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<document id="C3A4834BD6928A1232334C500B311FFA" ID-CLB-Dataset="22494" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4765.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8af5a092-f062-48c7-8d7c-f96ae6282bfa" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3774174" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C442D94C-0EB4-4509-B762-913707214819" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588094957734" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Hodgson, Chris" docDate="2020" docId="03B2EA640A3A464A2CFCF9AFFC4FD06C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4765.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4765 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Rhizoecidae Williams 1969" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="FF8B921C0A2F46522C6BFF8EFFCBD747" masterDocTitle="A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males" masterLastPageNumber="264" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1698837970293" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="8140AAF06DBE6C76C3D2CE154AD91899">A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03B2EA640A3A464A2CFCF9AFFC4FD06C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3796756" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163857828" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3796756" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B2EA640A3A464A2CFCF9AFFC4FD06C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2EA640A3A464A2CFCF9AFFC4FD06C" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A3A46472CFCF9AFFDE0D17C" box="[151,555,1569,1595]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3A46472CFCF9AFFDE0D17C" blockId="21.[151,555,1569,1595]" box="[151,555,1569,1595]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<heading id="D0ECEC1E0A3A46472CFCF9AFFDE0D17C" box="[151,555,1569,1595]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3A46472CFCF9AFFDE0D17C" authority="Williams, 1969" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[151,555,1569,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Rhizoecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3A46472CFCF9AFFDE0D17C" bold="true" box="[151,555,1569,1595]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
RHIZOECIDAE
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3A46472D19F9AFFDE0D17C" author="Williams" box="[370,555,1569,1595]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="315 - 341" refId="ref212758" refString="Williams, D. J. (1969) The family-group names of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 23, 315 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 15136" type="journal article" year="1969">Williams, 1969</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A3A46472CFCF9EAFDF5D1FC" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3A46472CFCF9EAFE12D13A" blockId="21.[151,836,1636,1723]" box="[151,473,1636,1661]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0B7C5C0A3A46472CFCF9EAFE12D13A" box="[151,473,1636,1661]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<treatmentCitation id="0ABA7D630A3A46472CFCF9EAFE1ED13A" box="[151,469,1636,1661]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Rhizoecini
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3A46472D60F9EAFE69D13A" author="Williams" box="[267,418,1636,1661]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="315 - 341" refId="ref212758" refString="Williams, D. J. (1969) The family-group names of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 23, 315 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 15136" type="journal article" year="1969">Williams 1969</bibRefCitation>
, 335
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3A46472CFCF90DFC8FD1DB" blockId="21.[151,836,1636,1723]" box="[151,836,1667,1692]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0B7C5C0A3A46472CFCF90DFC8FD1DB" box="[151,836,1667,1692]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<treatmentCitation id="0ABA7D630A3A46472CFCF90DFE2ED1DB" box="[151,485,1667,1692]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3A46472CFCF90DFE7AD1DB" authority="Williams 1969" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[151,433,1667,1692]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizoecinae">
Rhizoecinae
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3A46472D71F90DFE7AD1DB" author="Williams" box="[282,433,1667,1692]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="315 - 341" refId="ref212758" refString="Williams, D. J. (1969) The family-group names of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 23, 315 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 15136" type="journal article" year="1969">Williams 1969</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 335
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0ABA7D630A3A46472D84F90DFD6AD1DB" box="[495,673,1667,1692]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3A46472D84F90DFDB0D1DB" author="Koteja" box="[495,635,1667,1692]" firstAuthor="Koteja" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref206161" refString="Koteja, J. (1974 b) Comparative studies on the labium in the Coccinea (Homoptera). Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej w Warszawie, Rozprawy Naukowe, 89, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="b">Koteja 1974b</bibRefCitation>
, 45
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0ABA7D630A3A46472EC0F90AFCF4D1DB" box="[683,831,1668,1692]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3A46472EC0F90AFCD2D1DB" author="Tang" box="[683,793,1668,1692]" firstAuthor="Tang" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref211899" refString="Tang, F. T. (1992) [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu, Shanxi, 768 pp." type="book" year="1992">Tang 1992</bibRefCitation>
, 42
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3A46472CFCF92CFDF5D1FC" blockId="21.[151,836,1636,1723]" box="[151,574,1698,1723]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0B7C5C0A3A46472CFCF92CFDF5D1FC" box="[151,574,1698,1723]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3A46472CFCF92CFEB2D1FC" authority="Williams" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[151,377,1698,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Rhizoecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhizoecidae Williams</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0ABA7D630A3A46472DEFF92CFDF1D1FC" box="[388,570,1698,1723]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3A46472DEFF92CFDEAD1FC" author="Hodgson" box="[388,545,1698,1723]" firstAuthor="Hodgson" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref203656" refString="Hodgson, C. J. (2012) Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams. Zootaxa, 3291 (1), 1 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3291.1.1" type="journal article" year="2012">Hodgson, 2012</bibRefCitation>
, 4
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A3A46472CFCF96EFC63D050" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3A46472CFCF96EFD9FD1BF" blockId="21.[151,936,1759,1815]" box="[151,596,1759,1784]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<typeStatus id="54A0E5D00A3A46472CFCF96EFF02D1BF" box="[151,201,1760,1784]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
genus:
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3A46472D73F96EFD9FD1BF" ID-CoL="78XS" authority="Kunkel d'Herculais." authorityName="Kunkel d'Herculais." box="[280,596,1759,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Rhizoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3A46472D73F96EFEB4D1BF" box="[280,383,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rhizoecus</emphasis>
Künkel d’Herculais.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3A46472CFCF971FC63D050" blockId="21.[151,936,1759,1815]" box="[151,936,1790,1815]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<typeStatus id="54A0E5D00A3A46472CFCF971FF02D050" box="[151,201,1791,1815]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3A46472D4DF970FD2ED051" ID-CoL="4SCHB" authority="Kunkel d'Herculais 1878" authorityName="Kunkel d'Herculais" authorityYear="1878" box="[294,741,1790,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Rhizoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcifer">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3A46472D4DF970FE17D051" box="[294,476,1790,1814]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rhizoecus falcifer</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3A46472D88F970FD2ED051" author="Kunkel d'Herculais" box="[483,741,1790,1815]" firstAuthor="Kunkel d'Herculais" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="161 - 164" refId="ref206737" refString="Kunkel d'Herculais, J. (1878) Histoire de la cochenille vivant sur les racines des palmiers de la section des seafortha. Expose des caracteres du genre Rhizoecus. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 8, 161 - 164." type="journal article" year="1878">Künkel d’Herculais 1878</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 164 by monotypy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF640BFA0A3946442CFCF887FB05D001" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774178" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3774178" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774178/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[151,250,1801,1826]" targetBox="[151,1436,183,1776]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3946442CFCF887FB05D001" blockId="22.[151,1436,1801,1862]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3946442CFCF887FEC5D065" bold="true" box="[151,270,1801,1826]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3946442D70F884FD64D066" authority="Laing. Macropterous" authorityName="Laing. Macropterous" box="[283,687,1801,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Rhizoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeae">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3946442D70F884FE19D065" box="[283,466,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Rhizoecus coffeae</emphasis>
Laing. Macropterous
</taxonomicName>
male. (
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3946442E90F887FCB7D065" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[763,892,1801,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Rhizoecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhizoecidae</taxonomicName>
, Rhizoecina). Where A=hair-like seta, B=fleshy seta, C=loculate pores, K=proximal end of metathoracic leg, and Z=mouth tubercle. For abbreviations, see p. 8.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF640BFA0A3846452CFCF817FA9AD091" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774180" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3774180" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774180/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[151,250,1945,1970]" targetBox="[213,1378,181,1917]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3846452CFCF817FA9AD091" blockId="23.[151,1436,1945,2006]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3846452CFCF817FEDFD0F5" bold="true" box="[151,276,1945,1970]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3846452D77F814FD56D0F5" authority="(Kawai &amp; Takagi)" baseAuthorityName="Kawai &amp; Takagi" box="[284,669,1945,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Ripersiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hibisci">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3846452D77F814FE1CD0F5" box="[284,471,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ripersiella hibisci</emphasis>
(Kawai &amp; Takagi)
</taxonomicName>
. Macropterous male. (
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3846452FE9F817FBC8D0F5" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[898,1027,1945,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Rhizoecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhizoecidae</taxonomicName>
, Ripersiellina). Where A=hair-like seta, B=fleshy seta, C =loculate pores, F=alar sensoria, and K=proximal end of metathoracic leg. For abbreviations, see p. 8.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A37464A2CFCFF16FD5ED450" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A37464A2CFCFF16FD5ED450" blockId="24.[151,1437,152,1835]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2CFCFF16FEFDD7F4" bold="true" box="[151,310,152,179]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Introduction.</emphasis>
The taxa with the hypogaeic and myrmecophilous mealybugs have, until recently, been included in the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2CA9FF33FEBED790" box="[194,373,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
as the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2E28FF33FD1AD790" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[579,721,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizoecinae">Rhizoecinae</taxonomicName>
. However, a phylogenetic study based on DNA sequences and including representatives from all five pseudococcid subfamilies, found that the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2855FF6FFB03D7BC" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[1086,1224,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizoecinae">Rhizoecinae</taxonomicName>
(represented by 4 species in 3 genera) formed a monophyletic group sister to the remaining pseudococcids (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A37464A28E9FE8BFA5AD658" author="Downie &amp; Gullan" box="[1154,1425,261,287]" firstAuthor="Downie" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="238 - 259" refId="ref200085" refString="Downie, D. A. &amp; Gullan, P. J. (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) based on DNA sequences from three nuclear genes, and a review of the higher classification. Systematic Entomology, 29 (2), 238 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0307 - 6970.2004.00241. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Downie &amp; Gullan 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Later, based on adult male characters only,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A37464A2EFFFEA7FC0CD604" author="Hodgson and Foldi" box="[660,967,296,323]" firstAuthor="Hodgson" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref203763" refString="Hodgson, C. J. &amp; Foldi, I. (2005) Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison and related taxa (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) based on adult male morphology. Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies, held at Plant Protection Research Institute, Adana / Turkey, 19 - 23 April 2004. Adana Zirai Muscadele Arastirma Enstitusu, Adana, 408 pp." type="book" year="2005">Hodgson and Foldi (2005)</bibRefCitation>
found that
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2839FEA7FB0FD604" box="[1106,1220,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Rhizoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2839FEA7FB0FD604" box="[1106,1220,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Rhizoecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
formed a separate clade with
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2D79FEC0FE52D620" authorityName="McKenzie" authorityYear="1942" box="[274,409,334,359]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Pityococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2D79FEC0FE52D620" box="[274,409,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Pityococcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sister to the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2E44FEC3FD2DD620" box="[559,742,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
. Since then, also largely based on the morphology of the adult males,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A37464A2C8CFEFFFE54D6CC" author="Hodgson" box="[231,415,369,395]" firstAuthor="Hodgson" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref203656" refString="Hodgson, C. J. (2012) Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams. Zootaxa, 3291 (1), 1 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3291.1.1" type="journal article" year="2012">Hodgson (2012)</bibRefCitation>
reviewed the relationships of the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2F4BFEFFFC18D6CC" box="[800,979,369,395]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
and the hypogaeic and myrmecophilous mealybugs, and concluded that the rhizoecine mealybugs formed a separate family from the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A28CCFE1BFA91D6E8" box="[1191,1370,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2902FE1BFEA3D693" authority="Williams" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" class="Insecta" family="Rhizoecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhizoecidae Williams</taxonomicName>
) and that this family included two subfamilies,
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2FECFE37FBB4D694" authority="Williams" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[903,1151,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizoecinae">Rhizoecinae Williams</taxonomicName>
and Xenococcinae Tang. A more recent study (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A37464A2DE0FE53FD6AD6B0" author="Hodgson &amp; Hardy" box="[395,673,477,503]" firstAuthor="Hodgson" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="794 - 804" refId="ref203953" refString="Hodgson, C. J. &amp; Hardy, N. B. (2013) The phylogeny of the superfamily Coccoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) based on the morphology of extant and extinct macropterous males. Systematic Entomology, 38, 794 - 804. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12030" type="journal article" year="2013">Hodgson &amp; Hardy 2013</bibRefCitation>
), also based on adult male morphology, also found the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2979FE53FA57D6B0" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[1298,1436,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Rhizoecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhizoecidae</taxonomicName>
to be a separate clade, sister to the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2E40FD8FFD29D55C" box="[555,738,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A37464A2F08FD8FFB38D55C" author="Danzig and Gavrilov-Zimin" box="[867,1267,513,539]" firstAuthor="Danzig" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 678" refId="ref199862" refString="Danzig, E. M. &amp; Gavrilov-Zimin, I. A. (2014). Fauna of Russia and neighbouring countries. Palaearctic mealybugs (Homoptera, Coccinea, Pseudococcidae). Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, New Series, 148, 1 - 678." type="journal article" year="2014">Danzig and Gavrilov-Zimin (2014)</bibRefCitation>
did not accept this and argued that: (a) the hypogaeic mealybugs belonged within the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2FDAFDABFBACD578" box="[945,1127,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
, possibly sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A295EFDA8FE4AD524" authority="Borchesenius" authorityName="Borchesenius" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Mirococcopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A295EFDA8FF16D524" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Mirococcopsis</emphasis>
Borchesenius
</taxonomicName>
, and that (b) the myrmecophilous Xenococcinae were unrelated to the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A28DCFDC7FAA1D524" box="[1207,1386,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
and might be closest to the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2DF5FDE3FDF0D5C0" box="[414,571,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2E28FDE3FD96D5C0" box="[579,605,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">s.l</emphasis>
. Danzig and Gavrilov-Zimin therefore raised the Xenococcinae to family status, Xenococcidae Tang, although this was without phylogenetic support. Whilst it is still the view of the present author that the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2D28FD3BFE06D588" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[323,461,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Rhizoecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhizoecidae</taxonomicName>
are sister to the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2EE7FD3BFC89D588" box="[652,834,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
, he agrees that the relationships of the Xenococcinae are problematic and that it should be raised to family status. As understood here, the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2857FD57FB0DD5B4" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[1084,1222,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Rhizoecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhizoecidae</taxonomicName>
contains 16 genera and 214 species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A37464A2D3CFD73FD42D450" author="Garcia Morales" box="[343,649,765,791]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Garcia Morales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref201635" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. &amp; Hardy, N. B. (2019) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: https: // data. nal. usda. gov / dataset / scalenet-scaleinsects-coccoidea-database (accessed 12 August 2019)" type="url" year="2019">
García Morales
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2E66FD70FDF5D450" box="[525,574,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A37464A2CACFCAEFE92D168" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A37464A2CACFCAEFE92D168" blockId="24.[151,1437,152,1835]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2CACFCAEFCD0D47C" bold="true" box="[199,795,800,827]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Family diagnosis based on adult male morphology</emphasis>
. Many species
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2FA6FCACFBE7D47C" box="[973,1068,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">apterous</emphasis>
but some with
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A28B5FCAFFAB7D47C" box="[1246,1404,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">brachypterous</emphasis>
or fully
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2CBEFCC8FEA7D418" box="[213,364,838,863]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">macropterous</emphasis>
adult males. Unless otherwise stated, diagnosis refers to all morphs.
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A28E2FCCBFB0DD418" bold="true" box="[1161,1222,837,863]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Body</emphasis>
generally
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A292AFCCBFF29D4C4" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">small to minute</emphasis>
, cylindrical, somewhat pointed at both ends.
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2EBFFCE7FCD8D4C4" bold="true" box="[724,787,873,899]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Head</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2F71FCE7FC7BD4C4" box="[794,944,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">without ocelli</emphasis>
, although two pairs of simple eyes generally present; preocular ridges generally recognisable ventrally although often not strongly developed;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2888FC03FB72D48C" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">postocular ridge absent although a faint line occasionally present marking posterior margin of ocular sclerite</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A28A1FC3FFF14D4A8" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">postoccipital ridge absent</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2C86FC5BFD89D4A8" box="[237,578,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">dorsal midcranial ridge absent</emphasis>
; ventral midcranial ridge poorly developed or absent; base of antennae placed close together near anterior margin of head; number of antennal segments variable, each 3–10 segmented, with fs and hs setae on most segments;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2DBAFB90FB6CD370" box="[465,1191,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">capitate setae on antennae generally absent or not differentiated</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A28DCFB93FA5ED370" box="[1207,1429,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">neck entirely absent</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2CFCFBCFFC47D31C" box="[151,908,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Loculate pores frequently present on head, thorax and/or abdomen</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2FF7FBCFFC38D31C" bold="true" box="[924,1011,1089,1115]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Thorax</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A286FFBCFFF14D338" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Pronotal ridge and pronotal sclerite absent</emphasis>
; propleural ridge short, at most only extending anteriorly about half-way to head; apterous species without any mesothoracic sclerotisation. Metaprecoxal ridge absent; leg setae hs or spinose, not fs;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2832FB07FD33D380" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">each trochanter with 3 round sensoria arranged in a curve or triangle on each side</emphasis>
; trochanter often divided by a Y-shaped sclerotisation;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2901FB20FEE9D3AC" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">tarsi with 2 spurs</emphasis>
; tarsi generally clearly 2 segmented, occasionally 1 segmented; tarsal digitules often undifferentiated;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2CFCFB7BFDB9D248" box="[151,626,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">claws long and narrow with setose digitule</emphasis>
s.
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2EE0FB7AFCCED248" bold="true" box="[651,773,1268,1295]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Abdomen.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2F67FB7BFC7ED248" box="[780,949,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ostioles absent</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2FAFFB7BFDA7D274" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">abdominal segment VIII without glandular pouches and without a group of disc-pores</emphasis>
, although 1 or more long setae may be present in this position; abdominal segment IX not apparently differentiated, but position indicated by anal opening found dorsally at anterior end of dorsal ridge on penial sheath; ventral opening of penial sheath often indistinct and never with lateral finger-like processes;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2CFCFA0BFDFED2D8" box="[151,565,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">penial sheath about as broad as long</emphasis>
; penial sheath without a large, U-shaped, sclerotised structure extending anteriorly within abdomen from base of aedeagus (if an obvious internal sclerotisation present, this never as long as penial sheath
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2D66FA42FCCCD2A0" bold="true" box="[269,775,1484,1511]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">). Macropterous and brachypterous species</emphasis>
also with: scutum without a membranous area; basisternum without a median ridge;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2DCEFA7FFDDFD14C" box="[421,532,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">alar lobes</emphasis>
present on each wing but
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2F5CFA7FFBFBD14C" box="[823,1072,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">hamulohalteres absent</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2854FA7FFAC8D14C" box="[1087,1283,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">alar setae present</emphasis>
; alar sensoria present or absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A37464A2CACF9B6FC4FD06C" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A37464A2CACF9B6FC4FD06C" blockId="24.[151,1437,152,1835]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2CACF9B6FE89D114" bold="true" box="[199,322,1592,1619]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Discussion</emphasis>
. In his 2012 paper, Hodgson found that the morphology of the adult males of the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2889F9B7FAA2D114" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[1250,1385,1593,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Rhizoecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhizoecidae</taxonomicName>
was very variable, particularly in the number of antennal segments, and that male morphology did not entirely support the classification based on the morphology of the adult female of
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A37464A2F2FF90FFB1CD1DC" author="Kozar &amp; Konczne Benedicty" box="[836,1239,1665,1691]" firstAuthor="Kozar" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref206460" refString="Kozar, F. &amp; Konczne Benedicty, Z. (2007) Rhizoecinae of the world. Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Budapest, 617 pp." type="book" year="2007">Kozár &amp; Konczné Benedicty (2007)</bibRefCitation>
. The males of the macropterous rhizoecine mealybugs,
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2E45F92BFCF1D1F8" authority="Laing" authorityName="Laing" box="[558,826,1701,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Rhizoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeae">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2E45F92BFD38D1F8" box="[558,755,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Rhizoecus coffeae</emphasis>
Laing
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="132047F70A37464A2F22F92BFC46D1F8" box="[841,909,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,181,1776]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 2. Rhizoecus coffeae Laing. Macropterous male. (Rhizoecidae, Rhizoecina). Where A=hair-like seta, B=fleshy seta, C=loculate pores, K=proximal end of metathoracic leg, and Z=mouth tubercle. For abbreviations, see p. 8." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774178" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774178/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2FCAF92BFBA2D1F8" box="[929,1129,1701,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Ripersiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hibisci">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2FCAF92BFBA2D1F8" box="[929,1129,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ripersiella hibisci</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="132047F70A37464A2813F92BFB76D1F8" box="[1144,1213,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1801,1826]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,181,1776]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 2. Rhizoecus coffeae Laing. Macropterous male. (Rhizoecidae, Rhizoecina). Where A=hair-like seta, B=fleshy seta, C=loculate pores, K=proximal end of metathoracic leg, and Z=mouth tubercle. For abbreviations, see p. 8." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774178" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774178/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figs 2</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="132047F70A37464A288BF92BFB25D1F8" box="[1248,1262,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1945,1970]" captionTargetBox="[213,1378,181,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[206,1381,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 3. Ripersiella hibisci (Kawai &amp; Takagi). Macropterous male. (Rhizoecidae, Ripersiellina). Where A=hair-like seta, B=fleshy seta, C =loculate pores, F=alar sensoria, and K=proximal end of metathoracic leg. For abbreviations, see p. 8." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774180" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774180/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">3</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2947F92BFE8BD1A4" authority="Green" authorityName="Green" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Rhizoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dianthae">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2947F92BFF3CD1A4" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Rhizoecus dianthae</emphasis>
Green
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="132047F70A37464A2D25F947FE5BD1A4" box="[334,400,1737,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1749,1774]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,182,1723]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[164,1423,181,1723]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 4. Rhizoecus dianthi Green. Brachypterous male. (Rhizoecidae, Rhizoecina). Where A=hair-like seta, B=fleshy seta, C=loculate pore, D=simple pore, and G=wing microtrichia. For abbreviations, see p. 8." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774182/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), plus an apterous rhizoecine mealybug,
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A37464A2F2CF947FA57D1A4" authority="Kozar &amp; Konczne Benedicty" authorityName="Kozar &amp; Konczne Benedicty" box="[839,1436,1737,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Kissrhizoecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hungaricus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A37464A2F2CF947FB95D1A4" box="[839,1118,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Kissrhizoecus hungaricus</emphasis>
Kozár &amp; Konczné Benedicty
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="132047F70A37464A2CF4F963FF2AD040" box="[159,225,1772,1799]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1904,1929]" captionTargetBox="[165,1423,184,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[164,1423,181,1879]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 5. Kissrhizoecus hungaricus Kozár &amp; Konczné Benedicty. Apterous male. (Rhizoecidae, Rhizoecina). WhereA=hairlike seta, B=fleshy seta, C=loculate pore and K=tibio and tarsus. For abbreviations, see p. 8." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774184" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774184/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
), are illustrated here to illustrate the diversity of the family. A key to the described rhizoecine adult males plus descriptions and other illustrations can be found in
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A37464A2EA2F89FFC4BD06C" author="Hodgson" box="[713,896,1809,1835]" firstAuthor="Hodgson" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref203656" refString="Hodgson, C. J. (2012) Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams. Zootaxa, 3291 (1), 1 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3291.1.1" type="journal article" year="2012">Hodgson (2012)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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