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<document id="BD300AEBAB51FDBECB69097342A0FB77" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3711.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5e40586a-e502-471a-ac38-0d7368e7edc6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="284676" ID-ZooBank="7D6B537E-A945-417D-9632-58240DA6F6A2" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460677805307" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Phillip, Dawn A. T., Taphorn, Donald C., Holm, Erling, Gilliam, James F., Lamphere, Bradley A. &amp; López-Fernández, Hernán" docDate="2013" docId="03879C69FFF9FFD045DFFAFEC147FAE5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03711p064.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3711 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Siluriformes" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFBEE411FFE9FFC24548FF87C051FFE8" masterDocTitle="Annotated list and key to the stream fishes of Trinidad &amp; Tobago" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1698350215556" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="5FBE46EB9B37660FFA61328CB7B07BCF">Annotated list and key to the stream fishes of Trinidad &amp; Tobago</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7BD6777F621801E29B1D5F07F37168E1">Phillip, Dawn A. T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="969995E4A3537BF7821AE1249A58D856">Taphorn, Donald C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="17692EA72F6005F8EF1C84E6D2F6D32C">Holm, Erling</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7D0F9AADCBD3A556580233E4A44ACD8A">Gilliam, James F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AE3E45F89FFACCD9F7F3A62951F30774">Lamphere, Bradley A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="57217F69F67527363B8C2C1C5D742E7D">López-Fernández, Hernán</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="E1FFBDCD9CFD64DB6E63F835F45B4C77">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="283FE41BE2184D47EB5018A253B9AF2A">3711</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="27502342ADFA8364E91A3046917A7BD5" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3711.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03879C69FFF9FFD045DFFAFEC147FAE5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6153114" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127665766" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6153114" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03879C69FFF9FFD045DFFAFEC147FAE5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879C69FFF9FFD045DFFAFEC147FAE5" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<subSubSection id="C3347EF4FFF9FFD245DFFAFEC258FA30" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD245DFFAFEC1BBFA7B" blockId="16.[151,490,1401,1427]" box="[151,490,1401,1427]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="D0D99A13FFF9FFD245DFFAFEC1BBFA7B" bold="true" box="[151,490,1401,1427]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD245DFFAFEC1BBFA7B" bold="true" box="[151,490,1401,1427]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
ORDER
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD24440FAFEC1BBFA7B" ID-CoL="6236K" ID-ENA="7995" box="[264,490,1401,1427]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">SILURIFORMES</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD245DFFA47C258FA30" blockId="16.[151,521,1472,1496]" box="[151,521,1472,1496]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
FAMILY
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD2444CFA47C258FA30" box="[260,521,1472,1496]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Auchenipteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">AUCHENIPTERIDAE</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3347EF4FFF9FFD045DFF980C147FAE5" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD245DFF980C37EF9C8" blockId="16.[151,1436,1543,1749]" box="[151,815,1543,1568]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD245DFF980C229F9C8" authority="Bloch 1794" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1794" box="[151,632,1543,1568]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Auchenipteridae" genus="Pseudauchenipterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nodosus">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD245DFF980C18CF9C8" box="[151,477,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pseudauchenipterus nodosus</emphasis>
(Bloch 1794)
</taxonomicName>
[yellow catfish]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD2458FF9ABC4BDF93C" blockId="16.[151,1436,1543,1749]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Estuaries (Teixeira Bonecker
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD24750F9AAC21AF9AD" box="[536,587,1580,1605]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 2007) and lower parts of streams, especially those with muddy substrate; fresh- and brackish-water adventitious visitor to mangrove areas at high tides in the wet season (Barletta
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD24029F9D6C5C4F980" box="[1377,1429,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 2003). Native; collected from tidal portions of largest drainage basins, particularly in
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF9FFD24104F9F3C4FAF965" box="[1100,1195,1652,1677]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
(Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998); presence on
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF9FFD244C1F910C1B9F958" box="[393,488,1687,1712]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
apparently sporadic. Breeds in the wet season (Barletta
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD241EAF91EC48BF958" box="[1186,1242,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 2003), internal fertilisation (Loir
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD24417F93AC1C0F93D" box="[351,401,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 1989), eggs scattered on various substrates. Omnivore/detritivore.
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF9FFD241CFF93BC4B6F93C" box="[1159,1255,1724,1749]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="250.0">250 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD245DFF883C365F8F5" blockId="16.[151,1436,1796,2037]" box="[151,820,1796,1821]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD245DFF883C223F8F5" authority="Linnaeus 1766" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[151,626,1796,1821]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Auchenipteridae" genus="Trachelyopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galeatus">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD245DFF883C1E2F8F5" box="[151,435,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Trachelyopterus galeatus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus 1766)
</taxonomicName>
[grouper catfish]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD2458FF8AFC51CF844" blockId="16.[151,1436,1796,2037]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Once believed to be locally extinct (Kenny 1995), but recently collected in two drainages of the central west coast (Mohammed &amp; Lalla, in press). Swamps, estuaries, and slow-moving streams with fresh or brackish water; tolerant of habitats with low dissolved oxygen. Native. Internal fertilisation (Downing Meisner
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD2419CF8F6C554F860" box="[1236,1285,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 2000, Costa Melo
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD24591F812C15BF845" box="[217,266,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 2011), eggs hidden but with no additional parental care (Bailly
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD24695F812C45FF845" box="[989,1038,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 2008). Carnivore.
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF9FFD241A1F813C518F844" box="[1257,1353,1940,1964]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="220.0">220 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF9FFD2458FF83FC29DF81C" blockId="16.[151,1436,1796,2037]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
This species was formerly placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD2473CF83FC3A7F839" authority="Bleeker (1862)" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1862" box="[628,1014,1976,2001]" family="Auchenipteridae" genus="Parauchenipterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD2473CF83FC36DF839" box="[628,828,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Parauchenipterus</emphasis>
Bleeker (1862)
</taxonomicName>
, but that genus is now considered a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF9FFD2446BF85BC299F81C" authority="Valenciennes (1840)" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[291,712,2012,2037]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Auchenipteridae" genus="Trachelyopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF9FFD2446BF85BC188F81D" box="[291,473,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Trachelyopterus</emphasis>
Valenciennes (1840)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD345DFFF1FC1B2FF58" blockId="17.[151,483,152,176]" box="[151,483,152,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
FAMILY
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD3444CFF1FC1B2FF58" box="[260,483,152,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">HEPTAPTERIDAE</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD345DFFF58C484FF10" blockId="17.[151,1436,223,573]" box="[151,1237,223,248]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD345DFFF58C2DDFF10" authority="Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824" authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityYear="1824" box="[151,652,223,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quelen">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD345DFFF58C121FF10" box="[151,368,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Rhamdia cf. quelen</emphasis>
(Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)
</taxonomicName>
[silver catfish, catfish, cacalaw, river catfish, barbe]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD3458FFE83C285FE6F" blockId="17.[151,1436,223,573]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Clear to turbid, fast to still streams. Widely distributed in streams south of the Northern Range divide, often penetrating far upstream (Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998). Native. Spawns year-round (Olaya-Nieto
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD3419DFEAEC559FEA8" box="[1237,1288,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2010); eggs deposited on stream bed. Omnivore: carnivore (Orlandi Bonato
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD346C9FECAC3E7FE8D" box="[897,950,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2012), piscivore (Rondineli
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD34046FECAC512FE8D" box="[1294,1347,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2011), herbivore (Ibañez
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD3442CFEF6C1C5FE60" box="[356,404,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2007). Nocturnal.
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF8FFD34738FEF7C281FE6F" box="[624,720,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="480.0">480 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD3458FFE13C15AFDD4" blockId="17.[151,1436,223,573]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
This species is similar to
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD344A5FE12C231FE45" box="[493,608,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD344A5FE12C20DFE45" box="[493,604,404,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quelen">R. quelen</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which was originally described from
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF8FFD3415EFE12C41CFE44" box="[1046,1101,405,428]" name="Peru" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Peru</collectingCountry>
. Perdices
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD34189FE12C4AAFE45" box="[1217,1275,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2002), using DNA evidence, have shown that the wholescale lumping of many “species” of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD3410EFE30C553FE38" box="[1094,1282,439,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quelen">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD3410EFE30C553FE38" box="[1094,1282,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Rhamdia quelen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
proposed by Silfvergrip (1996) was an unwarranted oversimplification. A troglomorphic form of the species had been misidentified as a separate species,
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD34761FE78C383FDF0" authority="Norman (1926)" authorityName="Norman" authorityYear="1926" box="[553,978,511,536]" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Caecorhamdia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urichi">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD34761FE78C348FDF0" box="[553,793,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Caecorhamdia urichi</emphasis>
Norman (1926)
</taxonomicName>
, and is now considered a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD340CCFD86C155FDD5" class="Actinopterygii" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quelen">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD340CCFD86C155FDD5" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. cf. quelen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD345DFFD0FC181FD48" blockId="17.[151,464,648,672]" box="[151,464,648,672]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
FAMILY
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD3444CFD0FC181FD48" box="[260,464,648,672]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aspredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">ASPREDINIDAE</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD345DFFD48C3EEFD00" blockId="17.[151,1436,719,853]" box="[151,959,719,744]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD345DFFD48C29AFD00" authority="Valenciennes 1840" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,715,719,744]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aspredinidae" genus="Aspredinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="filamentosus">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD345DFFD48C18FFD00" box="[151,478,719,744]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Aspredinichthys filamentosus</emphasis>
(Valenciennes 1840)
</taxonomicName>
[seven-barbed banjo]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD3458FFD73C380FCBC" blockId="17.[151,1436,719,853]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Demersal, found in the flooded lower portions of coastal streams and along the coast in freshwater, brackish and marine habitats; sandy to muddy-bottomed estuaries (Le Bail
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD3463EFC9EC3F4FCD8" box="[886,933,791,816]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2000). Native. External fertilisation; female carries eggs attached to her ventral surface (Le Bail
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD34797FCBAC35EFCBD" box="[735,783,828,853]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2000).
