381 lines
57 KiB
XML
381 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1110-151" ID-Pensoft-UUID="40031A8835615F5D91BEB36B2B28DA1F" ID-ZooBank="7311F29E987840FE935B6B1E061262B2" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1110-151" checkinTime="1657093046334" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cumming, Royce T. & Le Tirant, Ste ́ phane" docDate="2022" docId="8AF2A235E439512382B003F2FF646446" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1110: 151-200" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1110" docPubDate="2022-07-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808" docTitle="Rakaphyllium Cumming & Le Tirant 2022, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="2C2C6B6B-83F4-4341-954C-351E92119BEA" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="40031A8835615F5D91BEB36B2B28DA1F" lastPageNumber="151" masterDocId="40031A8835615F5D91BEB36B2B28DA1F" masterDocTitle="Three new genera and one new species of leaf insect from Melanesia (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)" masterLastPageNumber="200" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="151" updateTime="1657093046334" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Three new genera and one new species of leaf insect from Melanesia (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cumming, Royce T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7930-1292</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Montreal Insectarium, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montre ́ al, Que ́ bec, H 1 X 2 B 2, Canada & Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA & Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">roycecumming@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Le Tirant, Ste ́ phane</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Montreal Insectarium, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montre ́ al, Que ́ bec, H 1 X 2 B 2, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-07-05</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1110</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>151</mods:start>
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<mods:end>200</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1110-151</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7311F29E987840FE935B6B1E061262B2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">40031A8835615F5D91BEB36B2B28DA1F</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2C2C6B6B-83F4-4341-954C-351E92119BEA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8AF2A235E439512382B003F2FF646446" lastPageNumber="151" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/2C2C6B6B-83F4-4341-954C-351E92119BEA" authority="Cumming & Le Tirant, 2022" authorityName="Cumming & Le Tirant" authorityYear="2022" family="Phylliidae" genus="Rakaphyllium" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rakaphyllium" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Rakaphyllium</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="151">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Giglio-Tos" baseAuthorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Pulchriphyllium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pulchriphyllium schultzei" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schultzei">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Pulchriphyllium schultzei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Giglio-Tos, 1912: 56, herein designated.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="taxonomic hierarchy">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Taxonomic hierarchy.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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This genus has a combination of features which link it to several genera, thus making a higher-level taxonomic placement difficult and requiring molecular confirmation in the future. The thorax and tegmina venation in the females are reminiscent of some
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Griffini" authorityYear="1898" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Pulchriphyllium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pulchriphyllium" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Pulchriphyllium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sensu stricto species and the profemoral and protibial lobes are reminiscent of some
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Phyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllium" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phyllium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Illiger, 1798 and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming, Le Tirant, Hennemann & Hennemann" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Comptaphyllium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Comptaphyllium" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Comptaphyllium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Cumming, RT" journalOrPublisher="Faunitaxys" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="1 - 9" refId="B12" refString="Cumming, RT, Le Tirant, S, Hennemann, FH, 2019. A new leaf insect from Obi Island (Wallacea, Indonesia) and description of a new subgenus within Phyllium Illiger, 1798 (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae: Phylliinae). Faunitaxys 7: 1 - 9" title="A new leaf insect from Obi Island (Wallacea, Indonesia) and description of a new subgenus within Phyllium Illiger, 1798 (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae: Phylliinae)." volume="7" year="2019">Cumming et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
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species, whereas the male thorax is similar to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming, Le Tirant & Buscher" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Trolicaphyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trolicaphyllium" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Trolicaphyllium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Cumming et al., 2021. At present within
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phylliidae</taxonomicName>
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there are two recognized tribes, the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Zompro & Grosser" authorityYear="2003" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="tribe" tribe="Nanophylliini">Nanophylliini</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Zompro, O" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="129 - 141" publicationUrl="www.zobodat.at/pdf/Spixiana_026_0129-0141.pdf" refId="B40" refString="Zompro, O, Groesser, D, 2003. A generic revision of the insect order Phasmatodea: The genera of the areolate stick insect family Phylliidae (Walking Leaves). Spixiana 26: 129 - 141, www.zobodat.at/pdf/Spixiana_026_0129-0141.pdf" title="A generic revision of the insect order Phasmatodea: The genera of the areolate stick insect family Phylliidae (Walking Leaves)." url="www.zobodat.at/pdf/Spixiana_026_0129-0141.pdf" volume="26" year="2003">
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Zompro and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Größer">Groesser</normalizedToken>
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2003
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</bibRefCitation>
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(which contains only the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Nanophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nanophyllium" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Nanophyllium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Redtenbacher, 1906) and the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1893" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="tribe" tribe="Phylliini">Phylliini</taxonomicName>
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Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 (which contains all other genera). Therefore, at this time this genus is placed within the tribe
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1893" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="tribe" tribe="Phylliini">Phylliini</taxonomicName>
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as notable features such as a two lobed posteromedial tubercle and a prescutum which is wider than long (features which help to define the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Nanophyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nanophyllium" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Nanophyllium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) are absent, suggesting a closer relationship to other genera instead.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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The selected type species for this new genus is
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Giglio-Tos" baseAuthorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Pulchriphyllium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pulchriphyllium schultzei" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schultzei">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Pulchriphyllium schultzei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Giglio-Tos, 1912 (=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming & Le Tirant" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Giglio-Tos" baseAuthorityYear="1912" family="Phylliidae" genus="Rakaphyllium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rakaphyllium schultzei" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="schultzei">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rakaphyllium schultzei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Giglio-Tos, 1912), comb. nov.) as this was the first species described within this new genus, the holotype is from an exact collection locality, and this species appears to be the more commonly encountered of the two species within this new genus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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This new genus has been recognized as unique in the past, as this clade was designated as the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming & Le Tirant" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Giglio-Tos" baseAuthorityYear="1912" family="Phylliidae" genus="Rakaphyllium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rakaphyllium schultzei" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="schultzei">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rakaphyllium schultzei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group within
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2322.1.1" author="Hennemann, FH" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="1 - 83" refId="B25" refString="Hennemann, FH, Conle, OV, Gottardo, M, Bresseel, J, 2009. On certain species of the genus Phyllium Illiger, 1798, with proposals for an intra-generic systematization and the descriptions of five new species from the Philippines and Palawan (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae: Phylliinae: Phylliini). Zootaxa 2322 (1): 1 - 83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2322.1.1" title="On certain species of the genus Phyllium Illiger, 1798, with proposals for an intra-generic systematization and the descriptions of five new species from the Philippines and Palawan (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae: Phylliinae: Phylliini)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2322.1.1" volume="2322" year="2009">Hennemann et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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based upon the shorter tegmina and the two lobes on the exterior protibiae. While these features are helpful to differentiate this genus from others, the below noted autapomorphic features allow differentiation from all phylliid genera.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="autapomorphic features">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Autapomorphic features.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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Within each sex there is an easily observed morphological feature which supports their monophyly and readily separates them from other phylliid genera. For females, the gonapophyses VIII are exceptionally long, with approximately half of their length projecting from under the terminal abdominal segment (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. non-type material specimens A-C, F-H adult female from Coll SLT, Indonesia: Jayapura, Klaisu D, E nymphs from MAMU A habitus, dorsal B details of head through thorax, lateral C profemora, dorsal D female nymph without collection data (MAMU) E male nymph with slightly undulating abdomen with associated data label above (MAMU) F details of antenna, dorsal G genitalia, ventral H details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bars only associated with images A, D, E. Photographs A-C, F-H taken by Rene Limoges (IMQC) D, E courtesy of Chau Chak Wing Museum, the University of Sydney, and photographs taken by David James." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710966" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">7G</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Rakaphyllium exsectum comb. nov. holotype female (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal B profemora, dorsal C details of head through thorax, dorsal D genitalia, ventral E details of antenna, dorsal F associated data labels G details of head through thorax, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs A, F, G taken by Paul Brock (United Kingdom), other photographs taken by first author." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710968" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9D</figureCitation>
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), a feature not seen in any other phylliid as typically gonapophyses VIII only reach to the apex of the terminal abdominal segment or at most only exceed the tip slightly (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Vaabonbonphyllium groesseri comb. nov. females A data labels associated with the holotype B holotype, habitus, dorsal C details of head through thorax, dorsal D details of antennae, dorsal E details of genitalia, ventral F front legs, head, and thorax, anterodorsal. Scale bar associated with A and B. A and B photographs by Christian Schmidt (SMTD), other images taken by the first author of specimens from the NHMUK." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710969" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">10E</figureCitation>
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). For males the alae venation is unique as the radius vein is simple (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Male tegmina venation for two of the herein described genera A Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. (MNHU) B Vaabonbonphyllium rafidahae (IMQC) (Coll RC 19 - 106). Abbreviations: Sc (subcosta); R (radius); R 1 (radius 1); Rs (radial sector); Rs + MA (fused radial sector and media anterior); M (media); MA (media anterior); MP (media posterior); Cu + 1 AA (fused cubitus and first anterior anal); 1 AA- 7 AA (first through seventh anterior anal); 1 PA- 5 PA (first through fifth posterior anal); 1 A (first anal)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710961" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">3A</figureCitation>
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), not bifurcate as is seen in all other phylliid genera (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Male tegmina venation for two of the herein described genera A Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. (MNHU) B Vaabonbonphyllium rafidahae (IMQC) (Coll RC 19 - 106). Abbreviations: Sc (subcosta); R (radius); R 1 (radius 1); Rs (radial sector); Rs + MA (fused radial sector and media anterior); M (media); MA (media anterior); MP (media posterior); Cu + 1 AA (fused cubitus and first anterior anal); 1 AA- 7 AA (first through seventh anterior anal); 1 PA- 5 PA (first through fifth posterior anal); 1 A (first anal)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710961" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">3B</figureCitation>
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). These autapomorphic features help to define the new genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming & Le Tirant" authorityYear="2022" family="Phylliidae" genus="Rakaphyllium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rakaphyllium" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rakaphyllium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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gen. nov. within the phylliids as well as differentiate them from the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Griffini" authorityYear="1898" class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Pulchriphyllium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pulchriphyllium" order="Phasmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Pulchriphyllium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sensu stricto.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Generic characteristics.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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The
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming & Le Tirant" authorityYear="2022" family="Phylliidae" genus="Rakaphyllium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rakaphyllium" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rakaphyllium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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gen. nov. are average sized phylliids, with females ranging from ca. 80 mm to 90 mm long and males ca. 60 mm long. Typical coloration appears to be green, but with so few specimens known and color variation a common occurrence in phylliids it is possible that this genus may also exhibit color forms (such as possibly
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming & Le Tirant" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Zompro" baseAuthorityYear="2001" family="Phylliidae" genus="Rakaphyllium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rakaphyllium exsectum" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="exsectum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rakaphyllium exsectum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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comb. nov. but this brown coloration may simply be due to the age and preservation technique (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Rakaphyllium exsectum comb. nov. holotype female (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal B profemora, dorsal C details of head through thorax, dorsal D genitalia, ventral E details of antenna, dorsal F associated data labels G details of head through thorax, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs A, F, G taken by Paul Brock (United Kingdom), other photographs taken by first author." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710968" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9</figureCitation>
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)).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Antennae</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Females have antennae with nine segments with the terminal antennomere not notably long (only as long as the previous one to two segments combined) and segments IV through VIII all of a similar length (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. holotype female. Note that the holotype female is heavily damaged in several places, especially the abdomen which has numerous holes through which the background can be seen, this is not an artifact of image postprocessing A habitus, dorsal B right front leg, dorsal C associated data labels D details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs by Arne Koehler (SDEI) and Mandy Schroeter (SDEI)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710965" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">6D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. non-type material specimens A-C, F-H adult female from Coll SLT, Indonesia: Jayapura, Klaisu D, E nymphs from MAMU A habitus, dorsal B details of head through thorax, lateral C profemora, dorsal D female nymph without collection data (MAMU) E male nymph with slightly undulating abdomen with associated data label above (MAMU) F details of antenna, dorsal G genitalia, ventral H details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bars only associated with images A, D, E. Photographs A-C, F-H taken by Rene Limoges (IMQC) D, E courtesy of Chau Chak Wing Museum, the University of Sydney, and photographs taken by David James." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710966" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">7F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Rakaphyllium exsectum comb. nov. holotype female (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal B profemora, dorsal C details of head through thorax, dorsal D genitalia, ventral E details of antenna, dorsal F associated data labels G details of head through thorax, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs A, F, G taken by Paul Brock (United Kingdom), other photographs taken by first author." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710968" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males have antennae which range from 20 to 23 segments with most segments covered densely in setae, and overall antennomere shape somewhat flattened.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Head capsule</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Males have well-developed ocelli (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. male from the MNHU collection A habitus, dorsal B details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsal C genitalia, ventral D details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs by Frank Hennemann (Germany)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710967" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">8B</figureCitation>
|
||
), females do not have ocelli (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. holotype female. Note that the holotype female is heavily damaged in several places, especially the abdomen which has numerous holes through which the background can be seen, this is not an artifact of image postprocessing A habitus, dorsal B right front leg, dorsal C associated data labels D details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs by Arne Koehler (SDEI) and Mandy Schroeter (SDEI)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710965" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">6D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. non-type material specimens A-C, F-H adult female from Coll SLT, Indonesia: Jayapura, Klaisu D, E nymphs from MAMU A habitus, dorsal B details of head through thorax, lateral C profemora, dorsal D female nymph without collection data (MAMU) E male nymph with slightly undulating abdomen with associated data label above (MAMU) F details of antenna, dorsal G genitalia, ventral H details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bars only associated with images A, D, E. Photographs A-C, F-H taken by Rene Limoges (IMQC) D, E courtesy of Chau Chak Wing Museum, the University of Sydney, and photographs taken by David James." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710966" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">7H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males have compound eyes which are strongly protruding and occupy ca. 2/5 of the head capsule lateral margins (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. male from the MNHU collection A habitus, dorsal B details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsal C genitalia, ventral D details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs by Frank Hennemann (Germany)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710967" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">8B</figureCitation>
|
||
) versus females which have compound eyes which are notably smaller, only occupying less than 1/3 of the head capsule lateral margins and which do not strongly protrude from the capsule (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. non-type material specimens A-C, F-H adult female from Coll SLT, Indonesia: Jayapura, Klaisu D, E nymphs from MAMU A habitus, dorsal B details of head through thorax, lateral C profemora, dorsal D female nymph without collection data (MAMU) E male nymph with slightly undulating abdomen with associated data label above (MAMU) F details of antenna, dorsal G genitalia, ventral H details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bars only associated with images A, D, E. Photographs A-C, F-H taken by Rene Limoges (IMQC) D, E courtesy of Chau Chak Wing Museum, the University of Sydney, and photographs taken by David James." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710966" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">7H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both sexes have head capsules which are marked by irregularly sized and space granulation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710967" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming & Le Tirant" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Giglio-Tos" baseAuthorityYear="1912" family="Phylliidae" genus="Rakaphyllium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rakaphyllium schultzei" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="schultzei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rakaphyllium schultzei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov. male from the MNHU collection
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">A</emphasis>
|
||
habitus, dorsal
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">B</emphasis>
|
||
details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsal
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">C</emphasis>
|
||
genitalia, ventral
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">D</emphasis>
|
||
details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Photographs by Frank Hennemann (Germany).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The thorax is similar in both sexes with mesopleurae that are narrowly diverging from the anterior to the posterior (evenly so in females, almost parallel in males for the anterior half and then more prominently on the posterior half) are marked on the anterior half with three to four small tubercles with granulation interspersed with the posterior half relatively smooth or with only minimal granulation (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. holotype female. Note that the holotype female is heavily damaged in several places, especially the abdomen which has numerous holes through which the background can be seen, this is not an artifact of image postprocessing A habitus, dorsal B right front leg, dorsal C associated data labels D details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs by Arne Koehler (SDEI) and Mandy Schroeter (SDEI)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710965" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">6D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. non-type material specimens A-C, F-H adult female from Coll SLT, Indonesia: Jayapura, Klaisu D, E nymphs from MAMU A habitus, dorsal B details of head through thorax, lateral C profemora, dorsal D female nymph without collection data (MAMU) E male nymph with slightly undulating abdomen with associated data label above (MAMU) F details of antenna, dorsal G genitalia, ventral H details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bars only associated with images A, D, E. Photographs A-C, F-H taken by Rene Limoges (IMQC) D, E courtesy of Chau Chak Wing Museum, the University of Sydney, and photographs taken by David James." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710966" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">7H</figureCitation>
|
||
). In both sexes the prescutum is about the same length as the width of the anterior margin, with a posterior margin that is slightly narrower giving the prescutum a slight isosceles trapezoid appearance. The margins of the prescutum are marked with granulation and the prescutum surface is covered with granulation with those along the sagittal plane slightly larger and in males a weak sagittal crest is present (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. holotype female. Note that the holotype female is heavily damaged in several places, especially the abdomen which has numerous holes through which the background can be seen, this is not an artifact of image postprocessing A habitus, dorsal B right front leg, dorsal C associated data labels D details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs by Arne Koehler (SDEI) and Mandy Schroeter (SDEI)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710965" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">6D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. male from the MNHU collection A habitus, dorsal B details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsal C genitalia, ventral D details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs by Frank Hennemann (Germany)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710967" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">8B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Rakaphyllium exsectum comb. nov. holotype female (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal B profemora, dorsal C details of head through thorax, dorsal D genitalia, ventral E details of antenna, dorsal F associated data labels G details of head through thorax, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs A, F, G taken by Paul Brock (United Kingdom), other photographs taken by first author." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710968" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9C</figureCitation>
|
||
). When viewed laterally, both sexes have a weakly formed prescutum anterior rim with a granular surface (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. non-type material specimens A-C, F-H adult female from Coll SLT, Indonesia: Jayapura, Klaisu D, E nymphs from MAMU A habitus, dorsal B details of head through thorax, lateral C profemora, dorsal D female nymph without collection data (MAMU) E male nymph with slightly undulating abdomen with associated data label above (MAMU) F details of antenna, dorsal G genitalia, ventral H details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bars only associated with images A, D, E. Photographs A-C, F-H taken by Rene Limoges (IMQC) D, E courtesy of Chau Chak Wing Museum, the University of Sydney, and photographs taken by David James." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710966" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">7B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. male from the MNHU collection A habitus, dorsal B details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsal C genitalia, ventral D details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs by Frank Hennemann (Germany)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710967" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">8B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Both sexes have interior protibial lobes which do not span the full length of the shaft, instead they are only situated on the proximal half (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. holotype female. Note that the holotype female is heavily damaged in several places, especially the abdomen which has numerous holes through which the background can be seen, this is not an artifact of image postprocessing A habitus, dorsal B right front leg, dorsal C associated data labels D details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs by Arne Koehler (SDEI) and Mandy Schroeter (SDEI)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710965" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. non-type material specimens A-C, F-H adult female from Coll SLT, Indonesia: Jayapura, Klaisu D, E nymphs from MAMU A habitus, dorsal B details of head through thorax, lateral C profemora, dorsal D female nymph without collection data (MAMU) E male nymph with slightly undulating abdomen with associated data label above (MAMU) F details of antenna, dorsal G genitalia, ventral H details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bars only associated with images A, D, E. Photographs A-C, F-H taken by Rene Limoges (IMQC) D, E courtesy of Chau Chak Wing Museum, the University of Sydney, and photographs taken by David James." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710966" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">7C</figureCitation>
|
||
) and exterior protibiae which are marked by two lobes, one on the proximal and one on the distal end (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. holotype female. Note that the holotype female is heavily damaged in several places, especially the abdomen which has numerous holes through which the background can be seen, this is not an artifact of image postprocessing A habitus, dorsal B right front leg, dorsal C associated data labels D details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs by Arne Koehler (SDEI) and Mandy Schroeter (SDEI)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710965" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. non-type material specimens A-C, F-H adult female from Coll SLT, Indonesia: Jayapura, Klaisu D, E nymphs from MAMU A habitus, dorsal B details of head through thorax, lateral C profemora, dorsal D female nymph without collection data (MAMU) E male nymph with slightly undulating abdomen with associated data label above (MAMU) F details of antenna, dorsal G genitalia, ventral H details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bars only associated with images A, D, E. Photographs A-C, F-H taken by Rene Limoges (IMQC) D, E courtesy of Chau Chak Wing Museum, the University of Sydney, and photographs taken by David James." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710966" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">7C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The exterior meso- and metatibiae are notably reduced, but if lobes are present its just as small spurs (sometimes just a distal spur or sometimes one on each end of the shaft) never as prominent lobes. Profemoral exterior lobes are rather variable as within
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming & Le Tirant" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Giglio-Tos" baseAuthorityYear="1912" family="Phylliidae" genus="Rakaphyllium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rakaphyllium schultzei" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="schultzei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rakaphyllium schultzei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov. females they are simply arcing smoothly from end to end without a strong angle (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. holotype female. Note that the holotype female is heavily damaged in several places, especially the abdomen which has numerous holes through which the background can be seen, this is not an artifact of image postprocessing A habitus, dorsal B right front leg, dorsal C associated data labels D details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs by Arne Koehler (SDEI) and Mandy Schroeter (SDEI)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710965" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
), but in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming & Le Tirant" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Zompro" baseAuthorityYear="2001" family="Phylliidae" genus="Rakaphyllium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rakaphyllium exsectum" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="exsectum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rakaphyllium exsectum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov. females the exterior lobe is distinctly boxy with a right angle (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Rakaphyllium exsectum comb. nov. holotype female (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal B profemora, dorsal C details of head through thorax, dorsal D genitalia, ventral E details of antenna, dorsal F associated data labels G details of head through thorax, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs A, F, G taken by Paul Brock (United Kingdom), other photographs taken by first author." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710968" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males are only known for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming & Le Tirant" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Giglio-Tos" baseAuthorityYear="1912" family="Phylliidae" genus="Rakaphyllium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rakaphyllium schultzei" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="schultzei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rakaphyllium schultzei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov. in which the femoral morphology is similar to the female, simply arcing tightly along the profemoral shaft (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. male from the MNHU collection A habitus, dorsal B details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsal C genitalia, ventral D details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs by Frank Hennemann (Germany)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710967" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">8B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Wings</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Female tegmina are average in length, only reaching onto abdominal segments V or VI and male tegmina are moderate in length, only reaching onto abdominal segment II or III. Females have rudimentary alae. Male alae are fully developed in an oval-fan configuration and reach onto abdominal segments VIII to X. Female tegmina have a subcoastal vein; radial vein which runs parallel with the media and splits into the first radial about halfway through its length and terminates in a radial sector which bends distinctly away from the media and arcs to the wing margin; a bifurcate medial vein; a bifurcate cubitus vein; and a first anal vein which fuses with the cubitus early on (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Female tegmina venation for two of the herein described genera A Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. (SDEI) B Vaabonbonphyllium groesseri comb. nov. (SMTD). Abbreviations: Sc (subcosta); R (radius); R 1 (radius 1); Rs (radial sector); R-M (radius to media crossvein); M (media); MA (media anterior); MP (media posterior); Cu (cubitus); CuA (cubitus anterior); CuP (cubitus posterior); 1 A (first anal)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710962" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Male tegmina (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Male tegmina venation for two of the herein described genera A Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. (MNHU) B Vaabonbonphyllium rafidahae (IMQC) (Coll RC 19 - 106). Abbreviations: Sc (subcosta); R (radius); R 1 (radius 1); Rs (radial sector); Rs + MA (fused radial sector and media anterior); M (media); MA (media anterior); MP (media posterior); Cu + 1 AA (fused cubitus and first anterior anal); 1 AA- 7 AA (first through seventh anterior anal); 1 PA- 5 PA (first through fifth posterior anal); 1 A (first anal)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710961" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
) have a simple subcoastal vein; radial vein which runs parallel/subparallel with the media almost throughout the full length of the wing and branches into the first radial about one third of the way through the wing length and terminates as the radial sector; the media runs parallel/subparallel with the radius and has the media posterior split near the middle of the wing and terminates as the media anterior; the cubitus is unbranched; and there is a first anal which fuses with the cubitus early on. Male alae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Male tegmina venation for two of the herein described genera A Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. (MNHU) B Vaabonbonphyllium rafidahae (IMQC) (Coll RC 19 - 106). Abbreviations: Sc (subcosta); R (radius); R 1 (radius 1); Rs (radial sector); Rs + MA (fused radial sector and media anterior); M (media); MA (media anterior); MP (media posterior); Cu + 1 AA (fused cubitus and first anterior anal); 1 AA- 7 AA (first through seventh anterior anal); 1 PA- 5 PA (first through fifth posterior anal); 1 A (first anal)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710961" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
) have a costal vein running along the anterior margin; a subcostal vein which runs parallel with the costal vein for the full length; the radial vein is the most unique feature of the alae as it is simple, running parallel to the subcostal vein; the media splits early into the media anterior and posterior which run parallel until the media posterior fuses with the media anterior near the wing margin and they run fused to the apex of the wing; the cubitus is fused with the first anterior anal for ca. half of the length until the first anterior anal splits and runs to the wing margin; the anal veins are split into two groups, the anterior anals and the posterior anals (with seven anterior anals and four or five posterior anals).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Both sexes have variable abdominal shapes, but all forms are broad in the middle with the widest segments V or VI; in both sexes the anterior halves are uniformly broadening to the middle segments, and then the posterior half of the abdomen is variable either with smooth margins giving the abdomen an ovoid appearance, or with the posterior segments gently or strongly undulating giving the abdomen a lobed appearance. Female subgenital plate is short and relatively narrow with the apex slightly reaching onto the anterior margin of the terminal abdominal segment and ending in a fine point; gonapophyses VIII are exceptionally long (with ca. half of their length projecting out from underneath the abdomen) with a uniform width through most of their length; the cerci are relatively flat, marked sparsely with a granular surface, and end in blunt points (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. non-type material specimens A-C, F-H adult female from Coll SLT, Indonesia: Jayapura, Klaisu D, E nymphs from MAMU A habitus, dorsal B details of head through thorax, lateral C profemora, dorsal D female nymph without collection data (MAMU) E male nymph with slightly undulating abdomen with associated data label above (MAMU) F details of antenna, dorsal G genitalia, ventral H details of head through thorax, dorsal. Scale bars only associated with images A, D, E. Photographs A-C, F-H taken by Rene Limoges (IMQC) D, E courtesy of Chau Chak Wing Museum, the University of Sydney, and photographs taken by David James." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710966" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">7G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Rakaphyllium exsectum comb. nov. holotype female (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal B profemora, dorsal C details of head through thorax, dorsal D genitalia, ventral E details of antenna, dorsal F associated data labels G details of head through thorax, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs A, F, G taken by Paul Brock (United Kingdom), other photographs taken by first author." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710968" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males have a long, relatively narrow, triangular vomer which is singularly pronged, hooking up into the paraproct (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. male from the MNHU collection A habitus, dorsal B details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsal C genitalia, ventral D details of front legs, base of antennae, head, thorax, and tegmina, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with A. Photographs by Frank Hennemann (Germany)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710967" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">8C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710968" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming & Le Tirant" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Zompro" baseAuthorityYear="2001" family="Phylliidae" genus="Rakaphyllium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rakaphyllium exsectum" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="species" species="exsectum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rakaphyllium exsectum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov. holotype female (NHMUK)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">A</emphasis>
|
||
habitus, dorsal
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">B</emphasis>
|
||
profemora, dorsal
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">C</emphasis>
|
||
details of head through thorax, dorsal
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">D</emphasis>
|
||
genitalia, ventral
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E</emphasis>
|
||
details of antenna, dorsal
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">F</emphasis>
|
||
associated data labels
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">G</emphasis>
|
||
details of head through thorax, dorsolateral. Scale bar only associated with
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Photographs
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">A, F, G</emphasis>
|
||
taken by Paul Brock (United Kingdom), other photographs taken by first author.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Egg.</emphasis>
|
||
Egg morphology is not yet known for this rare genus, but with such unusually long gonapophyses to hold the eggs before they are flung away, the eggs must have a unique shape to require such ungainly gonapophyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming & Le Tirant" authorityYear="2022" family="Phylliidae" genus="Rakaphyllium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rakaphyllium" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rakaphyllium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
meaning "walking leaf". This generic epithet is a compound of the Latinized name
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Phyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllium" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phyllium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the type genus for the family (from Greek
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="φυλλον">φυλλον</normalizedToken>
|
||
, -ου (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">phyllon</emphasis>
|
||
, -
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">oy</emphasis>
|
||
) + -um;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poitout, F" journalOrPublisher="L'Association PHYLLIE, Paris, France" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" refId="B30" refString="Poitout, F, 2007. Dictionnaire etymologique des noms scientifques des Phasmes (Phasmatodea). L'Association PHYLLIE, Paris, France" title="Dictionnaire etymologique des noms scientifques des Phasmes (Phasmatodea)." year="2007">Poitout 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), coupled with the prefix
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">raka</emphasis>
|
||
from the Hiri Motu language of New Guinea which means "to walk" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chatterton, P" journalOrPublisher="Robert Brown & Associates, Buranda, Queensland, Australia" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" publicationUrl="https://exkiap.net/other/tok_pisin/Say_It_In_Motu.pdf" refId="B8" refString="Chatterton, P, 1975. Say it in Motu an instant introduction to the common language of Papua. Robert Brown & Associates, Buranda, Queensland, Australia, https://exkiap.net/other/tok_pisin/Say_It_In_Motu.pdf" title="Say it in Motu an instant introduction to the common language of Papua." url="https://exkiap.net/other/tok_pisin/Say_It_In_Motu.pdf" year="1975">Chatterton 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dutton, TE" journalOrPublisher="The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" refId="B18" refString="Dutton, TE, Voorhoeve, CL, 1975. Beginning Hiri Motu. Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies. The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia" title="Beginning Hiri Motu. Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies." year="1975">Dutton and Voorhoeve 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We wish to honor the original inhabitants of this area by using the traditional language of Hiri Motu which is one of the official languages of Papua New Guinea and as Papua New Guinea pushed towards sovereignty in 1975, Hiri Motu was seen as a unifying force which was instrumental in the awakening of national pride (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dutton, TE" journalOrPublisher="The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" refId="B18" refString="Dutton, TE, Voorhoeve, CL, 1975. Beginning Hiri Motu. Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies. The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia" title="Beginning Hiri Motu. Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies." year="1975">Dutton and Voorhoeve 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We chose this name because of the amazing camouflage these insects possess, allowing them to appear miraculously as a leaf that simply stands up and walks away when disturbed. This new genus is neuter in gender, following
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Phylliidae" genus="Phyllium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllium" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phyllium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
At present our knowledge of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cumming & Le Tirant" authorityYear="2022" family="Phylliidae" genus="Rakaphyllium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rakaphyllium" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Rakaphyllium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. nov. is rather limited due to its rarity, however, interestingly despite it being rarely collected, this genus appears to be somewhat widespread, with records from throughout New Guinea, and even a record from the Aru Islands (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Live representatives from two of the three herein described genera A Rakaphyllium schultzei comb. nov. male photographed by Loic Degen (Switzerland) on Wokam Island, Aru Islands, Indonesia B Acentetaphyllium brevipenne comb. nov. brown form female, photograph purchased from Alamy stock photo website, noted as simply from the " rainforest of New Guinea ", no additional observational data could be traced." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710959" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">1A</figureCitation>
|
||
) off the western coast of Papua Province, Indonesia (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Distribution map noting all presently known records of Vaabonbonphyllium gen. nov. (denoted as star symbols) and Rakaphyllium gen. nov. (denoted as circle symbols) which were located and had data that could accurately be mapped. See Supplementary File 1 for full details for all records presented." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1110.80808.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/710964" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |