421 lines
51 KiB
XML
421 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="949649056DAA86F4D0ECA208160597B6" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.246331" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bc74a10-7de0-4e39-8fc6-142a14d01b07" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="246331" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460513276238" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2012" docId="03AB4D687B75D201FF6FFB15FF3DFC30" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03438p042.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3438" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Borbo borbonica subsp. borbonica Boisduval 1833" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="FF9235107B64D215FFF8FF93FFC9FF97" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1698313706351" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="7EA23ECD7FB9869A5D69ED1E1284E920">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F77A942419B0A3BD187A619073C29D44">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5331DE6DE1D1B47E4A881D369461F865">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2934DD34B04568524F2A5AC370ED4619">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="BF74132CC50D90844601A3ED4EDD5E34">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1447C5134153B1F61C09447D65DB5836">
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<mods:date id="AE2C7A6A1EFFBF55660992C1D46CFC74">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="237A25837AB4E5DF8195F1457432E599">3438</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AB4D687B75D201FF6FFB15FF3DFC30" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680674" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119523705" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680674" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB4D687B75D201FF6FFB15FF3DFC30" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB4D687B75D201FF6FFB15FF3DFC30" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="C318AFF57B75D201FF6FFB15FF3DFC30" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B75D204FF6FFB15FCB0FB37" blockId="17.[151,1437,1158,1577]" box="[151,889,1158,1184]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<heading id="D0F54B127B75D204FF6FFB15FCB0FB37" bold="true" box="[151,889,1158,1184]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FF6FFB15FCB0FB37" bold="true" box="[151,889,1158,1184]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B75D204FF6FFB15FD78FB37" ID-CoL="68PML" authority="Boisduval, 1833" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1833" box="[151,689,1158,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="borbonica" subSpecies="borbonica">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FF6FFB15FE2CFB37" bold="true" box="[151,485,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Borbo borbonica borbonica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FE14FB15FD78FB37" author="Boisduval" box="[492,689,1158,1184]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Boisduval, [J. A.] (1833) Faune entomologique de Madagascar, Bourbon et Maurice. Lepidopteres. Libraire Encyclopedique du Roret, Paris, 122 pp, 16 plates." type="book" year="1833">Boisduval, 1833</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B75D204FD47FB15FCB8FB37" box="[703,881,1158,1184]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 13" captionStart-1="FIGURE 14" captionStart-2="FIGURE 15" captionStart-3="FIGURE 16" captionStartId-0="18.[151,250,1069,1092]" captionStartId-1="19.[151,250,1559,1582]" captionStartId-2="20.[151,250,666,689]" captionStartId-3="20.[151,250,1462,1485]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,155,1047]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,824,1542]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,155,640]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1435,991,1438]" captionTargetId-0="figure@18.[151,1436,155,1047]" captionTargetId-1="figure@19.[151,1436,824,1543]" captionTargetId-2="figure@20.[151,1436,155,640]" captionTargetId-3="figure@20.[151,1436,991,1438]" captionTargetPageId-0="18" captionTargetPageId-1="19" captionTargetPageId-2="20" captionTargetPageId-3="20" captionText-0="FIGURE 13. Adult male of Borbo borbonica at rest, Diani Beach, 15. xii. 1989." captionText-1="FIGURE 14. Penultimate instar caterpillar of Borbo borbonica, collected 24. iii. 1990 as n- 2 caterpillar on Leersia hexandra, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; moulted to penultimate instar 28. iii.; photographed 28. iii., 9 mm; moulted to final instar 5. iv.; ref. 91 / 21." captionText-2="FIGURE 15. Final instar caterpillar of Borbo borbonica, collected 24. iii. 1990 as n- 2 caterpillar on Leersia hexandra, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; moulted to final instar 5. iv.; pupated 17. iv.; ref. 91 / 21. 1, dorsolateral view, photographed 10. iv., 32 mm; 2, detail of head, anterolateral view; photographed 7. iv." captionText-3="FIGURE 16. Pupa of Borbo borbonica, dorsolateral view; collected 24. iii. 1990 as n- 2 caterpillar on Leersia hexandra, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; pupated 17. iv.; photographed 21. iv., 26 mm; adult female 28. iv.; ref. 91 / 21." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/246344/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/246345/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/246346/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/246347/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figures 13–16</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B75D204FF6FFB3AFD65FAC6" blockId="17.[151,1437,1158,1577]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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The nominate subspecies is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, and also found in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B75D204FBB8FB3AFB00FB56" box="[1088,1225,1193,1217]" name="Madagascar" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B75D204FB2FFB3AFA8DFB56" box="[1239,1348,1193,1217]" name="Mauritius" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B75D204FA86FB39FF30FB72" name="Réunion" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">La Réunion</collectingCountry>
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, the
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<typeStatus id="54B942DC7B75D204FED7FB5DFE96FB71" box="[303,351,1230,1254]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">type</typeStatus>
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locality (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FE34FB5EFD4AFB72" author="Boisduval" box="[460,643,1229,1253]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Boisduval, [J. A.] (1833) Faune entomologique de Madagascar, Bourbon et Maurice. Lepidopteres. Libraire Encyclopedique du Roret, Paris, 122 pp, 16 plates." type="book" year="1833">Boisduval 1833</bibRefCitation>
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). Subspecies
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FCE4FB5EFCBBFB72" box="[796,882,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">morella</emphasis>
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Joannis is found on the
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B75D204FB72FB5EFACBFB72" box="[1162,1282,1229,1253]" name="Seychelles" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
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and Aldabra, and ssp.
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FF06FB62FE8DFA9E" box="[254,324,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">zelleri</emphasis>
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Lederer in North Africa and parts of the near East (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FC54FB62FB8DFA9E" author="Evans" box="[940,1092,1265,1289]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937 a) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937" yearSuffix="a">Evans 1937a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FBAAFB62FB44FA9E" author="Evans" box="[1106,1165,1265,1289]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History), London, 502 pp, 53 plates." type="book" year="1949">1949</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FB64FB61FAE6FA9E" author="Larsen" box="[1180,1327,1265,1289]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1984) Butterflies of Saudi Arabia and its neighbours. Transworld Arabian Library, Riyadh & Stacey International, London, 160 pp." type="book" year="1984">Larsen 1984</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FAA8FB61FF28FABA" author="Larsen" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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notes that there seem to be differences in genitalia between some populations, and so location-specific life history information may useful to interpret this.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B75D204FF3FFACDFC06F9BE" blockId="17.[151,1437,1158,1577]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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In
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B75D204FF1DFACDFEF8FAE1" box="[229,305,1374,1398]" name="Kenya" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, it is reported plentiful in the Chyulu Hills by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FCC1FACDFBEBFAE2" box="[825,1058,1373,1397]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1939) Butterflies of the Chyulu Range. A systematic list of the species taken by the Museum Expedition to the hills. April - July 1938. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 14, 130 - 151." type="journal article">Van Someren (1939)</bibRefCitation>
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and fairly common in Makardara Forest (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FF14FA12FE70FA0E" author="Sevastopulo" box="[236,441,1409,1433]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974). Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo 1974</bibRefCitation>
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). I have found it widespread and fairly common from the
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B75D204FBB3FA11FB5DFA0D" box="[1099,1172,1410,1434]" name="Kenya" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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coast inland to Nairobi and the edge of the Rift Valley (Muguga, c.
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<quantity id="4CFA519B7B75D204FD65FA36FD26FA2A" box="[669,751,1445,1469]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="2100.0">2100m</quantity>
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), although it is reported to be migratory and also occurs in western
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B75D204FF0EFA59FEF6FA75" box="[246,319,1482,1506]" name="Kenya" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FEA8FA5AFE2BFA76" author="Larsen" box="[336,482,1481,1505]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
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). On
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<date id="FFBCDABE7B75D204FDD3FA5AFD67FA76" box="[555,686,1481,1506]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1991-04-06">6 Apr 1991</date>
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I found it extremely abundant in the vicinity of Irima Hill, Tsavo East, in the late afternoon—probably due to a recent mass emergence or mass movement. In
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B75D204FB05FA7EFAA8F992" box="[1277,1377,1517,1541]" name="Tanzania" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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it is common in “woodlands and open habitats up to
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<quantity id="4CFA519B7B75D204FD4CF982FCCDF9BE" box="[692,772,1553,1577]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="2600.0">2600m</quantity>
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” (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FCE5F982FC0BF9BE" author="Kielland" box="[797,962,1553,1577]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B75D204FF6FF9CAFED7F9E6" blockId="17.[151,1436,1625,2009]" box="[151,286,1625,1649]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FF6FF9CAFED7F9E6" box="[151,286,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B75D204FF6FF9EDFBFAF84E" blockId="17.[151,1436,1625,2009]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FF6FF9EDFEA5F902" author="Hargreaves" box="[151,364,1661,1686]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Hargreaves, H. (1932) Annual Report of the Government Entomologist. Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture of Uganda, 1931 (ii), 43 - 47. [As abstracted in Review of Applied Entomology]" type="journal article" year="1932">Hargreaves (1932)</bibRefCitation>
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records this species from
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B75D204FD54F9EDFCD2F902" box="[684,795,1662,1685]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mays">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FD54F9EDFCD2F902" box="[684,795,1662,1685]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Zea mays</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(maize) in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B75D204FC53F9EEFBCFF902" box="[939,1030,1661,1685]" name="Uganda" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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. However, when he subsequently reviewed the pests of maize in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B75D204FE0CF932FD82F92E" box="[500,587,1697,1721]" name="Uganda" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FDA2F932FCD6F92E" author="Hargreaves" box="[602,799,1697,1721]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Hargreaves, H. (1939) Notes on some pests of maize and millets in Uganda. East African Agricultural Journal, 5, 104 - 109." type="journal article" year="1939">Hargreaves 1939</bibRefCitation>
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), he did not mention
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B75D204FBF5F931FB69F92E" box="[1037,1184,1697,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borbonica">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FBF5F931FB69F92E" box="[1037,1184,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B. borbonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but instead discussed
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B75D204FF6FF955FED9F94A" box="[151,272,1733,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemella">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FF6FF955FED9F94A" box="[151,272,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B. gemella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, referring to the caterpillar as “very pale green with darker longitudinal lines and blackish or reddish brown marked head”. It seems rather likely that Hargreaves’ (1932) record of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B75D204FBCCF979FB00F896" box="[1076,1225,1769,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borbonica">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FBCCF979FB00F896" box="[1076,1225,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B. borbonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was subsequently treated as
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B75D204FEFFF89DFEB7F8B2" box="[263,382,1805,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemella">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FEFFF89DFEB7F8B2" box="[263,382,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B. gemella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FE59F89DFDBDF8B2" author="Hargreaves" box="[417,628,1805,1830]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Hargreaves, H. (1939) Notes on some pests of maize and millets in Uganda. East African Agricultural Journal, 5, 104 - 109." type="journal article" year="1939">Hargreaves (1939)</bibRefCitation>
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. The description of the caterpillar of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B75D204FBEEF89DFB44F8B2" box="[1046,1165,1805,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FBEEF89DFB44F8B2" box="[1046,1165,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B. gemella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is inadequate, but could refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B75D204FF03F8A1FE5AF8DE" box="[251,403,1841,1865]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borbonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FF03F8A1FE5AF8DE" box="[251,403,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B. borbonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or other species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B75D204FD24F8A2FC7BF8DE" box="[732,946,1841,1865]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FD24F8A2FC7BF8DE" box="[732,946,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pelopidas mathias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FC2AF8A1FB53F8DE" box="[978,1178,1841,1865]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Le Pelley, R. H. (1959) Agricultural insects of East Africa. East Africa High Commission, Nairobi, Kenya, 307 pp." type="book">Le Pelley (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists the record from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FF6FF8C5FEA2F8FA" author="Hargreaves" box="[151,363,1877,1902]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Hargreaves, H. (1932) Annual Report of the Government Entomologist. Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture of Uganda, 1931 (ii), 43 - 47. [As abstracted in Review of Applied Entomology]" type="journal article" year="1932">Hargreaves (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FE46F8C6FD50F8FA" author="Sevastopulo" box="[446,665,1877,1901]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." type="journal article" year="1975">Sevastopulo (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
includes maize, based on Le Pelley (Sevastopulo unpublished), and “grasses generally”. Subsequent authors have repeated this
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B75D204FCA0F8E9FC4BF806" box="[856,898,1914,1937]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FCA0F8E9FC4BF806" box="[856,898,1914,1937]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Zea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
food plant record with no indications of new observations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FECAF80EFE0BF822" author="Larsen" box="[306,450,1949,1973]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FE35F80EFD69F822" author="Ackery" box="[461,672,1949,1973]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Ackery
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FDDEF80DFD9EF822" box="[550,599,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FD53F80EFC45F822" author="Henning" box="[683,908,1949,1973]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FCEAF80DFC8AF822" box="[786,835,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FC6FF80DFBEEF822" author="Larsen" box="[919,1063,1949,1973]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Accordingly, although maize is a likely food plant, the records of it being used should be considered unconfirmed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7DACF67B76D207FF6FFBBEFC08FBD4" box="[151,961,1069,1092]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246344/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" targetBox="[151,1435,155,1047]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B76D207FF6FFBBEFC08FBD4" blockId="18.[151,961,1069,1092]" box="[151,961,1069,1092]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FF6FFBBEFED0FBD5" bold="true" box="[151,281,1069,1092]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">FIGURE 13</emphasis>