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF8FFD34625FCBBC39CFCBC" box="[877,973,828,852]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="218.0">218 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD345DFFC03C331FC75" blockId="17.[151,1436,900,1032]" box="[151,864,900,925]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD345DFFC03C2DBFC74" authority="Valenciennes 1840" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,650,900,925]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aspredinidae" genus="Aspredinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tibicen">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD345DFFC03C1CCFC75" box="[151,413,900,925]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Aspredinichthys tibicen</emphasis>
(Valenciennes 1840)
</taxonomicName>
[ten-barbed banjo]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD3458FFC20C2E1FBEF" blockId="17.[151,1436,900,1032]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Benthic species found mainly on soft-bottomed habitats in brackish water near stream mouths, but also found in fresh and marine waters. Native. External fertilisation; female carries eggs attached to her ventral surface (Le Bail
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD34584FC76C0AFFBE0" box="[204,254,1007,1032]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2000). Carnivore/omnivore.
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF8FFD34704FC77C2FDFBEF" box="[588,684,1008,1032]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="240.0">240 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD345DFFBB0C2EDFBB8" blockId="17.[151,1436,1079,1213]" box="[151,700,1079,1104]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD345DFFBB0C242FBB8" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,531,1079,1104]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aspredinidae" genus="Aspredo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspredo">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD345DFFBB0C102FBB8" box="[151,339,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Aspredo aspredo</emphasis>
(Linnaeus 1758)
</taxonomicName>
[banjo catfish]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD3458FFBDBC2CBFB54" blockId="17.[151,1436,1079,1213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Sandy- to muddy-bottomed reaches in brackish (Barletta &amp; Barletta-Bergan 2009) to fresh water in coastal streams (Barros
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD3441FFB06C1DDFB70" box="[343,396,1151,1176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2011). Native. External fertilisation; female carries eggs attached to her ventral surface (Bruton 1996). Carnivore/omnivore.
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF8FFD3477DFB23C2C4FB54" box="[565,661,1188,1212]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="410.0">410 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD345DFFB6BC2B3FAED" blockId="17.[151,1436,1260,1357]" box="[151,738,1260,1285]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD345DFFB6BC269FAEC" authority="Bloch 1794" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1794" box="[151,568,1260,1285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aspredinidae" genus="Platystacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cotylephorus">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD345DFFB6BC1E1FAED" box="[151,432,1260,1285]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Platystacus cotylephorus</emphasis>
Bloch 1794
</taxonomicName>
[banjo catfish]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD3458FFA88C3B6FAA4" blockId="17.[151,1436,1260,1357]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Mainly brackish estuaries but also muddy lowland streams. Native. External fertilisation; female carries eggs attached to her ventral surface (Sands 1984). Carnivore/omnivore.
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF8FFD346CBFAB3C3B2FAA4" box="[899,995,1332,1356]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="370.0">370 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD345DFFA1FC1ABFA58" blockId="17.[151,506,1432,1456]" box="[151,506,1432,1456]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
FAMILY
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD3444CFA1FC1ABFA58" box="[260,506,1432,1456]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Callichthyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">CALLICHTHYIDAE</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD345DFFA58C3DAFA10" blockId="17.[151,1436,1503,1709]" box="[151,907,1503,1528]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD345DFFA58C207FA10" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,598,1503,1528]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Callichthyidae" genus="Callichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="callichthys">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD345DFFA58C1C7FA10" box="[151,406,1503,1528]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Callichthys callichthys</emphasis>
(Linnaeus 1758)
</taxonomicName>
[flat-head cascadu, chatoo]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD3458FF982C326F944" blockId="17.[151,1436,1503,1709]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Lower stream reaches; free-flowing and stagnant reaches, which are often slightly turbid and anoxic; facultative air-breather (Carter &amp; Beadle 1931); capable of moving over land (Alkins
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD3412FF9AEC4CBF9A8" box="[1127,1178,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 1981). Widespread in streams south of the Northern Range divide,
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF8FFD347DDF9CBC2A6F98D" box="[661,759,1612,1637]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
, penetrating far upstream (Kenny 1995). Native. Spawns in the wet season (Ponton &amp; de Mérona 1998), males build a bubble nest at the water surface from mucous and vegetation (Mol 1995). Omnivore (Tedesco
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD347CDF912C2E7F945" box="[645,694,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2007).
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF8FFD3465BF913C322F944" box="[787,883,1684,1708]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="180.0">180 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD345DFF95BC409F91D" blockId="17.[151,1436,1756,2033]" box="[151,1112,1756,1781]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD345DFF95BC1B6F91D" authority="Gill 1858" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,487,1756,1781]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Callichthyidae" genus="Corydoras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD345DFF95BC132F91C" box="[151,355,1756,1781]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Corydoras aeneus</emphasis>
(Gill 1858)
</taxonomicName>
[pui pui, souci, river goldfish,
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF8FFD3460BF95AC3C3F91C" box="[835,914,1757,1780]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Callichthyidae" genus="Corydoras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">aeneus</taxonomicName>
, small cascadura]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF8FFD3458FF887C182F818" blockId="17.[151,1436,1756,2033]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Stream riffles of moderate flow, and also slower pools, but with an apparent preference for running water (Kenny 1995); clear and turbid waters; facultative air-breather (Kramer &amp; McClure 1980). Widely distributed south of the main divide of the Northern Range (Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998). Native. Extended spawning coincident with high rainfall (Alkins-Koo 2000); females drink sperm, which is then passed through the gut, fertilising eggs as they are shed (Kodha
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD344D9F816C195F840" box="[401,452,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 1995), eggs deposited on nest prepared on leaves, but are not guarded (Bruton 1996). Detritivore/scavenger (Alkins-Koo 2000), omnivore, insectivore (Rondineli
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD346B3F832C47EF825" box="[1019,1071,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2011), benthophagous (Orlindi Bonato
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF8FFD345A7F85EC171F819" box="[239,288,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2012).
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF8FFD34435F85FC19EF818" box="[381,463,2008,2032]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="80.0">80 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFBFFD045DFFF10C313FF58" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,357]" box="[151,834,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFBFFD045DFFF10C205FF58" authority="Hancock 1828" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1828" box="[151,596,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Callichthyidae" genus="Hoplosternum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="littorale">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFBFFD045DFFF10C1C9FF58" box="[151,408,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hoplosternum littorale</emphasis>
(Hancock 1828)
</taxonomicName>
[cascadu, cascadura]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFBFFD0458FFF3BC572FE8C" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Muddy habitats in the lower, larger reaches of streams, canals, drainage ditches, ponds and swamps (Kenny 1995); facultative air-breather (Carter &amp; Beadle 1931, Brauner
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFBFFD04613FF66C3DAFF10" box="[859,907,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. 1995, Persaud
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFBFFD04176FF66C43EFF10" box="[1086,1135,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. 2006). Widely distributed in streams south of the Northern Range divide (Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998). Native. Breeding takes place at the beginning of the wet season (Oliveira 2000); females deposit eggs in a bubble nest built by the male from saliva and bits of vegetation at the water surface; male guards the nest (Ramnarine 1990). Omnivore.
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFBFFD041F7FECBC54EFE8C" box="[1215,1311,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="230.0">230 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFBFFD045DFFE13C4C4FE45" blockId="18.[151,1436,404,608]" box="[151,1173,404,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFBFFD045DFFE13C229FE44" authority="Valenciennes 1840" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,632,404,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Callichthyidae" genus="Megalechis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thoracata">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFBFFD045DFFE13C1DDFE45" box="[151,396,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Megalechis thoracata</emphasis>
(Valenciennes 1840)
</taxonomicName>
[hoplo, cascadura, bush fish, spotted cascadura]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFBFFD0458FFE30C26CFDFF" blockId="18.[151,1436,404,608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Slow lowland streams, ditches, and ponds; facultative air breather (Gee &amp; Graham 1978); no specimens of this species have been collected since the 1860s; its presence on the island is doubtful. Native. Male builds bubble nest and guards eggs. Omnivore.
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFBFFD04491FE78C268FDFF" box="[473,569,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFBFFD0458FFDA3C457FD88" blockId="18.[151,1436,404,608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
This is possibly a misidentified
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFBFFD04767FDA2C2FDFDD5" box="[559,684,548,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Callichthyidae" genus="Hoplosternum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="littorale">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFBFFD04767FDA2C2FDFDD5" box="[559,684,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">H. littorale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; its listing for
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFBFFD0461CFDA3C3E2FDD5" box="[852,947,548,573]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
is based on a single stuffed specimen from around 1864, that was examined by Boeseman in the 1960s (see Kenny 1995).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFBFFD045DFFD33C19AFD24" blockId="18.[151,459,692,716]" box="[151,459,692,716]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
FAMILY
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFBFFD0444CFD33C19AFD24" box="[260,459,692,716]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">LORICARIIDAE</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFBFFD045DFFD7AC3F4FCFD" blockId="18.[151,1436,764,933]" box="[151,933,764,789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFBFFD045DFFD7AC21CFCFC" authority="Valenciennes 1840" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,589,764,789]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinii">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFBFFD045DFFD7AC122FCFD" box="[151,371,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hypostomus robinii</emphasis>
Valenciennes 1840
</taxonomicName>
[teta, mama teta, Anne Marie]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFBFFD0458FFC98C454FC97" blockId="18.[151,1436,764,933]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Various habitats from free-flowing, clear-water streams to very turbid, stagnant waters (Kenny 1995). Widely distributed south of the Northern Range divide (Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998). Native. Male guards sticky egg mass deposited on various substrates. Herbivore/detritivore (Kenny 1995).
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFBFFD046E9FCEFC450FC97" box="[929,1025,872,896]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFBFFD0458FFC0BC57BFC4D" blockId="18.[151,1436,764,933]" box="[199,1322,908,933]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
This species was misidentified as
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFBFFD0470BFC0AC338FC4D" authority="(Regan 1906a)" baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[579,873,908,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guacari">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFBFFD0470BFC0AC2EDFC4C" box="[579,700,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">H. guacari</emphasis>
(Regan 1906a)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFBFFD046D7FC0AC41DFC4D" box="[927,1100,908,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plecostomus">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFBFFD046D7FC0AC41DFC4D" box="[927,1100,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">H. plecostomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by various authors.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFBFFD045DFFC53C315FC04" blockId="18.[151,1436,980,1293]" box="[151,836,980,1005]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFBFFD045DFFC53C246FC05" authority="Fowler 1946" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1946" box="[151,535,980,1005]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Ancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maracasae">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFBFFD045DFFC53C1D2FC04" box="[151,387,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ancistrus maracasae</emphasis>
Fowler 1946
</taxonomicName>
[jumbie teta, bearded teta]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFBFFD0458FFC70C415FBB0" blockId="18.[151,1436,980,1293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Various habitats from free-flowing, clear-water streams to very turbid, stagnant waters (Kenny 1995). Distributed in streams south of the Northern Range divide (Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998). Native and endemic. Male guards sticky egg mass deposited on hard substrates. Herbivore/detritivore.
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFBFFD046AFFBC7C411FBB0" box="[999,1088,1088,1112]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="100.0">100mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFBFFD0458FFBE3C147FAE5" blockId="18.[151,1436,980,1293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
All reports of other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFBFFD0470CFBE3C2FFFB93" box="[580,686,1124,1147]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Ancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFBFFD0470CFBE3C2FFFB93" box="[580,686,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ancistrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFBFFD04648FBE3C30EFB95" box="[768,863,1124,1149]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
are in error, including a species referred to as
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFBFFD045DFFB00C206FB48" authority="Gunther (1864)" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,599,1159,1184]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Chaetostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trinitatis">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFBFFD045DFFB00C1C6FB48" box="[151,407,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chaetostoma trinitatis</emphasis>
Günther (1864)
</taxonomicName>
that was probably based on
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFBFFD046FEFB0FC4F6FB48" box="[950,1191,1160,1184]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Ancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maracasae">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFBFFD046FEFB0FC4F6FB48" box="[950,1191,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ancistrus maracasae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Extensive sampling throughout
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFBFFD04450FB2BC129FB2D" box="[280,376,1196,1221]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
in appropriate habitat has failed to reveal the presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFBFFD046B7FB2BC4C2FB2D" box="[1023,1171,1196,1221]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Chaetostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFBFFD046B7FB2BC4C2FB2D" box="[1023,1171,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chaetostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
anywhere on the island today. It may have been present in 1864 and later became extinct, but no specimens are available to corroborate this hypothesis.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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