311 lines
36 KiB
XML
311 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="71A50816F15F27E56F6F538ECE84D2FB" ID-CLB-Dataset="9505" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2020.1747654" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2e0de6ff-c2b8-4115-a034-70f80e8f254d" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4290415" ID-ZooBank="324E4AF7-3032-4573-98AC-CABAE316F33E" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1606310908107" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Noyes, John S. & Higashiura, Yoshimitsu" docDate="2020" docId="03C387B2FFCDFFDCFDDCFE8CFB5F4714" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.54.9-12.665-679.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 54 (9)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73.9:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Astymachus Howard 1898" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="668" masterDocId="FFFAFFCAFFCEFFD8FFD1FF81FFDC4338" masterDocTitle="The species of Astymachus Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) ı potentially important parasitoids of Aclerdidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with grasses (Poaceae) ı with descriptions of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="679" masterPageNumber="665" pageNumber="667" updateTime="1698846544178" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="EBA1A9C58940E27DAE9DC2745D3B1558">The species of Astymachus Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) ı potentially important parasitoids of Aclerdidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with grasses (Poaceae) ı with descriptions of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="455D9B4B4E4B87B8429A93F43514B399">Noyes, John S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BC235D139EE3F5F85F19334DC135B45B">Higashiura, Yoshimitsu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="61804EB60BC6A74A717034CF3DED7B9F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9A1EF5F70DF5AA5FAAB801C3E942E2EC">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2AB155835D26D593D3C09938B379F50E">
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<mods:date id="6FAB4198D41DCCF4A046E02267104314">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="324272783735445CA21903F51B7424C9">2020-09-23</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="95B370E98980E3291E1C972D54D1B2BE" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="11C23B6AE70DE91CDE1B29A34C058D38">54</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="FB6592958DE07B1A5556C2AEFC465DDB" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2020.1747654</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C387B2FFCDFFDCFDDCFE8CFB5F4714" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4330528" ID-GBIF-Taxon="170529764" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4330528" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C387B2FFCDFFDCFDDCFE8CFB5F4714" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387B2FFCDFFDCFDDCFE8CFB5F4714" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="668" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<subSubSection id="C370652FFFCDFFDBFDDCFE8CFCCB421F" box="[525,791,269,295]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCDFFDBFDDCFE8CFCCB421F" blockId="3.[525,791,269,295]" box="[525,791,269,295]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<heading id="D09D81C8FFCDFFDBFDDCFE8CFCCB421F" box="[525,791,269,295]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCDFFDBFDDCFE8CFCCB421F" ID-CoL="34QJ" ID-ENA="2675557" authority="Howard" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1898" box="[525,791,269,295]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFDDCFE8CFCCB421F" bold="true" box="[525,791,269,295]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFDDCFE8CFD7B421F" bold="true" box="[525,679,269,295]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Astymachus</emphasis>
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Howard
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C370652FFFCDFFDBFDE9FEC2FEE64246" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCDFFDBFDE9FEC2FEE64246" blockId="3.[160,1155,322,382]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<typeStatus id="54D18806FFCDFFDBFDE9FEC2FDB24263" box="[568,622,323,347]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCDFFDBFD37FEC3FB8D4263" ID-CoL="J64X" authority="Howard" authorityName="Howard" box="[742,1105,322,347]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFD37FEC3FC3F4263" box="[742,995,322,347]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Astymachus japonicus</emphasis>
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Howard
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</taxonomicName>
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, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C370652FFFCDFFDBFF71FEC3FDFA4263" box="[160,550,322,347]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCDFFDBFF71FEC3FDFA4263" blockId="3.[160,1155,322,382]" box="[160,550,322,347]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7A118AFFCDFFDBFF71FEC3FDFA4263" box="[160,550,322,347]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10B5FFCDFFDBFF71FEC3FDFE4263" author="Howard LO" box="[160,546,322,347]" page="238" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" year="1898">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCDFFDBFF71FEC3FDFE4263" ID-CoL="34QJ" authority="Howard, 1898: 238" authorityName="Howard" authorityPageNumber="238" authorityYear="1898" box="[160,546,322,347]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFF71FEC3FEFE4263" box="[160,290,322,347]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Astymachus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B55FFCDFFDBFEE4FEC2FDFE4263" author="Howard LO" box="[309,546,323,347]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" pagination="231 - 248" refId="ref7134" refString="Howard LO. 1898. On some new parasitic insects of the subfamily Encyrtinae. Proc U S Natl Mus. 21: 231 - 248. doi: 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1142.231" type="journal article" year="1898">Howard, 1898: 238</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C370652FFFCDFFDBFF71FE33FBCA4720" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCDFFDBFF71FE33FBCA4720" blockId="3.[160,1156,434,1048]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFF71FE33FEC642F3" bold="true" box="[160,282,434,459]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Body, including head, strongly dorso-ventrally flattened and non-metallic; head opisthognathous, acutely triangular to very flat in profile with occipital margin curved backwards behind each eye to meet foramen medially which is virtually touching mandibles; eyes small, shorter than distance between them; face with an indistinct, shallow, longitudinal median groove; antennal torulus high on face, connected to mouth margin by a groove and separated from it by about 3
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFC26FDE1FBD84140" box="[1015,1028,608,632]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">–</emphasis>
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4× its own length, most often generally pale yellow but occasionally brown; wings hyaline, usually with infuscate areas, discal setae short and sparse.
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFCF7FD24FCAA4186" box="[806,886,677,702]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Female</emphasis>
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: funicle 6-segmented, proximal segments transverse, F1 sometimes quadrate, 1
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFCE5FD49FC9D41D8" box="[820,833,712,736]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">–</emphasis>
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2 distal segments conspicuously larger and subquadrate, clava entire or appearing 2-segmented with a faint or incomplete suture; mandible with 3 teeth; notaular lines absent; gaster elongate, clearly longer than head and thorax combined; ovipositor clearly exserted and about 2× as long as mid tibia or gonostylus, exserted part at least about half as long as mid tibia and with sheaths dark brown, broadened and flattened from side to side.
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFB99FCF4FBA240B6" box="[1096,1150,885,910]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Male</emphasis>
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: funicle 6-segmented, segments subequal in size, subquadrate becoming slightly larger distally, setae slightly shorter than diameter of segments; clava entire; genitalia with digiti long and slender, about 10× as long as broad; aedeagus slender, about 12
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFBFAFC5CFBE440CD" box="[1067,1080,989,1013]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">–</emphasis>
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20× as long as broad, as long as mid tibia or slightly longer, apex strongly pointed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C370652FFFCDFFDBFF71FBCDFD4F47B0" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCDFFDBFF71FBCDFD4F47B0" blockId="3.[160,1156,1100,1160]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFF71FBCDFF22475D" bold="true" box="[160,254,1100,1125]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Biology.</emphasis>
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Parasitoids of aclerdids (
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCDFFDBFDF2FBCCFD41475D" box="[547,669,1101,1125]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCDFFDBFD7BFBCCFCFF475D" box="[682,803,1101,1125]" class="Insecta" family="Aclerdidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aclerdidae</taxonomicName>
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) feeding on grasses (
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCDFFDBFBC6FBCCFBA6475D" authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[1047,1146,1101,1125]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
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), other recorded hosts are probably incorrect.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C370652FFFCDFFDBFF71FB3DFEC647C0" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCDFFDBFF71FB3DFEC647C0" blockId="3.[160,1155,1212,1272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFF71FB3DFEEF47ED" bold="true" box="[160,307,1212,1237]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Southern
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7634FFCDFFDBFE61FB3CFE0347ED" box="[432,479,1213,1237]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">USA</collectingCountry>
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(probably introduced),
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7634FFCDFFDBFD34FB3CFCB347ED" box="[741,879,1213,1237]" name="South Africa" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7634FFCDFFDBFCA9FB3CFC0947ED" box="[888,981,1213,1237]" name="Pakistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7634FFCDFFDBFC29FB3CFBE747ED" box="[1016,1083,1213,1237]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7634FFCDFFDBFB92FB3CFB5F47ED" box="[1091,1155,1213,1237]" name="South Korea" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Korea</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7634FFCDFFDBFF03FB61FECA47C0" box="[210,278,1248,1272]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Japan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C370652FFFCDFFDBFF71FAADFC2846B2" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCDFFDBFF71FAADFC2846B2" blockId="3.[160,1155,1324,1418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFF71FAADFEF9467D" bold="true" box="[160,293,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Comments.</emphasis>
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All known species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCDFFDBFDF4FAADFD7B467D" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1898" box="[549,679,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFDF4FAADFD7B467D" box="[549,679,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Astymachus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are strongly dorsoventrally flattened. This allows them to gain access to their aclerdid hosts in extremely tight spaces between the stem and leaf bases of certain grasses such as bamboo, reeds or sugarcane.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C370652FFFCDFFDBFF71FA36FD8946F7" box="[160,597,1462,1487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCDFFDBFF71FA36FD8946F7" blockId="3.[160,597,1462,1487]" box="[160,597,1462,1487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<DOI id="FFFBF6D4FFCDFFDBFF71FA36FD8946F7" box="[160,597,1462,1487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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Key to species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCDFFDBFEB4FA37FE3B46F7" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1898" box="[357,487,1462,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFEB4FA37FE3B46F7" box="[357,487,1462,1487]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">Astymachus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(females)
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</DOI>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C370652FFFCDFFDCFF6EFA7BFB5F4714" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="668" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" type="key">
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<keyStep id="309E2E01FFCDFFDBFF6EFA7BFB5F4587" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCDFFDBFF6EFA7BFB5F456F" blockId="3.[191,1155,1530,1727]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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||
<key id="FFFB6195FFCDFFDBFF6EFA7BFB5F456F" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<keyLead id="309B9591FFCDFFDBFF6EFA7BFB5F456F" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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1 Wings shortened, fore wing reaching less than halfway along gaster, well short of cercal plates; TI
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFE5AF99DFE44450C" box="[395,408,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">–</emphasis>
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TV of gaster each with a narrow, pale brown cross band; maxillary palp 3-segmented ............................................... ............................................... 1.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCDFFDBFC3BF9BFFB5F456F" authority="Hayat" authorityName="Hayat in Hayat and Veenakumari" authorityYear="2015" box="[1002,1155,1598,1623]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="667" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eximius">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCDFFDBFC3BF9BFFBE0456F" box="[1002,1084,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">eximius</emphasis>
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Hayat
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</taxonomicName>
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</keyLead>
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</key>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCDFFDBFF1EF9E3FB5F4587" blockId="3.[191,1155,1530,1727]" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">
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<keyLead id="309B9591FFCDFFDBFF1EF9E3FB5F4587" pageId="3" pageNumber="667">- Wings not shortened, fore wing reaching at least two-thirds along gaster, well past cercal plates; gaster completely yellow or if with some brownish suffusions these not forming crossbands; maxillary palp 4-segmented ................................................................ 2</keyLead>
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</paragraph>
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</keyStep>
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<keyStep id="309E2E01FFCAFFDCFF6EFF0EFB5F43D4" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
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<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF6EFF0EFB5F43F2" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
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<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF6EFF0EFB5F43F2" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
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2(1) Thorax and abdomen brown, the pro- and mesonotum with a broad, pale, longitudinal median band .......................................... .......................................... 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCAFFDCFC3FFF30FB5F43F2" ID-CoL="J64V" authority="Prinsloo" authorityName="Prinsloo" authorityYear="1989" box="[1006,1155,177,202]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="668" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCAFFDCFC3FFF30FBFE43F2" box="[1006,1058,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">exilis</emphasis>
|
||
Prinsloo
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF37FF55FB5F43D4" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" box="[230,1155,212,236]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF37FF55FB5F43D4" box="[230,1155,212,236]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">- Thorax and abdomen entirely yellow ................................................................................... 3</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="309E2E01FFCAFFDCFF6EFF76FB5F420A" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF6EFF76FB5F4237" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" box="[191,1155,246,271]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF6EFF76FB5F4237" box="[191,1155,246,271]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
3(2) Funicle with linear sensilla on F5 and F6 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A21FFCAFFDCFD19FF76FCF84237" box="[712,804,247,271]" captionStart="Figures 2" captionStartId="9.[160,235,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,147,1557]" captionTargetId="figure-1@9.[163,1153,142,1561]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 2. Astymachus saccharum sp. nov.: (a) head (holotype); (b) antenna ♀ (holotype); (c) apex of fore wing venation (paratype); (d) fore wing (paratype). Astymachus felix Singh and Hayat: (e) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus phainae Sugonjaev: (f) fore wing; (g) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus lasallei sp. nov. (holotype) (h) antenna ♀; (i) head; (j) fore wing; (k) discal setae below marginal vein, enlarged (differential interference contrast); (l) apex of fore wing venation. Asymachus phragmitis Trjapitzin: (m) head; (n) antenna ♀. (Figures e-g courtesy of Mohammad Hayat)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4290425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4290425/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
(b)) ........ 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCAFFDCFC76FF77FBC24237" authority="Noyes & Higashiura, 2020" authorityName="Noyes & Higashiura" authorityYear="2020" box="[935,1054,246,271]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="668" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saccharum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCAFFDCFC76FF77FBC24237" box="[935,1054,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">saccharum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCAFFDCFBF4FF76FB5F4237" bold="true" box="[1061,1155,247,271]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57CDFFCAFFDCFBF4FF76FB5F4237" box="[1061,1155,247,271]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF37FE9BFB5F420A" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" box="[230,1155,282,306]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF37FE9BFB5F420A" box="[230,1155,282,306]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
- Funicle with linear sensilla on F6 only (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A21FFCAFFDCFD7AFE9BFCC8420A" box="[683,788,282,306]" captionStart="Figures 2" captionStartId="9.[160,235,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,147,1557]" captionTargetId="figure-1@9.[163,1153,142,1561]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 2. Astymachus saccharum sp. nov.: (a) head (holotype); (b) antenna ♀ (holotype); (c) apex of fore wing venation (paratype); (d) fore wing (paratype). Astymachus felix Singh and Hayat: (e) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus phainae Sugonjaev: (f) fore wing; (g) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus lasallei sp. nov. (holotype) (h) antenna ♀; (i) head; (j) fore wing; (k) discal setae below marginal vein, enlarged (differential interference contrast); (l) apex of fore wing venation. Asymachus phragmitis Trjapitzin: (m) head; (n) antenna ♀. (Figures e-g courtesy of Mohammad Hayat)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4290425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4290425/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">Figures 2</figureCitation>
|
||
(h), (n), 3(e), (j)) .............................. 4
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="309E2E01FFCAFFDCFF6EFEBDFB5F4284" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF6EFEBDFB5F424F" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF6EFEBDFB5F424F" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
4(3) Discal setae below apex of venation about as long as distance between sockets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A21FFCAFFDCFF2EFEDEFEBB424F" box="[255,359,351,375]" captionStart="Figures 2" captionStartId="9.[160,235,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,147,1557]" captionTargetId="figure-1@9.[163,1153,142,1561]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 2. Astymachus saccharum sp. nov.: (a) head (holotype); (b) antenna ♀ (holotype); (c) apex of fore wing venation (paratype); (d) fore wing (paratype). Astymachus felix Singh and Hayat: (e) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus phainae Sugonjaev: (f) fore wing; (g) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus lasallei sp. nov. (holotype) (h) antenna ♀; (i) head; (j) fore wing; (k) discal setae below marginal vein, enlarged (differential interference contrast); (l) apex of fore wing venation. Asymachus phragmitis Trjapitzin: (m) head; (n) antenna ♀. (Figures e-g courtesy of Mohammad Hayat)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4290425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4290425/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">Figure 2e</figureCitation>
|
||
) ............................................. ............................................. 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCAFFDCFC47FEDFFB5F424F" ID-CoL="J64W" authority="Singh and Hayat" authorityName="Singh and Hayat" box="[918,1155,350,375]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="668" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCAFFDCFC47FEDFFC1E424F" box="[918,962,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">felix</emphasis>
|
||
Singh and Hayat
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF34FE03FB5F4284" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF34FE03FB5F4284" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
- Discal setae below apex of venation at most about one-half as long as distance between sockets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A21FFCAFFDCFE17FE25FDEC4284" box="[454,560,420,444]" captionStart="Figures 2" captionStartId="9.[160,235,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,147,1557]" captionTargetId="figure-1@9.[163,1153,142,1561]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 2. Astymachus saccharum sp. nov.: (a) head (holotype); (b) antenna ♀ (holotype); (c) apex of fore wing venation (paratype); (d) fore wing (paratype). Astymachus felix Singh and Hayat: (e) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus phainae Sugonjaev: (f) fore wing; (g) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus lasallei sp. nov. (holotype) (h) antenna ♀; (i) head; (j) fore wing; (k) discal setae below marginal vein, enlarged (differential interference contrast); (l) apex of fore wing venation. Asymachus phragmitis Trjapitzin: (m) head; (n) antenna ♀. (Figures e-g courtesy of Mohammad Hayat)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4290425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4290425/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">Figures 2</figureCitation>
|
||
(g), (k); 3(g), 3(m)) .............................................................. 6
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="309E2E01FFCAFFDCFF6EFE46FB5F402F" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF6EFE46FB5F4151" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF6EFE46FB5F4151" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
5(4) Fore wing (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A21FFCAFFDCFE52FE46FE3842E7" box="[387,484,455,479]" captionStart="Figures 2" captionStartId="9.[160,235,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,147,1557]" captionTargetId="figure-1@9.[163,1153,142,1561]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 2. Astymachus saccharum sp. nov.: (a) head (holotype); (b) antenna ♀ (holotype); (c) apex of fore wing venation (paratype); (d) fore wing (paratype). Astymachus felix Singh and Hayat: (e) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus phainae Sugonjaev: (f) fore wing; (g) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus lasallei sp. nov. (holotype) (h) antenna ♀; (i) head; (j) fore wing; (k) discal setae below marginal vein, enlarged (differential interference contrast); (l) apex of fore wing venation. Asymachus phragmitis Trjapitzin: (m) head; (n) antenna ♀. (Figures e-g courtesy of Mohammad Hayat)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4290425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4290425/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
(e)) generally conspicuously infuscate with marginal vein more strongly infuscate, almost black, area below marginal vein also conspicuously darker than remainder of wing and extending at least level with apex of stigmal vein; marginal vein at least about as long as stigmal vein....... ............................................................................................................... 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCAFFDCFC76FDD0FB5F4151" ID-CoL="J64Y" authority="Sugonjaev" authorityName="Sugonjaev" authorityYear="1996" box="[935,1155,593,618]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="668" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phainae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCAFFDCFC76FDD0FBDD4152" box="[935,1025,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">phainae</emphasis>
|
||
Sugonjaev
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF3BFDF5FB5F402F" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF3BFDF5FB5F402F" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
- Fore wing generally hyaline (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A21FFCAFFDCFD90FDF5FD7741B4" box="[577,683,628,652]" captionStart="Figures 2" captionStartId="9.[160,235,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,147,1557]" captionTargetId="figure-1@9.[163,1153,142,1561]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 2. Astymachus saccharum sp. nov.: (a) head (holotype); (b) antenna ♀ (holotype); (c) apex of fore wing venation (paratype); (d) fore wing (paratype). Astymachus felix Singh and Hayat: (e) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus phainae Sugonjaev: (f) fore wing; (g) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus lasallei sp. nov. (holotype) (h) antenna ♀; (i) head; (j) fore wing; (k) discal setae below marginal vein, enlarged (differential interference contrast); (l) apex of fore wing venation. Asymachus phragmitis Trjapitzin: (m) head; (n) antenna ♀. (Figures e-g courtesy of Mohammad Hayat)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4290425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4290425/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">Figures 2</figureCitation>
|
||
(i); 3(b), h, l) or extremely weakly infuscate with only a small, weakly infuscate area on marginal vein that below this does not reach level with apex of stigmal vein, or hardly so; marginal vein not appearing to reach anterior wing margin (except perhaps in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCAFFDCFD25FD5AFC8541CC" ID-CoL="J64X" box="[756,857,731,756]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="668" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCAFFDCFD25FD5AFC8541CC" box="[756,857,731,756]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and conspicuously shorter than stigmal vein ................................................................................................................................. 6
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="309E2E01FFCAFFDCFF6EFCA0FB5F4064" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF6EFCA0FB5F4001" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" box="[191,1155,801,826]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF6EFCA0FB5F4001" box="[191,1155,801,826]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
6(4) Ovipositor less than 2× as long as mid tibia.................. .................. 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCAFFDCFC02FCA0FBC14002" authority="Noyes & Higashiura, 2020" authorityName="Noyes & Higashiura" authorityYear="2020" box="[979,1053,801,826]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="668" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lasallei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCAFFDCFC02FCA0FBC14002" box="[979,1053,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">lasallei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCAFFDCFBF4FCA0FB5F4001" bold="true" box="[1061,1155,801,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57CDFFCAFFDCFBF4FCA0FB5F4001" box="[1061,1155,801,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF37FCC5FB5F4064" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" box="[230,1155,836,860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF37FCC5FB5F4064" box="[230,1155,836,860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">- Ovipositor more than 2× as long as mid tibia ......................................................................... 7</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="309E2E01FFCAFFDCFF6EFCE6FB5F4099" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF6EFCE6FB5F4047" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" box="[191,1155,870,895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF6EFCE6FB5F4047" box="[191,1155,870,895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
7(6) Scutellum, excluding axillae, with at least 25 setae ............ 7.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCAFFDCFC4EFCE7FB5F4047" ID-CoL="J64Z" authority="Trjapitzin" authorityName="Trjapitzin" authorityYear="1962" box="[927,1155,870,895]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="668" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phragmitis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCAFFDCFC4EFCE7FBC84047" box="[927,1044,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">phragmitis</emphasis>
|
||
Trjapitzin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF37FC08FB5F4099" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" box="[230,1155,905,929]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF37FC08FB5F4099" box="[230,1155,905,929]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">- Scutellum, excluding axillae, with fewer than 15 setae ................................................. 8</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="309E2E01FFCAFFDCFF6EFC2DFB5F4714" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF6EFC2DFB5F40DF" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF6EFC2DFB5F40DF" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
8(7) Head in facial view not more than 1.7× as long as eye (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A21FFCAFFDCFC98FC2DFC6E40FC" box="[841,946,940,964]" captionStart="Figures 3" captionStartId="11.[160,235,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[166,1151,152,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[163,1153,142,1561]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figures 3. Astymachus phragmitis Trjapitzin: (a) antenna ♂; (b) fore wing; (c) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus japonicus Howard: (d) head; (e) antenna ♀; (f) antenna ♂; (g) apex of fore wing venation; (h) fore wing. Astymachus srilankae sp. nov. (holotype):(i) head; (j) antenna ♀; (k) antenna ♂; (l) fore wing; (m) apex of fore wing venation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4290427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4290427/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">Figure 3d</figureCitation>
|
||
); fore wing at least about 3.8× as long as mid tibia.......................................................... 8.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCAFFDCFC6DFC4FFB5F40DF" ID-CoL="J64X" authority="Howard" authorityName="Howard" box="[956,1155,974,999]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="668" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCAFFDCFC6DFC4FFBFF40DF" box="[956,1059,974,999]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
Howard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536A4FFCAFFDCFF35FC70FB5F4714" blockId="4.[191,1156,143,1068]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<keyLead id="309B9591FFCAFFDCFF35FC70FB5F4714" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
- Head in facial view at least 1.9× as long as eye (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A21FFCAFFDCFD2DFC70FC804731" box="[764,860,1009,1033]" captionStart="Figures 3" captionStartId="11.[160,235,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[166,1151,152,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[163,1153,142,1561]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figures 3. Astymachus phragmitis Trjapitzin: (a) antenna ♂; (b) fore wing; (c) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus japonicus Howard: (d) head; (e) antenna ♀; (f) antenna ♂; (g) apex of fore wing venation; (h) fore wing. Astymachus srilankae sp. nov. (holotype):(i) head; (j) antenna ♀; (k) antenna ♂; (l) fore wing; (m) apex of fore wing venation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4290427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4290427/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">Figure 3i</figureCitation>
|
||
); fore wing about 3.5
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCAFFDCFB97FC70FB8F4731" box="[1094,1107,1009,1033]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">–</emphasis>
|
||
3.7× as long as mid tibia........................................................................................ 9.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D27FFCAFFDCFC10FB92FBFC4714" authority="Noyes & Higashiura, 2020" authorityName="Noyes & Higashiura" authorityYear="2020" box="[961,1056,1043,1068]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Astymachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="668" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="srilankae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCAFFDCFC10FB92FBFC4714" box="[961,1056,1043,1068]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">srilankae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAB6FFCAFFDCFBF6FB95FB5F4714" bold="true" box="[1063,1155,1044,1068]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57CDFFCAFFDCFBF6FB95FB5F4714" box="[1063,1155,1044,1068]" pageId="4" pageNumber="668" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |