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<document id="4128184876C0E00CC26BA572186CD3EF" ID-ISSN="2201-4349" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629579055089" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Reid, DG &amp; Williams, ST" docDate="2004" docId="038187CBFFB0FFF1FF4F4FB8FBEFFED5" docLanguage="en" docName="RecAustMus.56.1.75-122.pdf" docOrigin="Records of the Australian Museum 56" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7863F7301B7BEE922F541F6F9B5AEEC6.2:RecAustMus.2008-2018.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="7863F7301B7BEE922F541F6F9B5AEEC6" docStyleName="RecAustMus.2008-2018.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Afrolittorina Williams, Reid &amp; Littlewood 2003" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="100" masterDocId="FFB8FFB3FFA9FFE8FFD84C73FFBBFFB5" masterDocTitle="The Subfamily Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Temperate Southern Hemisphere: The Genera Nodilittorina, Austrolittorina and Afrolittorina" masterLastPageNumber="122" masterPageNumber="75" pageNumber="100" updateTime="1699079782525" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="5EAA6BB4B8566C7115964D590D536F95">The Subfamily Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Temperate Southern Hemisphere: The Genera Nodilittorina, Austrolittorina and Afrolittorina</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="AF753CEA8B5AB4BA344CB28ECCA4E190">Records of the Australian Museum</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2AEBF706F042FB02688591636E100DA8">2004</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C3326556FFB0FFF1FF4F4FB8FD75FC57" box="[151,718,970,995]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9736DDFFB0FFF1FF4F4FB8FD75FC57" blockId="25.[151,718,970,995]" box="[151,718,970,995]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">
<heading id="D0DF81B1FFB0FFF1FF4F4FB8FD75FC57" box="[151,718,970,995]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FF4F4FB8FD75FC57" ID-CoL="7NN92" authority="Williams, Reid &amp; Littlewood, 2003" authorityName="Williams, Reid &amp; Littlewood" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,718,970,995]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Afrolittorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FF4F4FB8FD75FC57" bold="true" box="[151,718,970,995]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FF4F4FB8FE90FC56" bold="true" box="[151,299,971,995]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Afrolittorina</emphasis>
Williams, Reid &amp; Littlewood, 2003
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3326556FFB0FFF1FFA14F8DFDB9F97A" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9736DDFFB0FFF1FFA14F8DFD57FBA3" blockId="25.[121,748,1022,1046]" box="[121,748,1022,1046]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FFA14F8DFEB3FBA3" bold="true" box="[121,264,1022,1046]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">
<typeStatus id="5493887FFFB0FFF1FFA14F8DFF09FBA3" box="[121,178,1022,1046]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FECE4F8CFD9DFBA3" ID-CoL="7JZMV" authority="Krauss" authorityName="Krauss" box="[278,550,1023,1046]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Litorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FECE4F8CFE6BFBA3" box="[278,464,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Litorina africana</emphasis>
Krauss
</taxonomicName>
, in Philippi, 1847.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9736DDFFB0FFF1FFA14841FDB9F97A" blockId="25.[121,749,1074,1743]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FFA14841FEEEFBFF" bold="true" box="[121,341,1074,1098]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. Both
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FE7F4840FD22FBFF" ID-CoL="9G42C" box="[423,665,1075,1098]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Afrolittorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FE7F4840FD22FBFF" box="[423,665,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Afrolittorina africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FD0D4840FEBFFBD2" ID-CoL="9G42D" baseAuthorityName="F. Krauss in Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Afrolittorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="knysnaensis">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FD0D4840FEBFFBD2" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">A. knysnaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were classified by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B2CFFB0FFF1FE2F4823FD73FBD2" author="Rosewater, J" box="[503,712,1104,1127]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" pagination="417 - 506" refId="ref42072" refString="Rosewater, J., 1970. The family Littorinidae in the Indo-Pacific. Part I. The subfamily Littorininae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 2: 417 - 506." type="journal article" year="1970">Rosewater (1970)</bibRefCitation>
as members of his new subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FE14481DFD5DFB30" authority="" authorityName="Rosewater" authorityYear="1970" box="[460,742,1134,1157]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Littorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Austrolittorina">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FE14481DFD5DFB30" box="[460,742,1134,1157]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Littorina (Austrolittorina)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on the basis of their non-nodulose shells and
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FD8E48F8FD58FB17" ID-CoL="7P9WR" baseAuthorityName="Reid" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[598,739,1163,1186]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Nodilittorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FD8E48F8FD58FB17" box="[598,739,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Nodilittorina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- like penes and radulae. The two remaining members,
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FD0D48DBFEB7FB68" ID-CoL="65GX3" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Afrolittorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="praetermissa">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FD0D48DBFEB7FB68" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">A. praetermissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FE9348B5FE5AFB68" ID-CoL="65H8Q" baseAuthorityName="E. A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[331,481,1222,1245]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Afrolittorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="acutispira">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FE9348B5FE5AFB68" box="[331,481,1222,1245]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">A. acutispira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were transferred to
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FD0E48B5FE9CFB4F" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">
L. (
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FF594890FE9BFB4F" ID-CoL="7NS4R" authorityName="Rosewater" authorityYear="1970" box="[129,288,1251,1274]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Austrolittorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Austrolittorina</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
subsequently (Ponder &amp; Rosewater, 1979). These four species were included in
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FD954973FE91FA80" authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Nodilittorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Austrolittorina">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FD954973FE91FA80" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Nodilittorina (Austrolittorina)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B2CFFB0FFF1FE8E496EFE53FA81" author="Reid, D" box="[342,488,1309,1333]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" pagination="85 - 170" refId="ref41848" refString="Reid, D. G., 2002 a. The genus Nodilittorina von Martens, 1897 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the eastern Pacific Ocean, with a discussion of biogeographic provinces of the rocky-shore fauna. Veliger 45: 85 - 170." type="journal article" year="2002">
Reid (2002
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FE09496DFE65FA80" box="[465,478,1310,1333]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">a</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, as defined by the loop of the egg groove through the capsule gland of the pallial oviduct. A formal cladistic analysis of morphological characters of
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FEDD4905FE08FA38" box="[261,435,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FEDD4905FE2BFA38" ID-CoL="7P9WR" baseAuthorityName="Reid" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[261,400,1398,1421]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Nodilittorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Nodilittorina</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26F57B4FFB0FFF1FE4C4905FE08FA38" box="[404,435,1398,1421]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B2CFFB0FFF1FE184906FDFAFA38" author="Reid, D" box="[448,577,1397,1421]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" pagination="259 - 281" refId="ref41894" refString="Reid, D. G., 2002 b. Morphological review and phylogenetic analysis of Nodilittorina (Gastropoda: Littorinidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies 68: 259 - 281." type="journal article" year="2002">
Reid, 2002
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FDEC4905FDFAFA38" box="[564,577,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
) did not support
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FFA149E0FEA3FA1F" ID-CoL="7NS4R" authorityName="Rosewater" authorityYear="1970" box="[121,280,1427,1450]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Austrolittorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FFA149E0FEA3FA1F" box="[121,280,1427,1450]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Austrolittorina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a monophyletic group. However, it did identify these four species as a clade, supported by the single unequivocal and unreversed synapomorphy of the loop of the egg groove through the jelly gland (elsewhere in the subfamily this feature is found only in
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FD874A7BFF5EF988" ID-CoL="3ZCF4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Melarhaphe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="neritoides">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FD874A7BFF5EF988" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Melarhaphe neritoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the loop is elaborated into a spiral). DNA-sequence data have since shown unequivocally that the four species are not members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FDD74A13FD11F9C2" ID-CoL="7NS4R" authorityName="Rosewater" authorityYear="1970" box="[527,682,1632,1655]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Austrolittorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FDD74A13FD11F9C2" box="[527,682,1632,1655]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Austrolittorina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade, but are the sister group of the northern-hemisphere genus
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FFA14AE8FF62F907" ID-CoL="7P7RD" box="[121,217,1691,1714]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Littorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FFA14AE8FF62F907" box="[121,217,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Littorina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thus justifying the introduction of the new genus
<taxonomicName id="4C284D5EFFB0FFF1FFA14ACBFE44F97A" ID-CoL="7NN92" authority="(Williams et al., 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Williams" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[121,511,1720,1743]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Afrolittorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FFA14ACBFEBAF97A" box="[121,257,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Afrolittorina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B2CFFB0FFF1FED64ACBFE4DF97A" author="Williams, S" box="[270,502,1720,1743]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" pagination="60 - 86" refId="ref43477" refString="Williams, S. T., D. G. Reid &amp; D. T. J. Littlewood, 2003. A molecular phylogeny of the Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae): unequal evolutionary rates, morphological parallelism and biogeography of the Southern Ocean. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28: 60 - 86." type="journal article" year="2003">
Williams
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FEA14ACBFE13F97A" box="[377,424,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
., 2003
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3326556FFB0FFF1FFA14A9FFBEFFED5" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9736DDFFB0FFF1FFA14A9FFD5BF8CD" blockId="25.[121,749,1772,2000]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FFA14A9FFF51F8B1" bold="true" box="[121,234,1772,1796]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Shell not nodulose; spiral striae or smooth; eroded parietal area usually absent; no pseudoumbilicus; pale with diffuse pattern of mottling, marbling or tessellation, rarely axially aligned. Cephalic tentacles with transverse lines, 12 longitudinal black stripes, or black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9736DDFFB0FFF1FFA14B0CFBEFFED5" blockId="25.[121,749,1772,2000]" lastBlockId="25.[794,1422,153,352]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">
Penis with swollen filament; base bifurcate; single mamilliform gland; glandular disc of subepithelial glandular tissue may be large, minute or absent; if absent, epithelium around mamilliform gland is tall and secretory; penial vas deferens an open groove. Rod bodies of paraspermatozoa long and straight, or small and irregular. In pallial oviduct egg groove makes a simple loop through albumen gland, large circular loop through capsule gland, smaller loop in jelly gland; copulatory bursa opens in posterior position. (After
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B2CFFB0FFF1FCBA4D3AFBF3FED5" author="Williams, S" box="[866,1096,329,352]" pageId="25" pageNumber="100" pagination="60 - 86" refId="ref43477" refString="Williams, S. T., D. G. Reid &amp; D. T. J. Littlewood, 2003. A molecular phylogeny of the Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae): unequal evolutionary rates, morphological parallelism and biogeography of the Southern Ocean. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28: 60 - 86." type="journal article" year="2003">
Williams
<emphasis id="B95CEACFFFB0FFF1FC134D3AFC41FED5" box="[971,1018,329,352]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
., 2003
</bibRefCitation>
.)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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