|
||
. Adult male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FE47FBBEFDA5FBD4" box="[447,620,1069,1091]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borbonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FE47FBBEFDA5FBD4" box="[447,620,1069,1091]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Borbo borbonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at rest, Diani Beach, 15.xii.1989.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B76D207FF3FFB06FE07FAAB" blockId="18.[151,1437,1172,1808]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FF3FFB06FEAFFB3B" author="Frappa" box="[199,358,1172,1196]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Frappa, C. (1937) Note sur deux especes de Pamphila nuisibles au riz a Madagascar. Riz et Riziculture, 11 (1), 19 - 24." type="journal article" year="1937">Frappa (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FE4CFB06FD8FFB3B" box="[436,582,1172,1196]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borbonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FE4CFB06FD8FFB3B" box="[436,582,1172,1196]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">B. borbonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
abundant on upland rice in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B76D207FC85FB07FBCFFB3B" box="[893,1030,1172,1196]" name="Madagascar" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FBAEFB07FADEFB3B" author="Bouriquet" box="[1110,1303,1172,1196]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Bouriquet, G. (1949) Les maladies cryptogamiques et les principaux ennemis vegetaux et animaux du riz a Madagascar. Agronomie tropicale, 4 (1 - 2), 81 - 89." type="journal article" year="1949">Bouriquet (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports that it caused minor damage in that country.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FD8DFB2BFCE3FB47" author="Breniere" box="[629,810,1208,1232]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Breniere, J. (1976) Reconnaissance des principaux lepidopteres du riz de l'Afrique de l'ouest. Agronomie Tropicale, 31 (3), 212 - 231." type="journal article" year="1976">Brenière (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FC73FB2AFBE9FB47" box="[907,1056,1208,1232]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borbonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FC73FB2AFBE9FB47" box="[907,1056,1208,1232]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">B. borbonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a pest of rice in West Africa, noting that damage is minimal and outbreaks terminated by the action of natural enemies. In the NHM Dry Early Stages Collection there is material reared by P.P. Graves on rice in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B76D207FC7BFA92FC00FA8E" box="[899,969,1281,1305]" name="Egypt" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
; the preserved caterpillar and three pupae match those described here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B76D207FF3FFADAFDD3FA67" blockId="18.[151,1437,1172,1808]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
From southern Africa,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FE2EFADBFD36FAF7" author="Dickson" box="[470,767,1352,1376]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FCC7FADBFBE6FAF7" box="[831,1071,1352,1376]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FC64FADAFC1BFAF7" box="[924,978,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
give various grasses including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FF6FFAFFFF37FA13" box="[151,254,1388,1412]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FF6FFAFFFF37FA13" box="[151,254,1388,1412]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ehrharta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., and this is repeated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FDC2FAFFFD26FA13" author="Kielland" box="[570,751,1388,1412]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FCF9FAFEFC56FA13" author="Larsen" box="[769,927,1388,1412]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gives the food plants as “many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FAFCFAFFFAABFA13" box="[1284,1378,1388,1412]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and lists
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FF35FA03FEFAFA3F" box="[205,307,1424,1448]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FF35FA03FEFAFA3F" box="[205,307,1424,1448]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ehrharta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FEBBFA02FE4EFA3F" box="[323,391,1425,1448]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FEBBFA02FE4EFA3F" box="[323,391,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Oryza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FE31FA02FE3AFA3F" box="[457,499,1425,1448]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FE31FA02FE3AFA3F" box="[457,499,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Zea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the above records, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FC8CFA03FC16FA3F" box="[884,991,1424,1448]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FC8CFA03FC16FA3F" box="[884,991,1424,1448]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cenchrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FBF9FA02FB4AFA3F" box="[1025,1155,1425,1448]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FBF9FA02FB4AFA3F" box="[1025,1155,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pennisetum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which seems to be the first record of this genus.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FE34FA27FD7EFA5B" box="[460,695,1460,1484]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book">
|
||
Ackery
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FDD0FA26FD92FA5B" box="[552,603,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FD0AFA27FC23FA5B" box="[754,1002,1460,1484]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FCA4FA26FC46FA5B" box="[860,911,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
repeat these records, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FAEDFA27FF28FA67" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FA99FA26FA5CFA5B" box="[1377,1429,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
list only “species of grass”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B76D207FF3FFA6FFCCFF9CB" blockId="18.[151,1437,1172,1808]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FF3FFA6FFEB7F983" author="Williams" box="[199,382,1532,1556]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Williams, J. R. (1989) Butterflies of Mauritius. The author, Mauritius, 41 pp." type="book" year="1989">Williams (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists sugar cane, rice and various wild grasses as food plants in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B76D207FBB7FA6FFB76F983" box="[1103,1215,1532,1556]" name="Mauritius" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
; while for the same island
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FF1AF9B3FE21F9AF" author="Davis" box="[226,488,1568,1592]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Davis, P. M. H. & Barnes, M. J. C. (1993) The butterflies of Mauritius. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 30 (1991), 145 - 161." type="journal article" year="1993">Davis & Barnes (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
note a preference for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FD1BF9B2FC8EF9AF" box="[739,839,1569,1592]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FD1BF9B2FC8EF9AF" box="[739,839,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Panicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FCA0F9B3FCB1F9AF" box="[856,888,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">s.l.</emphasis>
|
||
) spp.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FC3FF9B3FB5BF9AF" author="Guillermet" box="[967,1170,1568,1592]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Guillermet, C. (2011) Les papillons diurnes de La Reunion. http: // christian. guillermet. perso. neuf. fr / rhopalo. htm (Last accessed 6 Nov 2011)." type="journal article" year="2011">Guillermet (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists rice and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FAC9F9B3FEC0F9CB" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FAC9F9B3FEC0F9CB" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cenchrus purpureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FED1F9D6FDE7F9CB" box="[297,558,1605,1628]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpureum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FED1F9D6FDE7F9CB" box="[297,558,1605,1628]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pennisetum purpureum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B76D207FD84F9D6FCCBF9CB" box="[636,770,1604,1628]" name="Réunion" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">La Réunion</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B76D207FF3FF9FAFC79F933" blockId="18.[151,1437,1172,1808]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Hence,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B76D207FEDBF9FAFE0EF917" author="Larsen" box="[291,455,1640,1664]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
adds
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FDECF9FAFDA1F917" box="[532,616,1641,1664]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Leersia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FDECF9FAFDA1F917" box="[532,616,1641,1664]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Leersia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FD53F9FBFCC6F917" box="[683,783,1640,1664]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FD53F9FBFCC6F917" box="[683,783,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sorghum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to those previously recorded;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FB79F9FAFB1CF917" box="[1153,1237,1641,1664]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Leersia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FB79F9FAFB1CF917" box="[1153,1237,1641,1664]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Leersia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on my observation below, but I have not traced another record from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FCBDF91FFC60F933" box="[837,937,1676,1700]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FCBDF91FFC60F933" box="[837,937,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sorghum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B76D207FF3FF922FAEAF887" blockId="18.[151,1437,1172,1808]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
I have reared this species just once—from a caterpillar on the fine leaved grass
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FBB3F922FAC6F95F" box="[1099,1295,1712,1736]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Leersia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexandra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FBB3F922FAC6F95F" box="[1099,1295,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Leersia hexandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(91/21) in a patch of stream-side swamp at the bottom of my garden in Kyuna, Nairobi (the same food plant is also used by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FF6FF96BFE80F887" box="[151,329,1784,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="midas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FF6FF96BFE80F887" box="[151,329,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Metisella midas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FE87F96AFDDFF887" box="[383,534,1785,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niso">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FE87F96AFDDFF887" box="[383,534,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Gegenes niso</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at this site). In captivity it also fed readily on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B76D207FBD9F96BFAD5F887" box="[1057,1308,1784,1808]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FBD9F96BFAD5F887" box="[1057,1308,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Megathyrsus maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B76D207FF6FF8D2FF13F8CF" blockId="18.[151,1436,1857,2025]" box="[151,218,1857,1880]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B76D207FF6FF8D2FF13F8CF" box="[151,218,1857,1880]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ovum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B76D206FF6FF8F7FC72FF43" blockId="18.[151,1436,1857,2025]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,151,212]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Ova extracted from a captured female were dome-shaped with a very narrow flange around the base and measured 1.1 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B76D207FF2DF81BFEEDF837" box="[213,292,1928,1952]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high. Two uneclosed ova associated with the caterpillar that I found (91/21) measured 1.1–1.2 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B76D207FF53F83FFEE2F853" box="[171,299,1964,1988]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.55" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.6mm</quantity>
|
||
and are considered to belong to this species. The eclosed ovum associated with 91/21 was laid singly on a grass leaf and the shell eaten by the caterpillar except for base. Sevastopulo (unpublished) reared this species from ova in Kampala,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B77D206FE65FF04FE31FF38" box="[413,504,151,175]" name="Uganda" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
. He describes the ovum as “very pale blue-green, bun-shaped, under a powerful hand lens minutely punctuate”. Sevastopulo’s ova hatched after 6 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B77D206FF6FFF6EFEEEFE82" blockId="19.[151,406,253,314]" box="[151,295,253,277]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B77D206FF6FFF6EFEEEFE82" box="[151,295,253,277]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B77D206FF6FFEB1FE5FFEAE" blockId="19.[151,406,253,314]" box="[151,406,289,314]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">By rolling a grass leaf.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B77D206FF6FFEF0FEDCFEEC" blockId="19.[151,1437,355,774]" box="[151,277,355,379]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B77D206FF6FFEF0FEDCFEEC" box="[151,277,355,379]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B77D206FF6FFE15FACCFDB9" blockId="19.[151,1437,355,774]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Sevastopulo (unpublished) records five instars. Instar 1: head black; body whitish green; narrow black dorsal plate on T1. Instar 2: similar but plate on T1 not visible; the head capsule of instar n-3 of 91/21 measured 0.7 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B77D206FAB5FE39FA52FE55" box="[1357,1435,426,450]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7mm</quantity>
|
||
and had scattered, very short, pale setae. Instar 3: similar, but head very dark brown with a[n inverted] V-shaped mark from vertex to outside mandibles; body with darker green dorsal line and pale subdorsal and dorsolateral lines; the head capsule of instar n-2 of 91/21 measured 1.1 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B77D206FCB8FD85FC5FFDB9" box="[832,918,534,558]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
and had setae as previous instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B77D206FF3FFDA9FC16FC91" blockId="19.[151,1437,355,774]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The penultimate instar is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B77D206FD86FDA9FD3CFDC5" box="[638,757,570,594]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1559,1582]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,824,1542]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,824,1543]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 14. Penultimate instar caterpillar of Borbo borbonica, collected 24. iii. 1990 as n- 2 caterpillar on Leersia hexandra, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; moulted to penultimate instar 28. iii.; photographed 28. iii., 9 mm; moulted to final instar 5. iv.; ref. 91 / 21." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246345/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||
; the head capsule measures 1.5 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B77D206FB5CFDA9FB3AFDC5" box="[1188,1267,570,594]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high. Sevastopulo (unpublished) described it: “head greenish, the clypeus outlined by a fine red-brown line and with a red-brown stripe along the median suture, a red-brown stripe, edged internally with a white, forming a rough triangle from vertex to outside the mandibles.” The cast head capsule of 91/21 is light brown, with translucent areas which are green in life, and no white border to the lateral stripe; scattered, very short, pale setae. Instar 4 lasted 5 days at Kampala (Sevastopulo unpublished) and 8 days at Nairobi.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7DACF67B77D206FF6FF984FA55F9DC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246345/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" targetBox="[151,1435,824,1542]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B77D206FF6FF984FA55F9DC" blockId="19.[151,1436,1559,1612]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B77D206FF6FF984FED3F9BB" bold="true" box="[151,282,1559,1582]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">FIGURE 14</emphasis>
|
||
. Penultimate instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B77D206FD82F984FCE1F9BA" box="[634,808,1559,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borbonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B77D206FD82F984FCE1F9BA" box="[634,808,1559,1581]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Borbo borbonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected 24.iii.1990 as n-2 caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B77D206FB1BF98BFEB2F9DB" authority="Kyuna Estate, Nairobi" authorityName="Kyuna Estate, Nairobi" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Leersia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexandra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B77D206FB1BF98BFA5CF9BA" box="[1251,1429,1559,1581]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Leersia hexandra</emphasis>
|
||
, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; moulted to penultimate instar 28.iii.; photographed 28.iii., 9 mm; moulted to final instar 5.iv.; ref. 91/21.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B77D206FF3FF9E0FCB6F864" blockId="19.[151,1436,1651,2035]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The fifth instar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B77D206FE7CF9E0FE3DF91C" box="[388,500,1651,1675]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="20.[151,250,666,689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,155,640]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,155,640]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 15. Final instar caterpillar of Borbo borbonica, collected 24. iii. 1990 as n- 2 caterpillar on Leersia hexandra, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; moulted to final instar 5. iv.; pupated 17. iv.; ref. 91 / 21. 1, dorsolateral view, photographed 10. iv., 32 mm; 2, detail of head, anterolateral view; photographed 7. iv." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246346/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 15</figureCitation>
|
||
) grows to
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B77D206FD8CF9E0FD0CF91C" box="[628,709,1651,1675]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="31.0">31 mm</quantity>
|
||
or more; body green with the dorsal line darker; pale, laterally diffuse subdorsal line; narrow, pale, subdorsal line; two weak, pale, diffuse, lateral lines; spiracles, pale brown, inconspicuous; legs concolorous; anal plate slightly elongate with a fringe of stout outwardly projecting pale setae; the body has sparse, short, pale, simple setae, not evident to the eye but just visible in Figure 15.2. In Figure 15.2, it can be seen also that the head, which measured 2.4 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B77D206FCF2F890FC90F88C" box="[778,857,1795,1819]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high, has a red-brown line from the apex to stemmata, slightly darker posteriorly and with a white border anteriorly. As for the penultimate instar, the cast head capsule is translucent with a brown lateral line, but no sign of the pale border; scattered very short, pale setae not visible in Figure 15.2. Sevastopulo (unpublished) describes the lateral line as crimson, and notes that it is not always present, although the white line is. The mature caterpillar develops wax glands ventrolaterally: two small ones on A7 and a larger one on A8. The fifth instar took 12 days at Nairobi, and a caterpillar reared by Sevastopulo (unpublished) at Kampala took 28 days from eclosion to pupation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7DACF67B70D201FF6FFD09FD67FD63" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246346/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[151,1435,155,640]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B70D201FF6FFD09FD67FD63" blockId="20.[151,1436,666,756]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B70D201FF6FFD09FED0FD27" bold="true" box="[151,281,666,689]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">FIGURE 15</emphasis>
|
||
. Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B70D201FDCAFD08FD28FD26" box="[562,737,667,689]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borbonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B70D201FDCAFD08FD28FD26" box="[562,737,667,689]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Borbo borbonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected 24.iii.1990 as n-2 caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B70D201FB60FD0FFEFDFD44" authority="Kyuna Estate, Nairobi" authorityName="Kyuna Estate, Nairobi" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Leersia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexandra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B70D201FB60FD0FFA82FD26" box="[1176,1355,667,689]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Leersia hexandra</emphasis>
|
||
, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; moulted to final instar 5.iv.; pupated 17.iv.; ref. 91/21.
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B70D201FC78FD2EFC44FD45" bold="true" box="[896,909,701,722]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view, photographed 10.iv., 32 mm;
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B70D201FA71FD2EFA5CFD45" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,701,722]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterolateral view; photographed 7.iv.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B70D201FF6FFCB6FF1BFCAB" blockId="20.[151,1436,805,935]" box="[151,210,805,828]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B70D201FF6FFCB6FF1BFCAB" box="[151,210,805,828]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B70D201FF6FFCD4FF3DFC30" blockId="20.[151,1436,805,935]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
The pupal shelter, made from a grass leaf, is lined with white waxy powder, and the pupa is typical of the grass feeding members of this group (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B70D201FDF5FCF8FD49FC14" box="[525,640,875,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1462,1485]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,991,1438]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,991,1438]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 16. Pupa of Borbo borbonica, dorsolateral view; collected 24. iii. 1990 as n- 2 caterpillar on Leersia hexandra, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; pupated 17. iv.; photographed 21. iv., 26 mm; adult female 28. iv.; ref. 91 / 21." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246347/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pupation took 11 days at Kampala (Sevastopulo unpublished) and Nairobi.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |