,692,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
prepared: vial #2013-06 (USNM)) Tegumen shaped somewhat like a parallelogram in lateral view, anterior dorsal margin concave, ventral margin concave, shaped like a trapezium in dorsal view, a short conspicuous posterior projection of the tegumen above the uncus, one-third length of uncus; uncus anteriorly hairy, rather narrow and short, posterior tapered and hooked in lateral view, evenly broad in dorsal view; gnathos extending ventrally from the posterior ventral margin of tegumen, triangular in lateral view; vinculum fused to anterior ventral margin of tegumen and medially divided; appendices angulares present; saccus short and broad in lateral view, anteroventrally a continuation of the vinculum; valvae sparsely hairy, positioned at approximately a 45 degree angle to the horizontal; valva distal one-third narrow and tapered, apex slightly rounded; basal two-thirds rather oval, ventral margin convex when compared to the dorsal margin, slightly narrowing posteriorly in lateral view, hooked right-angled inwards forming a boot-shape in dorsal view; aedeagus tubular, in dorsal view straight and with broadening anterior portion which opens anterodorsally, in lateral view posterior half of aedeagus narrower, curved upwards, broadening anteriorly, approximately the length of the saccus plus tegumen, with cornuti absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3EC138FFBEFB7EFE65FB2E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" box="[199,453,1159,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FFBEFB7EFEE8FB2E" bold="true" box="[199,328,1159,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">FEMALE:</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E65435C3EC138FFBEFB57FBE0FB65" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3EC138FFBEFB57FBE0FB65" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">
<materialsCitation id="3B7C3C955C3EC138FFBEFB57FBE0FB65" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391229301" collectingDate="2001-04-16" collectionCode="R, USNM" collectorName="W. Hinds &amp; R. Williams" country="Guyana" elevation="800" latitude="5.2833333" location="Mt. Roraima" longLatPrecision="1305" longitude="-60.75" municipality="Camp" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" specimenCode="ENT 00275158" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FFBEFB57FE9BFB49" bold="true" box="[199,315,1198,1223]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" reason="1">
<typeStatus id="54AF886A5C3EC138FFBEFB57FE96FB49" box="[199,310,1198,1223]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="9D12FD415C3EC138FE3BFB56FEF9FB48" box="[322,345,1199,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="F30376585C3EC138FE1DFB57FE60FB49" box="[356,448,1198,1223]" name="Guyana" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Guyana</collectingCountry>
: N. slope
<location id="8ECB60135C3EC138FD56FB56FD61FB49" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BD87DE5C3BC139FFEEFA33FADFFB9E:8ECB60135C3EC138FD56FB56FD61FB49" box="[559,705,1198,1223]" country="Guyana" latitude="5.2833333" longLatPrecision="1305" longitude="-60.75" municipality="Camp" name="Mt. Roraima" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Mt. Roraima</location>
, 1st
<collectingMunicipality id="6BCFACB25C3EC138FD8AFB57FC96FB49" box="[755,822,1198,1223]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Camp</collectingMunicipality>
<quantity id="4CEC9B2D5C3EC138FC44FB57FC20FB49" box="[829,896,1198,1223]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" unit="m" value="800.0">
<elevation id="0039D1FB5C3EC138FC44FB57FC20FB49" box="[829,896,1198,1223]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" unit="m" value="800.0">800m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE20500F5C3EC138FCF2FB57FC74FB49" box="[907,980,1195,1223]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" precision="925" value="5.2833333">
5
<superScript id="7C619B805C3EC138FCE0FB52FC3FFB37" attach="none" box="[921,927,1195,1209]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">°</superScript>
17'N
</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE20500F5C3EC138FCA2FB57FB98FB49" box="[987,1080,1195,1223]" degrees="60" direction="west" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" precision="925" value="-60.75">
60
<superScript id="7C619B805C3EC138FC8EFB52FC5DFB37" attach="none" box="[1015,1021,1195,1209]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">°</superScript>
45'W
</geoCoordinate>
, 12.lll–
<date id="FFAA10085C3EC138FBF5FB57FAABFB49" box="[1164,1291,1198,1223]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" value="2001-04-16">
<collectingDate id="EFEEE9E05C3EC138FBF5FB57FAABFB49" box="[1164,1291,1198,1223]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" value="2001-04-16">16.IV.2001</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26E1531E5C3EC138FA6FFB56FADFFB49" box="[1302,1407,1198,1223]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">W. Hinds</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectionCode id="ED05AE0D5C3EC138FFEEFB2AFF0DFB64" box="[151,173,1235,1258]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">R</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="26E1531E5C3EC138FFCEFB2BFEBDFB65" box="[183,285,1234,1259]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Williams</collectorName>
leg.
<collectorName id="26E1531E5C3EC138FE2DFB2BFE26FB65" box="[340,390,1234,1259]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">This</collectorName>
holotype is deposited in the
<collectionCode id="ED05AE0D5C3EC138FDB1FB2BFCB9FB65" box="[712,793,1234,1259]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
(
<collectionCode id="ED05AE0D5C3EC138FC5EFB2BFCDAFB65" box="[807,890,1234,1259]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBB29EB35C3EC138FCF8FB2AFB94FB65" box="[897,1076,1234,1259]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" type="Museum">ENT 00275158</specimenCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E65435C3EC138FFBEFB0FFF7BFAD8" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3EC138FFBEFB0FFF7BFAD8" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FFBEFB0FFEEEFA81" bold="true" box="[199,334,1270,1295]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" reason="1">Etymology.</emphasis>
This specific epithet is derived from the Pemón Indian word, in regard to the great tepui massif where the first and only known specimen was found. This female noun is used here in apposition to the genus name.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E65435C3EC139FFBEFA9BFCE4FC2B" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3EC139FFBEFA9BFDAEFE23" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,1040]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FFBEFA9BFEC0FAF5" bold="true" box="[199,352,1378,1403]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" reason="1">Distribution.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132F2A4D5C3EC138FE0BFA9BFE18FAF5" box="[370,440,1378,1403]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1108,1130]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,193,1074]" captionTargetId="figure-52@6.[156,1438,193,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. NE slope of Mt. Roraima taken from approx. 1450m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949807" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949807/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3EC138FEB2FA9AFD01FAF4" authorityName="Nakahara, Fratello &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2014" box="[459,673,1379,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roraima">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FEB2FA9AFD01FAF4" box="[459,673,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Euptychia roraima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to date only from the
<typeStatus id="54AF886A5C3EC138FB66FA9AFBEFFAF5" box="[1055,1103,1379,1403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">type</typeStatus>
locality low on the northern slope of Mt. Roraima in northwestern
<collectingCountry id="F30376585C3EC138FD30FA7FFD04FA11" box="[585,676,1414,1439]" name="Guyana" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Guyana</collectingCountry>
. This site lies within the Pantepui region which has been described briefly in the introduction. The elevation (
<quantity id="4CEC9B2D5C3EC138FDF1FA53FD6BFA4D" box="[648,715,1450,1475]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" unit="m" value="800.0">800m</quantity>
) at which
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3EC138FC34FA52FC6CFA4C" authorityName="Nakahara, Fratello &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2014" box="[845,972,1451,1474]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roraima">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FC34FA52FC6CFA4C" box="[845,972,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">E. roraima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected, with no known lowland records, implies that it could be a premontane species (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3EC138FC11FA37FC4EFA69" author="Neild, A. F. E." box="[872,1006,1486,1511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" refId="ref5590" refString="Neild, A. F. E. (1996) The Butterflies of Venezuela. Part 1: Nymphalidae I (Limenitidinae, Apaturinae, Charaxinae). A comprehensive guide to the identification of adult Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae. Meridian Publications, Greenwich, 144 pp." type="book" year="1996">Neild 1996</bibRefCitation>
, for explanation of premontane and montane). If true, this species could also be found in other areas of the Mt. Roraima massif; where there are existing tracts of premontane forest on all aspects of Mt. Roraima (see Google Earth). Given that there has been both a rather limited collecting effort and publication record from a small total part of this great tepui massif: the Guyanan side, the Brazilian aspect, the Gran Sabana approach on the extensive Venezuelan portion, and the summit plateau (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3EC138FEFBF97BFE53F915" author="Bell, E. L." box="[386,499,1666,1691]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref4674" refString="Bell, E. L. (1932) Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) of the Roraima and Duida expeditions, with descriptions of new species. American Museum Novitates, 555, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1932">Bell 1932</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3EC138FE86F97BFD61F915" author="Huntington, E. L." box="[511,705,1666,1691]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref5176" refString="Huntington, E. L. (1933) Erycinidae and Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) from the regions of Mt. Roraima and Mt. Duida. American Museum Novitates, 611, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1933">Huntington 1933</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3EC138FDB5F97BFC1FF915" author="Viloria, A. L. &amp; Pyrcz, T. W." box="[716,959,1666,1691]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" pagination="345 - 352" refId="ref6097" refString="Viloria, A. L. &amp; Pyrcz, T. W. (1994) A new genus Protopedaliodes and a new species Protopedaliodes kukenani from the Pantepui, Venezuela (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Lambillionea, 94 (3), 345 - 352." type="journal article" year="1994">Viloria &amp; Pyrcz 1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3EC138FCB3F97BFBA6F915" author="Viloria, A. L. &amp; Pyrcz, T. W." box="[970,1030,1666,1691]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" pagination="90 - 98" refId="ref6147" refString="Viloria, A. L. &amp; Pyrcz, T. W. (1999) New pronophiline butterflies from the Venezuelan Tepuyes (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 53 (3), 90 - 98." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
), we assume there remain vast areas of premontane forest on the various aspects that have never been explored for butterflies (A. Neild, pers. comm.). However, most premontane species would probably not be restricted to a single tepui massif, but have wider distributions in the Pantepui, as noted in many endemic species from this biogeographic region (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3EC138FA79F916FE11F8A5" authority="Neild, 2008" authorityName="Neild" authorityYear="2008" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Greta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavijoi">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FA79F916FA3CF889" box="[1280,1436,1775,1799]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Greta clavijoi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3EC138FFEEF8EBFEBBF8A5" author="Neild, A. F. E." box="[151,283,1810,1835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" refId="ref5642" refString="Neild, A. F. E. (2008) The Butterflies of Venezuela. Part 2: Nymphalidae II (Acraeinae, Libytheinae, Nymphalinae, Ithomiinae, Morphinae). A comprehensive guide to the identification of adult Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae. Meridian Publications, London, 276 pp." type="book" year="2008">Neild, 2008</bibRefCitation>
(Ithomiinae)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3EC138FEC2F8EAFC37F8A5" authority="(Strand, 1912) (Morphinae)" baseAuthorityName="Strand" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[443,919,1810,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Antirrhea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ulei">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FEC2F8EAFDF8F8A5" box="[443,600,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Antirrhea ulei</emphasis>
(Strand, 1912) (Morphinae)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3EC138FCDBF8EAFACDF8A5" authority="Brown, 1932" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1932" box="[930,1389,1810,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Catasticta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duida">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FCDBF8EAFBFCF8A5" box="[930,1116,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Catasticta duida</emphasis>
Brown, 1932 (Pieridae)
</taxonomicName>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3EC138FFEEF8CFFEC6F8C1" author="Costa, M. &amp; Viloria, A. L. &amp; Huber, O. &amp; Attal, S. &amp; Orellana, A." box="[151,358,1846,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" pagination="193 - 216" refId="ref4857" refString="Costa, M., Viloria, A. L., Huber, O., Attal, S. &amp; Orellana, A. (2014 a) Lepidoptera del Pantepui. Parte I: Endemismo y caracterizacion biogeografica. Entomotropica, 28 (3), 193 - 216. [December 2013]" type="journal article" year="2014">
Costa
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FFA4F8C1FEB5F8C1" box="[221,277,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">et al.</emphasis>
2014a
</bibRefCitation>
). Though there are a small number of butterflies from other groups that have thus far been found on only a single tepui:
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3EC138FECDF8A2FC1AF8FD" authority="Neild, 2008" authorityName="Neild" authorityYear="2008" box="[436,954,1882,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pagyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="renelichyi">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FECDF8A2FD27F8FD" box="[436,647,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Pagyris renelichyi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3EC138FDEDF8A3FCBEF8FD" author="Neild, A. F. E." box="[660,798,1882,1907]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" refId="ref5642" refString="Neild, A. F. E. (2008) The Butterflies of Venezuela. Part 2: Nymphalidae II (Acraeinae, Libytheinae, Nymphalinae, Ithomiinae, Morphinae). A comprehensive guide to the identification of adult Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae. Meridian Publications, London, 276 pp." type="book" year="2008">Neild, 2008</bibRefCitation>
(Ithomiinae)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3EC138FCB2F8A2FE8CF819" authority="Pyrcz &amp; Neild, 1996" authorityName="Pyrcz &amp; Neild" authorityYear="1996" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Memphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viloriae">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FCB2F8A2FB35F8FD" box="[971,1173,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Memphis viloriae</emphasis>
Pyrcz &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3EC138FA6BF8A3FA3CF8FD" author="Neild, A. F. E." box="[1298,1436,1882,1907]" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" refId="ref5590" refString="Neild, A. F. E. (1996) The Butterflies of Venezuela. Part 1: Nymphalidae I (Limenitidinae, Apaturinae, Charaxinae). A comprehensive guide to the identification of adult Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae. Meridian Publications, Greenwich, 144 pp." type="book" year="1996">Neild, 1996</bibRefCitation>
(Charaxinae)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3EC138FE4EF879FC7EF819" authority="Attal &amp; De Marmels, 2012" authorityName="Attal &amp; De Marmels" authorityYear="2012" box="[311,990,1918,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Perisama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tepuiensis">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FE4EF879FDBAF819" box="[311,538,1920,1943]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">Perisama tepuiensis</emphasis>
Attal &amp; De Marmels, 2012 (Biblidinae)
</taxonomicName>
and others (A. Neild, pers. comm.), the few known Rhopalocera possibly considered endemic to a single tepui massif are upper premontane and montane pronophiline
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3EC138FE55F83FFE36F851" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1833" box="[300,406,1990,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Satyrinae">Satyrinae</taxonomicName>
whose lower elevation limits are substantially higher than the elevation at which
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3EC138FA5BF831FA3CF851" authorityName="Nakahara, Fratello &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2014" box="[1314,1436,1992,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roraima">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3EC138FA5BF831FA3CF851" box="[1314,1436,1992,2015]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="295">E. roraima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3FC139FE0EFF6EFDAAFF3E" author="Viloria, A. L." box="[375,522,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" pagination="525 - 529" refId="ref6052" refString="Viloria, A. L. (1995) Description of a new species of Pedaloides (Lepidoptera: Satyridae: Pronophilini) from the Cerro de la Neblina, Venezuela. Atalanta, 25 (3 - 4), 525 - 529." type="journal article" year="1995">Viloria 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3FC139FD61FF6EFD51FF3E" author="Viloria, A. L. &amp; Pyrcz, T. W." box="[536,753,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" pagination="90 - 98" refId="ref6147" refString="Viloria, A. L. &amp; Pyrcz, T. W. (1999) New pronophiline butterflies from the Venezuelan Tepuyes (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 53 (3), 90 - 98." type="journal article" year="1999">
Viloria
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3FC139FD09FF60FD0BFF3E" box="[624,683,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="296">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
). However, for any butterfly species to be considered truly endemic to a single tepui massif, this would need to be proven through extensive collecting on all tepuis, entailing numerous expeditions to individual tepuis in different seasons and on various aspects of the tepuis. As for the probability that
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3FC139FE2FFEFCFE76FE92" authorityName="Nakahara, Fratello &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2014" box="[342,470,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roraima">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3FC139FE2FFEFCFE76FE92" box="[342,470,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="296">E. roraima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a more widespread Guianan and Amazonian lowland species that ranges into premontane forest in the Pantepui, this is a possibility we cannot certainly exclude; however, a fairly extensive collecting history in these regions to this date, with no known lowland records as previously mentioned, seems to indicate otherwise (A. Neild, pers. comm.;
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3FC139FD07FE96FCA6FE06" author="Neild, A. F. E." box="[638,774,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" refId="ref5590" refString="Neild, A. F. E. (1996) The Butterflies of Venezuela. Part 1: Nymphalidae I (Limenitidinae, Apaturinae, Charaxinae). A comprehensive guide to the identification of adult Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae. Meridian Publications, Greenwich, 144 pp." type="book" year="1996">Neild, 1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3FC139FC6BFE96FCEDFE06" author="Neild, A. F. E." box="[786,845,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" refId="ref5642" refString="Neild, A. F. E. (2008) The Butterflies of Venezuela. Part 2: Nymphalidae II (Acraeinae, Libytheinae, Nymphalinae, Ithomiinae, Morphinae). A comprehensive guide to the identification of adult Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae. Meridian Publications, London, 276 pp." type="book" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
; pers. obs. based on 500+ days collecting by SF and museum collection examination).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3FC139FFBEFE4EFCE4FC2B" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="296">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3FC139FFBEFE4EFE6FFE5E" bold="true" box="[199,463,439,464]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" reason="1">Behavior and habitat.</emphasis>
Nothing is known concerning the behavior of this species. The single individual was captured by people dedicated solely to collect some butterflies in a remote, little studied region. Even though the photos of Mt.
<collectingRegion id="49D0F82A5C3FC139FE40FE06FE3AFD96" box="[313,410,511,536]" country="Brazil" name="Roraima" pageId="5" pageNumber="296">Roraima</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="132F2A4D5C3FC139FED3FE06FDB5FD96" box="[426,533,511,536]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1915,1937]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1108,1130]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1436,1095,1880]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1436,193,1074]" captionTargetId-0="figure-452@5.[157,1439,1095,1880]" captionTargetId-1="figure-52@6.[156,1438,193,1074]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. NE slope of Mt. Roraima taken from a clearing at approx. 1300m." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. NE slope of Mt. Roraima taken from approx. 1450m." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949803" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949807" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4949803/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4949807/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="296">Figs. 4–5</figureCitation>
) were taken at elevations above the capture site (
<quantity id="4CEC9B2D5C3FC139FB3CFE06FB28FD96" box="[1093,1160,511,536]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" unit="m" value="800.0">800m</quantity>
) of
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3FC139FBCEFDF8FA93FD99" authorityName="Nakahara, Fratello &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2014" box="[1207,1331,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roraima">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3FC139FBCEFDF8FA93FD99" box="[1207,1331,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="296">E. roraima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, they are indicative of this species’ habitat and there is some evidence to assume this species could also be found at these higher elevations. As noted above, extensive collecting in both the Guyanan and Venezuelan lowlands with no records of this taxon, suggests that it is a premontane Pantepui endemic. Even though it is presumed to be so, there is a possibility that this species will be found at elevations lower than
<quantity id="4CEC9B2D5C3FC139FCB6FD76FBAFFD26" box="[975,1039,655,680]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" unit="m" value="800.0">800m</quantity>
in the Pantepui. For example, the second author has recorded a small number of species, that though considered premontane species, were captured at much lower elevations at Kaieteur Falls and Gorge in the easternmost area of Guyana’s Pacaraima Mountains: the charaxine
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3FC139FE43FD05FD10FC9B" authority="Pyrcz, 1995" authorityName="Pyrcz" authorityYear="1995" box="[314,688,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Memphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montesino">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3FC139FE43FD05FDBEFC9A" box="[314,542,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="296">Memphis montesino</emphasis>
Pyrcz, 1995
</taxonomicName>
(
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) and the riodinids
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3FC139FC9AFD04FA3CFC9B" authority="Hall &amp; Harvey, 2005" authorityName="Hall &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2005" box="[995,1436,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Napaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fratelloi">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3FC139FC9AFD04FB3EFC9A" box="[995,1182,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="296">Napaea fratelloi</emphasis>
Hall &amp; Harvey, 2005
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4CEC9B2D5C3FC139FFE6FCE6FF44FCB6" box="[159,228,799,824]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" unit="m" value="400.0">400m</quantity>
), and
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3FC139FE57FCD9FD0FFCB6" authority="Godman, 1903" authorityName="Godman" authorityYear="1903" box="[302,687,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Mesosemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phace">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3FC139FE57FCD9FE5AFCB6" box="[302,506,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="296">Mesosemia phace</emphasis>
Godman, 1903
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3FC139FD94FCD9FB3AFCB6" authority="(Hewitson, 1874)" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[749,1178,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Hyphilaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthias">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3FC139FD94FCD9FC65FCB6" box="[749,965,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="296">Hyphilaria anthias</emphasis>
(Hewitson, 1874)
</taxonomicName>
, both taken as low as
<quantity id="4CEC9B2D5C3FC139FFEEFCBDFF77FCD3" box="[151,215,836,861]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" unit="m" value="100.0">100m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B395C3FC139FF95FCBDFE31FCD3" author="Fratello, S. A." box="[236,401,836,861]" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" pagination="46 - 47" refId="ref5034" refString="Fratello, S. A. (2012) Memphis montesino Pyrcz collected in Guyana, S. America &amp; notes concerning a few Riodinids from the same habitat. News of the Lepidopterists' Society, 54 (2), 46 - 47." type="journal article" year="2012">Fratello 2012</bibRefCitation>
). It is interesting to note that another undescribed
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3FC139FB7AFCBDFB74FCD3" box="[1027,1236,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3FC139FB7AFCBDFBD5FCD2" box="[1027,1141,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="296">Euptychia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
collected in the Venezuelan Pantepui at approximately
<quantity id="4CEC9B2D5C3FC139FD28FC9EFD3FFC0E" box="[593,671,871,896]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000m</quantity>
and above, is known from a single NHM specimen from the lower elevations of Kaieteur (A. Neild and M. Costa, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E65435C3FC139FFBEFC56FADFFB9E" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BAB36C85C3FC139FFBEFC56FADFFB9E" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="296">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3FC139FFBEFC56FEE1FC46" bold="true" box="[199,321,943,968]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" reason="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C144D4B5C3FC139FE34FC49FD86FC49" authorityName="Nakahara, Fratello &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2014" box="[333,550,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roraima">
<emphasis id="B960EADA5C3FC139FE34FC49FD86FC49" box="[333,550,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="296">Euptychia roraima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from other members of the genus by its combination of triangular forewing shape resulting from an especially acute apex and sharply angled tornus; dark coloration, both dorsally and ventrally; thin ventral median and postmedian bands, and a prominent ventral wavy marginal band.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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