377 lines
49 KiB
XML
377 lines
49 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D552F34A8D364A224C87FA1D0B6185AD">New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4AEF436871B9198C4A6AA13B4109B3AB">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C387E86636FFEBFF68E6E9838FFEF9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8092117" ID-GBIF-Taxon="210479575" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8092117" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C387E86636FFEBFF68E6E9838FFEF9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E86636FFEBFF68E6E9838FFEF9" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection id="C37065756636FFE4FF68E6E9856CFE70" box="[151,895,433,459]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE6636FFE4FF68E6E9856CFE70" blockId="7.[151,1437,433,1900]" box="[151,895,433,459]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="D09D81926636FFE4FF68E6E9856CFE70" bold="true" box="[151,895,433,459]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FF68E6E9856CFE70" bold="true" box="[151,895,433,459]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FF32E6E9878CFE70" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[205,415,433,459]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Kampylasterinae">Kampylasterinae</taxonomicName>
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: A new subfamily within the Asterinidae
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37065756636FFE4FF38E68D854AF8D0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE6636FFE4FF38E68D839BFDC4" blockId="7.[151,1437,433,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FF38E68D8745FE54" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[199,342,469,495]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FF38E68D8745FE54" box="[199,342,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kampylaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FE69E68D840FFE54" authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1834" box="[406,540,469,495]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Anseropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FE69E68D840FFE54" box="[406,540,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Anseropoda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were previously grouped together (see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FC0CE68D831EFE54" author="Spencer, W. K. & Wright, C. W." box="[1011,1293,469,495]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="107" refId="ref63593" refString="Spencer, W. K. & Wright, C. W. (1966) Asterozoans, Part U: Echinodermata. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology 3, 1. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. U 4 - U 107." type="book chapter" year="1966">Spencer & Wright 1966</bibRefCitation>
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) along with
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FF68E6A187B6FDA8" authority="Fisher, 1940" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,421,505,531]" class="Asteroidea" family="Leilasteridae" genus="Mirastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FF68E6A18705FDA8" box="[151,278,505,531]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mirastrella</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FEE4E6A187B6FDA8" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[283,421,505,531]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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within the Anseropodinae
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FD32E6A1854AFDA8" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[717,857,505,531]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="987 - 1130" refId="ref57682" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1906) The starfishes of the Hawaiian islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23, 987 - 1130." type="journal article" year="1906">Fisher, 1906</bibRefCitation>
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.Although a decisive placement was uncertain, A.M.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FF68E5458734FD8C" author="Clark, A. M." box="[151,295,541,567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref56287" refString="Clark, A. M. (1983) Notes on Atlantic Asteroidea. 3. Families Ganeriidae and Asterinidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 30, 247 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 28006" type="book" year="1983">Clark (1983)</bibRefCitation>
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placed
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FE81E545849CFD8C" authority="Fisher, 1940" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[382,655,541,567]" class="Asteroidea" family="Leilasteridae" genus="Mirastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FE81E54587EEFD8C" box="[382,509,541,567]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mirastrella</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FDFBE545849CFD8C" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[516,655,541,567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FD30E54585EFFD8C" authority="A. H. Clark, 1938" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1938" box="[719,1020,541,568]" class="Asteroidea" family="Leilasteridae" genus="Leilaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FD30E5458520FD8C" box="[719,819,541,567]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Leilaster</emphasis>
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A.H.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FC88E54585EFFD8C" author="Clark, A. H." box="[887,1020,541,567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref56143" refString="Clark, A. H. (1938) A new genus of starfishes from Puerto Rico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous collections, 91 (29), 1 - 7, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1938">
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Clark,
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<quantity id="4C929B1B6636FFE4FC3BE54585EFFD8C" box="[964,1020,541,567]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.92252" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="in" value="1938.0">1938</quantity>
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FBB6E54586C1FDE0" authority="Jangoux & Aziz, 1988" authorityName="Jangoux & Aziz" authorityYear="1988" class="Asteroidea" family="Leilasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">
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Leilasteridae
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FB1EE54686C1FDE0" author="Jangoux, M. & Aziz, A." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="631 - 650" refId="ref58852" refString="Jangoux, M. & Aziz, A. (1988) Les asterides (Echinodermata) recoltes autour de l'ile de la Reunion par le N. O.´Marion-Dufresne " en 1982. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Zoologie, 4 (10), 631 - 650. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 287593" type="journal article" year="1988">Jangoux & Aziz, 1988</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, separate from the
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FE51E5198420FDE0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[430,563,577,603]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
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. As discussed herein “
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FCC9E5198254FDE0" box="[822,1095,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FCC9E51985D1FDE0" authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1834" box="[822,962,577,603]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Anseropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Anseropoda</taxonomicName>
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”
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FC2AE51A8254FDE0" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[981,1095,578,603]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Anseropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarctica">antarctica</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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is separated from typological
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FF68E53D870EFDC4" authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1834" box="[151,285,613,639]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Anseropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FF68E53D870EFDC4" box="[151,285,613,639]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Anseropoda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and thus, typological priority for the subfamily falls to the senior name,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FBB3E53D8397FDC4" authority="Koehler, 1920" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[1100,1412,613,639]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FBB3E53D82C8FDC4" box="[1100,1243,613,639]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kampylaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FB1DE53D8397FDC4" author="Koehler, R." box="[1250,1412,613,639]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 308" refId="ref59531" refString="Koehler, R. (1920) Echinodermata: Asteroidea. Scientific Reports of the Australiasian Antarctic Expedition, C 8, 1 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85380" type="journal article" year="1920">Koehler, 1920</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE6636FFE4FF38E5D1850BFC24" blockId="7.[151,1437,433,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Based on both 2-gene and 3-gene trees,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FD84E5D185BEFD18" authority="Koehler, 1920" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[635,941,649,675]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FD84E5D18519FD18" box="[635,778,649,675]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kampylaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FCEFE5D185BEFD18" author="Koehler, R." box="[784,941,649,675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 308" refId="ref59531" refString="Koehler, R. (1920) Echinodermata: Asteroidea. Scientific Reports of the Australiasian Antarctic Expedition, C 8, 1 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85380" type="journal article" year="1920">Koehler, 1920</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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and “
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FC12E5D18260FD18" authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1834" box="[1005,1139,649,675]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Anseropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FC12E5D18260FD18" box="[1005,1139,649,675]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Anseropoda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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” (now
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FB3BE5D18357FD18" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[1220,1348,649,675]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FB3BE5D18357FD18" box="[1220,1348,649,675]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Astrotholus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976636FFE4FAB6E5D28387FD18" box="[1353,1428,649,676]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FF68E5F6871AFD7C" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,265,686,711]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Anseropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarctica">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FF68E5F6871AFD7C" box="[151,265,686,711]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">antarctica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were supported as constituting a monophyletic clade within a larger
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FC01E5F58293FD7C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1022,1152,685,711]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
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+
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FB71E5F5831AFD7C" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[1166,1289,685,711]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ganeriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Ganeriidae</taxonomicName>
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cluster (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FA98E5F58753FD50" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz 2011b</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Although the
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FE12E589846FFD50" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[493,636,721,747]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FE12E589846FFD50" box="[493,636,721,747]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kampylaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FD5FE5898535FD50" authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1834" box="[672,806,721,747]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Anseropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FD5FE5898535FD50" box="[672,806,721,747]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Anseropoda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” clade was well supported (100% bootstrap) its precise relationship to other taxa was more ambiguous and was supported as the sister taxon to different groups within the larger cluster. Complimentary to the molecular data, morphological characters shared between the two genera are readily identified, supporting a consistent subgrouping, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FCC8E46585E6FCEC" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[823,1013,829,855]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Kampylasterinae">Kampylasterinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FC03E4658286FCEC" bold="true" box="[1020,1173,829,855]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976636FFE4FC03E4658286FCEC" box="[1020,1173,829,855]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="subFamily">nov. subfam.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FAEBE465838AFCEC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1300,1433,829,855]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This subfamily is added to the three currently established groups within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FC21E4398271FCC0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[990,1122,865,891]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FB6CE4398304FCC0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1171,1303,865,891]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Asterininae">Asterininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Ganeriinae and Hyalinothricinae as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FDD9E4DD8507FC24" author="Mah, C. & Fujita, T." box="[550,788,901,927]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="67 - 100" refId="ref60716" refString="Mah, C. & Fujita, T. (2020) New species and occurrence records of Japanese Solasteridae and Ganeriidae including a new species of Paralophaster from the North Pacific with an overview of Hyalinothrix. Zootaxa, 4750 (1), 67 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4750.1.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah & Fujita (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6636FFE4FF38E4F1849CFBB0" blockId="7.[151,1437,433,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FF38E4F18754FC78" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[199,327,937,963]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FF38E4F18754FC78" box="[199,327,937,963]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Astrotholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FE73E4F18408FC78" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[396,539,937,963]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FE73E4F18408FC78" box="[396,539,937,963]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kampylaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar in many respects, both lack superambulacral, transactinal, and superactinal plates, which are individually or partially present within most members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FB62E495830DFC5C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1181,1310,973,999]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(definition of terms follow
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FEB4E4A98490FBB0" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters, J. M." box="[331,643,1009,1036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref62280" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters, J. M. (2004) A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinoderamta: Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 61 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2004.61.1" type="journal article" year="2004">O’Loughlin & Waters 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6636FFE4FF38E34D8339FA2C" blockId="7.[151,1437,433,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Genera such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FE71E34E84BFFB94" authority="Sladen, 1889" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[398,684,1045,1072]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FE71E34E8417FB8B" box="[398,516,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Stegnaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FDEDE34D84BFFB94" author="Sladen, W. P." box="[530,684,1045,1071]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref63413" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been argued as showing affinities with members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FF68E361874BFBE8" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,344,1081,1107]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Kampylasterinae">Kampylasterinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, there has been contention concerning placement.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FC0EE3618296FBE8" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[1009,1157,1081,1107]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 420" refId="ref57712" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1911) Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosida. Bulletin of the US National Museum, 76 (xiii), 1 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.76. i" type="journal article" year="1911">Fisher (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FB26E362835CFBEF" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[1241,1359,1082,1108]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FB26E362835CFBEF" box="[1241,1359,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Stegnaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the Anseropodinae, which apparently met with disagreement by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FC8CE3058287FBCC" author="Spencer, W. K. & Wright, C. W." box="[883,1172,1117,1143]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="107" refId="ref63593" refString="Spencer, W. K. & Wright, C. W. (1966) Asterozoans, Part U: Echinodermata. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology 3, 1. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. U 4 - U 107." type="book chapter" year="1966">Spencer & Wright (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FAD9E306838FFBC3" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[1318,1436,1118,1144]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FAD9E306838FFBC3" box="[1318,1436,1118,1144]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Stegnaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FF01E3DA877CFB20" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[254,367,1154,1179]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Tremaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FF01E3DA877CFB20" box="[254,367,1154,1179]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tremaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FE3AE3D9847EFB20" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1906" box="[453,621,1153,1179]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tremasterinae">Tremasterinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.” Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FD0FE3DA8575FB27" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[752,870,1154,1180]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FD0FE3DA8575FB27" box="[752,870,1154,1180]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Stegnaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not supported in the molecular phylogeny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FA98E3D98752FB04" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz 2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as an adjacent sister taxon to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FD50E3FD852DFB04" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[687,830,1189,1215]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FD50E3FD852DFB04" box="[687,830,1189,1215]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kampylaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FC85E3FD828FFB04" box="[890,1180,1189,1215]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FC7BE3FD8206FB04" authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1834" box="[900,1045,1189,1215]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Anseropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Anseropoda</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FBD5E3FE828FFB04" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[1066,1180,1190,1215]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Anseropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarctica">antarctica</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
it was supported as a member of a wider clade containing these taxa based on the 2-gene tree but was not included in their 3-gene tree. Close affinity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FEA0E3B687C6FAB3" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[351,469,1262,1288]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Stegnaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FEA0E3B687C6FAB3" box="[351,469,1262,1288]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Stegnaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FDAEE3B58507FABC" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[593,788,1261,1287]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Kampylasterinae">Kampylasterinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
” is plausible, although further work remains.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FAD3E3B6838EFABC" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[1324,1437,1262,1287]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Tremaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FAD3E3B6838EFABC" box="[1324,1437,1262,1287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tremaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has historically also been shown to display morphological affinities, but is morphologically distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FF68E26D8735FAF4" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,294,1333,1359]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FF68E26D8735FAF4" box="[151,294,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kampylaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FEA0E26D87CCFAF4" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[351,479,1333,1359]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FEA0E26D87CCFAF4" box="[351,479,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Astrotholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976636FFE4FE18E26E8426FAEB" box="[487,565,1334,1360]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
based on the strongly developed imbricate surface plates, four series of tube feet, the presence of unusual internal chambers, and furrow spines in transverse series. The two-gene tree by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FA96E201875FFA2C" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz (2011b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also showed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FE1BE2268446FA2C" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[484,597,1406,1431]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Tremaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FE1BE2268446FA2C" box="[484,597,1406,1431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tremaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as being phylogenetically distant from the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FBBAE22582C7FA2C" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[1093,1236,1405,1431]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FBBAE22582C7FA2C" box="[1093,1236,1405,1431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kampylaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6636FFE4FF38E2F987E5F9D4" blockId="7.[151,1437,433,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Actinal intermediate plate patterns in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FD8AE2F984E6FA00" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[629,757,1441,1467]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FD8AE2F984E6FA00" box="[629,757,1441,1467]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Astrotholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976636FFE4FD02E2FA8558FA07" box="[765,843,1442,1468]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
show similarity with the deep-water
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FB0BE2F987A5FA64" authority="(Fisher, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Paranepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="platydisca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FB0BE2F98719FA64" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paranepanthia platydisca</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FEE4E29D87BEFA64" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[283,429,1477,1503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="201 - 224" refId="ref57766" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1913) New starfishes from the Philippine Islands, Celebes, and the Moluccas. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 46, 201 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.46 - 2022.201" type="journal article" year="1913">Fisher, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1885C6636FFE4FE0FE29E8433FA5B" box="[496,544,1478,1504]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FD51E29D85FCFA64" authority="Fisher, 1917" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1917" box="[686,1007,1477,1503]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Paranepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FD51E29D8545FA64" box="[686,854,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paranepanthia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FCA0E29D85FCFA64" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[863,1007,1477,1503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="172 - 173" refId="ref57853" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1917) A new genus and subgenus of East-Indian sea stars. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 20 (116), 172 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931709486986" type="journal article" year="1917">Fisher, 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. in that two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FB01E29D836DFA64" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[1278,1406,1477,1503]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FB01E29D836DFA64" box="[1278,1406,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Astrotholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976636FFE4FA78E29E86D4F9BF" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
both show transverse linear series which extend directly from the inferomarginal to the adambulacral plates. There is significant morphological disparity among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FD1DE15585D3F993" box="[738,960,1549,1576]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Paranepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FD1DE1558599F99C" box="[738,906,1549,1575]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paranepanthia</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and it is unclear if the deep-water species such as the typological
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FE61E16A843FF9F0" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[414,556,1585,1611]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Paranepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="platydisca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FE61E16A843FF9F0" box="[414,556,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. platydisca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms a monophyletic group with shallow water forms such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FB0BE16987E1F9D4" authority="(Koehler, 1920)" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1920" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Paranepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="aucklandensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FB0BE1698725F9D4" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paranepanthia aucklandensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FEBBE10D87FAF9D4" author="Koehler, R." box="[324,489,1621,1647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 308" refId="ref59531" refString="Koehler, R. (1920) Echinodermata: Asteroidea. Scientific Reports of the Australiasian Antarctic Expedition, C 8, 1 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85380" type="journal article" year="1920">Koehler, 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6636FFE4FF38E122854AF8D0" blockId="7.[151,1437,433,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Two-gene trees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FE7AE121847FF928" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W." box="[389,620,1657,1683]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz 2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2) have shown the clade containing the Ganeriinae as sister to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FF68E1C5874BF90C" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,344,1693,1719]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Kampylasterinae">Kampylasterinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FE9CE1C58440F90C" box="[355,595,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FE9CE1C587DFF90C" authorityName="Bell" authorityYear="1881" box="[355,460,1693,1719]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ganeriidae" genus="Cycethra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Cycethra</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FE27E1C58440F90C" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[472,595,1693,1719]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ganeriidae" genus="Perknaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Perknaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FD75E1C68504F903" box="[650,791,1694,1720]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FD75E1C68500F903" box="[650,787,1694,1720]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ganeriidae" genus="Cuenotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Cuenotaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as members of the Ganeriinae show fenestrate (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FAC9E1C5838EF90C" authorityName="Bell" authorityYear="1881" box="[1334,1437,1693,1719]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ganeriidae" genus="Cycethra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FAC9E1C5838EF90C" box="[1334,1437,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cycethra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FF3AE19A875DF967" box="[197,334,1730,1756]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ganeriidae" genus="Cuenotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FF3AE19A875DF967" box="[197,334,1730,1756]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cuenotaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or greatly reduced skeletons (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FD5FE1998508F960" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[672,795,1729,1755]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ganeriidae" genus="Perknaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FD5FE1998508F960" box="[672,795,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Perknaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and demonstrate very different marginal and actinal plate patterns as well as body shape than what is observed in either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FCA7E1BD85F4F944" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[856,999,1765,1791]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FCA7E1BD85F4F944" box="[856,999,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kampylaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FBF1E1BD829DF944" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[1038,1166,1765,1791]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FBF1E1BD829DF944" box="[1038,1166,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Astrotholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976636FFE4FB6AE1BE82F1F8BB" box="[1173,1250,1766,1792]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Members of the Hyalothricinae all share fenestrate skeletons bearing paxillar or glassine spinelets which are absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FAF2E051838FF898" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[1293,1436,1801,1827]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FAF2E051838FF898" box="[1293,1436,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kampylaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FF3AE0758756F8FC" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[197,325,1837,1863]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6636FFE4FF3AE0758756F8FC" box="[197,325,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Astrotholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FEAEE0758426F8FC" author="Mah, C. & Fujita, T." box="[337,565,1837,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="67 - 100" refId="ref60716" refString="Mah, C. & Fujita, T. (2020) New species and occurrence records of Japanese Solasteridae and Ganeriidae including a new species of Paralophaster from the North Pacific with an overview of Hyalinothrix. Zootaxa, 4750 (1), 67 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4750.1.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah & Fujita (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FD98E0758542F8FC" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W." box="[615,849,1837,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz (2011b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
returned the Ganeriinae to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FB5FE0758332F8FC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1184,1313,1837,1863]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6636FFE4FF68E0098730F8D0" author="Sladen, W. P." box="[151,291,1873,1899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref63413" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and moved the Hyalothricinae to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6636FFE4FD2FE0098546F8D0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[720,853,1873,1899]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37065756639FFEBFF68E7CE838FFEF9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="key">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6639FFEBFF68E7CE844FFF0B" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,322]" box="[151,604,150,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6639FFEBFF68E7CE844FFF0B" bold="true" box="[151,604,150,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Key to genera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6639FFEBFE70E7CE844FFF0B" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[399,604,150,176]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Kampylasterinae">Kampylasterinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6639FFEBFF1DE7EF838FFEBC" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,322]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Granules only- with round surface, spinelets never present, forming continuous cover, obscuring plate boundaries. Furrow spines in transverse to oblique orientation relative to tube foot furrow. Actinolateral edge, thick to rounded...............................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6639FFEBFB5AE7AA838FFEBC" ID-CoL="7P7NC" authority="Fisher, 1940 Granules" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[1189,1436,242,264]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6639FFEBFB5AE7AA8333FEBC" box="[1189,1312,242,263]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kampylaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6639FFEBFADAE7AA838FFEBC" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[1317,1436,242,264]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6639FFEBFF1DE657838FFEF9" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,322]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Granules or spinelets, forming clusters conforming to underlying plates which range from flat to distinctly mound-like. Furrow spines parallel with tube foot furrow. Actinolateral edge angular.................................
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6639FFEBFB36E674838FFEF9" bold="true" box="[1225,1436,300,322]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6639FFEBFB36E674832FFEF9" ID-CoL="8f5fe876-64f1-4a44-af0d-3b7535983d99" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[1225,1340,300,322]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6639FFEBFB36E674832FFEF9" bold="true" box="[1225,1340,300,322]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Astrotholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976639FFEBFABDE675838FFEF9" box="[1346,1436,301,322]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="genus">nov. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |